GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS IN PAKISTAN IN 1958 TO 1971

Name: Amir khan

Roll No: BBA23-19
Group: 5

Reg No: Awkum- 231010298

Program: BBA

Semester:1st FALL-23

Course
Pakistan Studies (8412-351)

Assignment: 1st

Date of submission: 22-12-23

Submitted to Miss Nayab

CONDITION IN PAKISTAN FROM 1958 TO 1971

1958-1969
 General Muhammad Ayub khan deposed Iskander Mirza in October 1958. He imposed Martial
Law. During the period of Ayub khan, the War b/w Pakistan and India started in 1965. President
General Ayub khan ruled almost ten years.

Basic Democaratic System 1959

In 1965, the then president introduced a new system of basic Democracies.

 Union Council & Union Committee:

There isn't a widely recognized concept of "Unione council" or "union committee" in a
global context for 1959. It's possible that you might be referring to specific local or
regional structures, organizations, or committees that existed at that time. Can you
provide more context or specify a particular country or region where these terms were used in
1959?  Tehsil (Sub-district) Council and Thana Council:
In the context of 1959, "tahsil council" likely refers to a local administrative body at the
subdistrict level, often responsible for local governance, development, and coordination.
"Thana council" might refer to a similar entity, possibly at the police precinct or
administrative district level. These terms were commonly used in countries like India and
Pakistan during that era. These councils played a role in local governance, addressing issues
specific to sub-districts or administrative divisions.

 District Council:
A district council in the context of local governance typically refers to an administrative
body responsible for governing and managing affairs at the district level. In 1959, many
countries with a district-based administrative structure would have district councils in
place. These councils often handled local issues, development projects, and
coordination of services within the respective districts. The specifics of their functions
and powers could vary depending on the country and its administrative system.

 Divisional Council:
In the context of local governance, a divisional council typically refers to an
administrative body responsible for overseeing affairs at the division or regional level.
Divisions are larger administrative units that can encompass multiple districts or
subdistricts. In 1959, some countries may have had divisional councils as part of their
administrative structure

Salient Features of Constitution of 1962

The Constitution of 1962 pertains to Pakistan and was introduced during the Ayub Khan
era. Some salient features include the establishment of a presidential system, a
unicameral legislature, and the concentration of executive power in the president.
1. Written Constitution:
A written constitution is a formal document that outlines the fundamental
principles, structures, and functions of a government. It serves as the supreme law
of the land, providing a framework for governance and protecting the rights of
citizens. Unlike an unwritten constitution, which relies on statutes, conventions, and
historical documents, a written constitution is typically a single, organized
document. Examples include the United States Constitution and the Constitution of
India.
2. Federal Constitution:
A federal constitution is a system of government in which power is divided
between a central (national) government and regional (state or provincial)
governments. This division of powers is usually outlined in a written document, the
federal
constitution, which specifies the jurisdictions and responsibilities of each level of
government. Examples of countries with federal constitutions include the United
States, Canada, Germany, and Australia.
3. Presidential Constitution:
A presidential constitution refers to a system of government where the executive
branch, particularly the head of state and government (the president), is separate
from the legislative branch. In this system, the president is elected independently
of the legislature and serves a fixed term in office. The president's powers are
constitutionally defined and may include veto authority, commander-in-chief
responsibilities, and, in some cases, the ability to appoint key officials.
4. Unicameral Legislature:
A unicameral legislature is a legislative body that consists of only one chamber or house.
In contrast, a bicameral legislature has two separate chambers, typically referred to as
an upper house (such as a Senate) and a lower house (such as a House of
Representatives or Parliament). Unicameral systems are less common but are found in
some countries and regions.
5. Single Citizenship:
"Single citizenship" refers to a constitutional arrangement in a country where every
citizen is a citizen of the nation as a whole, and there is no separate citizenship
associated with subnational entities such as states or provinces. In a country with
single citizenship, citizens share a common set of rights and responsibilities at both
the national and subnational levels.
6. Fundamental Rights:
 Fundamental rights are basic human rights recognized and protected by a country's
constitution. They typically include freedoms like speech, religion, and privacy,
aiming to safeguard individual liberties and equality. The specifics vary between
nations.
7. Islamic Provisions:
Islamic provisions refer to laws or principles derived from Islamic teachings,
particularly the Quran and the Hadith (sayings and actions of Prophet
Muhammad). These provisions often shape legal and ethical frameworks in
countries following Islamic law (Sharia). They cover various aspects of life,
including governance, family, finance, and morality.
8. National Languages:
The national language is the official language designated by a country for
communication within its government, legal system, and public institutions. It
plays
a crucial role in fostering a sense of national identity. Countries may have one or
more national languages, and the choice often reflects historical, cultural, or
linguistic factors.

Regime of General Yahya khan

General Yahya Khan served as the President of Pakistan from 1969 to 1971. His
regime was marked by political turmoil and, ultimately, the secession of East
Pakistan (now Bangladesh) in 1971Khan's regime came to an end following the
defeat in the war and the creation of the independent state of Bangladesh.

Causes of Separation of East Pakistan

The separation of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) from West Pakistan in 1971 was
influenced by a combination of political, economic, and cultural factors. Some key
causes include:
1. Ayub khan’s Dictatorial Era:
General Ayub Khan served as the President of Pakistan from 1958 to 1969. His
era, often referred to as the "Ayub Khan's dictatorial era," was marked by a shift
from democratic governance to a more centralized and authoritarian rule. Some
key aspects include:
 Military Coup (1958)
 Introduction of Basic Democracy
 Economic Reforms
 Suppressive Political Environment
 ETC….Ayub Khan's era is seen as a period of economic development but also
criticized for suppressing democratic institutions and concentrating power
within the military establishment.
2. Lack of National Leadership:
The perception of a lack of national leadership can arise from various factors:

 *Political Instability:* Frequent changes in political leadership or a lack of continuity can

create a sense of instability and hinder the development of strong national leadership.
 Corruption:* When leaders are perceived as corrupt or self-serving, it erodes trust and
confidence in their ability to lead the nation effectively and in the best interest of the
people.
 Lack of Accountability:* When leaders evade accountability for their actions or policies, it
can contribute to a perception of a leadership vacuum and a lack of responsibility
Addressing these challenges requires effective leadership that is responsive
to the needs and aspirations of the people, fosters unity, and works towards
the overall well-being and progress of the nation.

3. Poor Economic Condition:

Poor economic conditions can result from various factors, and addressing them
often requires a comprehensive approach. Some common contributors to a
nation's poor economic condition include:
 Corruption:* Rampant corruption can undermine economic growth by diverting resources
away from productive uses, discouraging investment, and eroding public trust.

 Unemployment:* High levels of unemployment or underemployment can lead to reduced

consumer spending, lower tax revenues, and increased social challenges, contributing to
economic difficulties.

 Inflation:* Persistent inflation can erode the purchasing power of the currency, affecting
both businesses and consumers, and making it challenging to plan and invest.

 Debt Burden:* Excessive public or private debt can constrain economic growth, diverting
resources to debt servicing rather than productive investments.
Trade Imbalances:* Persistent trade deficits,

4. Issue of Bengali Language:

 The issue of the Bengali language has historical significance, especially in the
context of the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. The primary points related to
the Bengali language issue include:
 Language Movement (1952):* The Language Movement in East Pakistan (now
Bangladesh) began in 1952 when the central government attempted to impose Urdu as
the sole official language. The people of East Pakistan, where Bengali was widely spoken,
protested this move, leading to a series of demonstrations and ultimately the recognition
of Bengali as one of the official languages of Pakistan.

Cultural Identity:* The language issue was intertwined with the broader
question of cultural identity. The Bengali-speaking population in East
Pakistan sought recognition and respect for their language and culture, as
opposed to feeling marginalized in favor of West Pakistan, where Urdu was
more dominant.
Language and Nationalism:* Over time, the language issue became a
catalyst for the expression of Bengali nationalism.
The Bengali language issue played a crucial role in shaping the national identity
of Bangladesh, and the recognition of Bengali as the official language marked a
key milestone in the linguistic and cultural rights of the Bengalispeaking
population.

5. Provincial Prejudices:
Provincial prejudice refers to biases, stereotypes, or discriminatory attitudes
based on one's regional or provincial identity. It can manifest in various forms,
including social, economic, or political discrimination against individuals or
groups from a specific province within a country. This type of prejudice often
arises due to historical, cultural, or economic disparities between different
regions.
Factors contributing to provincial prejudice may include: 
Historical Grievances:
 Economic Disparities
 Cultural Differences
 Political Imbalances

6. Conspiracies of Big Power:

Conspiracy theories about "big powers" often circulate and can encompass a
wide range of claims. It's important to approach such theories critically and
with a discerning mindset. While some conspiracy theories may have
 elements of truth, many are speculative and lack credible evidence. Here are
a few common themes in conspiracies related to big powers:

 *Secret Societies:* Conspiracies often involve the idea of secretive organizations or

societies pulling the strings from the shadows. These organizations are believed to have
immense influence over world affairs.
 Economic Conspiracies:* Some theories suggest that powerful nations or financial
institutions intentionally create economic crises or manipulate markets for their own
gain.
 False Flags:* Some conspiracy theories propose that major events, such as terrorist
attacks or geopolitical conflicts, are orchestrated or allowed to happen by powerful
entities to achieve specific goals.