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Syed Muqeem Ahmed
CHAPTER 1
Historical and Ideological foundation of
Pakistan
IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES:
∙ Franchise: right to cast vote.
∙ Separate electorate: elections based on
religion; a particular community must be given
right to be a part of the administration by
choosing their representatives only from their
own community. In simple word Right to
separate electorate is called election for
minorities.
∙ Joint electorate: elections based on political
affiliation, which means the representative of
any community can be voted and the elected
by any community irrespective of their
religion. In simple word joint electorate is
called general elections.
∙ Diarchy: limited responsible government for
the Indians introduced in 1919, meaning
division of different ministries at limited scale
for the Indians. (Double Government)
∙ Legislature: law-making body of a country,
For the Students of B.I.E.K and A.K.U.E.B Boards
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popularly known as Parliament.

∙ Legislative: the member of legislature or
Parliament (lawmaker) is called Legislative.
∙ Legislation: law-making procedure or
law-making done by the Members of
Parliament in the parliament is known as
Legislation.
∙ Subjects: people of a country who are ruled
over by some king or Queen or a ruler.
Departments/ministries/portfolios are also
called Subjects in political language.
∙ Provincial Autonomy: empowerment of the
provinces is known as provincial autonomy. In
other words, giving provinces the maximum
powers by the central government.
∙ Unitary System. A political system of a
country in which Central government/Centre
enjoys all powers and provinces are without
powers. (this system was suggested by Moti
Lal Nehru in 1928 in Nehru report). It is
practised in UK, China. Italy, Indonesia, Japan,
Uganda, Kenya, Bangladesh etc.
∙ Federal System: a political system of a country
in which powers/responsibilities/subjects are
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distributed between the Central Government

and Provincial Government(s). This System
was suggested by Jinnah in 1929 for Indians in
his 14 points. It is pactised in USA, India,
Pakistan, Canada, Nigeria, Australia, Germany,
Malaysia etc.
∙ Centripetal Forces: Those political forces or
elements who want strong Centre (central
government) and weak Unit (provincial
government.). They are also called pro-state
elements. Pro means supporter.
∙
∙ Centrifugal forces: those political forces or

elements who want strong provinces/Units or
provincial government instead of strong
Central government or along with Central
government. They are also called anti-state
elements
∙ Bill: any point or point of debate which is
discussed and debated in the Parliament.
∙ Act (Law): after the debate, discussion and
consensus, a bill is approved in the Parliament
with majority votes and ready to be
implemented known as the Act or Law.
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∙ Rights: those facilities or benefits given to the

legal members of a state (citizens) for their
protection and enjoyment and participation in
the administration of a country.
∙ Fundamental Rights:
Facilities/benefits/privileges granted or
guaranteed by the constitution of a
state/country to the citizens of the country i.e.
Right to live, right to property, right to practice
religion, right to vote, right to choose
economic profession
∙ Civil rights: rights which ensure the protection
and enjoyment of the life of citizens of a state
such as freedom of expression, freedom of
movement, freedom to defend in the court,
warrant before the arrest, right to bail after or
before detention.
∙ Political rights: those rights which make
people of a state part of the administration
and given only to the real citizens of the state
(country) such as right to form a political
party, right to criticize the government, right
to assemble, right to get government job,
right to vote etc.
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∙ Sydney Rowlatt: A British judge who was

given the task to make such a law or
legislation which could control the
revolutionary activities of the Indians in after
the end of World War I.
∙ Secretary of state of Indian Affairs: an
assistant or legal advisor to the Viceroy
directly appointed by the British government
to assist the Viceroy to deal with the political
affairs of the Indians.
∙ Slave dynasty: it was established by
Qutbuddin Aibak in 1206 in India. He was a
freed slave to Shahabuddin Gouri. The real
rule of the slave dynasty was established after
the death of Qutbuddin Aibak in 1210 which
lasted till 1290. (Qutbuddin Aibak is said to be
the first Muslim ruler in South Asia who
established Delhi Sultanate.)
∙ Self-Rule: it is also called Swaraj in Hindi
language which means rule of everyone. It
simply means locals should be empowered to
run their own country. Self-Rule is also called
Home Rule or complete impendence for the
Indians. It became the official demand of
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Congress in 1906 and of All India Muslim

League in 1913.
∙ Dominions Status: The word dominion means
an authority or control over an area or land. A
commonwealth type Status is also called
dominion status.
∙ For Indians it meant the major Department
should be kept with the rulers (British) such as
defense, communication currency and foreign
Affairs. And the rest of the departments
should be given to the local Indians to deal
with.it is also called restricted/limited
freedom/ independence for the Indians. It was
one of the demands of Nehru Reports of
1928. Dominion Status is also called limited or
restricted/semi freedom.
∙ Swadeshi Movement: A movement launch by
local Indians (Hindus) against the British
Governmental in 1906 after the division of
united Bengal into two new Provinces.
Swadeshi is a Hindi word which means boycott
of foreign products and giving preference to
Home made products. It also became a part of
Non-Cooperation Movement started in 1920
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by Khilafat Movement activists/workers on the

advice of Gandhi.
∙ Residual/Residuary Powers: an important
demand of Jinnah in 1929 which means after
distribution of powers between Central and
Provincial Government in India the
residual/residuary (remaining powers) be
given to provinces to exercise, not the Central
Government, so that provinces could enjoy
more empowerment.
∙ Redcliff Award: The distribution of boundaries
of Provinces of Punjab and Bengal between
India and Pakistan was announced on 16th
August 1947 by Cyril Redcliff as the Chairman
of Boundary Commission known as Boundary
Award or Redcliff Award. The word Award
here means
Distribution/division/announcement.
∙ Federation: Combination of number of
states/provinces working under one central
authority/government in a way that there is a
distribution of powers/authority
between/among the Central and other
states/provinces i.e. Federation of USA
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1.1.1 Recognize the importance of Pakistan as

a subject in understanding the origin
and creation and development of
Pakistan.
∙ Pakistan Studies is an Interdisciplinary or a
Multidimensional Subject encompassing
/covering Historical, Political, Economic, Social
Religious and Global root, attitude and role of
Pakistan as an Independent State in the Global
Community.
∙ The History of Pakistan is one of the
fundamental Topics of Pakistan Studies which
lets its reader know about the ideological root
or the origin and emergence of Pakistan as an
Independent State with reliable and authentic
material, cogent arguments, critical,
comparative and analytical approaches.
∙ Constitutional and Economic Developments In
Pakistan are such topics of Pakistan Studies
which address political and economic issues at
length(in detail) with their possible concrete
solutions that help a reader have an in-depth
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study of the nature of the issues or problems

offer/offered hindrance to the progress and
development of
1.2.1 Define Ideology.

A
∙ A systematic body of ideas and belief which
establishes a new political economic and
religious system or supports the old one.
B
∙ Set of principles of ideals for future.
C
∙ A framework of action that gives meaning and

life to a nation.
Allied SLO. Give a few characteristics of

Ideology
CHARECTERISTICS OF IDEOLOGY

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a. It is against or for the Status Quo (the existing

political and economic condition)
b. It provides basis to a POLITICAL and
ECONOMIC SYSTEM/ organized political actions.
c. It generates WE FEELING among the scattered
groups of a region or nation.
d. It controls and regulates the action of people
and the rulers of states.
e. It legitimizes and justifies actions performed by
nations and their rulers.
f. It reviews existing political, economic and
social arrangements.
g. It specifies and determines a goal and
destination for people of a region.
h. It develops and enhances the level of
intellectual and political awareness.
i. It determines the identity of a group of people
or a nation
Allied SLO. How does an Ideology help a nation

get to its destination?
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∙ Ideology gives a particular idea or thought to

deal with a particular situation--- as Muslims
of South Asia had been facing identity crisis
the Two Nation Theory gave them a particular
thought that they were different from Hindus
which eventually determined their religious
and political identity which took them towards
their final destination a separate homeland---
Pakistan.
∙ The Ideology of Islam changed the entire
status quo of the Arabian Peninsula and the
Arab inspired by Islamic Ideology changed
their society Makkan Revolution came in 8
Hijra.
∙ People of Franc facing serious economic,
political, social and religious exploitation
before 1789 the Ideology of revolution based
on liberty and equality gave them a thought to
get rid of such exploitation and they brought
revolution in 1789 in Franc.
∙ The Marxist ideology helped people of Russia
to bring revolution in 1917 in Russia.

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1.2.2 Explain the basic components of Ideology

of Pakistan i.e. Islam, equity, justice, democracy
and equal rights for all.
∙ Islam is the most dominating principle of the
Ideology of Pakistan it offers three
fundamental concepts
Religious
∙ Tauheed (Oneness of God) which developed
Muslim nationhood in India and develops the
same as the majority of the people of Pakistan
are Muslim.
∙ Risalat (belief in the Prophet Hazrat
Muhammad Peace be Upon Him ---as the last
Prophet of Allah the Almighty) which
determines the definition of Muslim-- the
fundamental pillar of Ideology of Islam has
been incorporated into the constitution of
Pakistan in the article 260.
Political
∙ Sovereignty (the supreme power) belongs to
Allah the Almighty and the ruler uses this
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power as the sacred trust of Allah the

Almighty. It makes the ruler accountable and
answerable to Allah for his all actions as a
head of the state.
∙ Article 2(A) of the Constitution of 1973(Known
as Objectives Resolution) ensures the
sovereignty of Allah the Almighty which is the
reflection and incorporation of Ideology of
Pakistan.
∙ Article2(A)—the also says that people of
Pakistan will elect their representatives that is
really shows the reflection of democracy
which is a part of Ideology of Pakistan.
∙ Article 50 says there shall be a parliament
comprising national Assembly(directly elected
by people) and senate(elected by the elected
members of Provincial Assemblies) and the
president(elected by National Assembly, the
Senate and provincial Assemblies) all reflects
the incorporation of democratic procedure
(democracy) component of Ideology of
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Pakistan part of Pakistan.
Social and Political
∙ Equity means fairness and Impartiality

towards all citizens or an evenhanded dealing
with everyone.
∙ Justice means giving what is due to
others------bringing all people to
socio-economic equality.
∙ Both justice and equity are the components of
the ideology of Islam or Pakistan and speak of
fear treatment and equality in opportunities
for every citizens-- they have been
incorporated into the Principles of Policy in
the constitution of 1973 in article 31 and
Fundamental Rights under articles 08 to 28.
(SLO#1.2.1—1.2.2)
SUMMARY

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∙ Ideology is Greek in nature comprises two

words IDEO—ideas and LOGOS-----study
∙ According to Antoine Destutt De Tracy
ideology is Science of ideas.
∙ The main objective of ideology is to provide
basis to a political and economic, religious and
social system in a given society.
∙ In an Islamic society Justice means fair, equal
and balanced treatment for everyone.
∙ In an Islamic society equality means equality
in opportunity and equality before the law.
∙ In an Islamic society Brotherhood(fraternity)
means mutual respect, sanctity of life,
property and honor of fellow brothers
∙ In an Islamic society Sovereignty (the supreme
power/authority) is exercised by the ruler as a
Sacred Trust of Allah the Almighty Who is the
real ruler of the State.
∙ Article 2(A) of the Constitution of 1973(Known
as Objectives Resolution) ensures the
sovereignty of Allah the Almighty which is the
reflection and incorporation of Ideology of

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Pakistan.
∙ Articles 08 to 28 ensure the political and
economic justice and equality in the
constitution of 1973 which are regarded as
important pillars of Ideology of Pakistan.
∙ Article 2(A), 20,21,22 and 36 ensure the
protection of minorities living in Pakistan
emphasized and explained by Jinnah as an
important pillar of Ideology of Pakistan.
Q.2 Define the concept of Ideology

along with the components the
Ideology of Pakistan.
∙ A systematic body of
ideas/concepts/philosophies and thoughts
presented by renowned scholars, thinkers,
philosophers and reformers to present a
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permanent solution to a major crisis face by

majority of a particular area.
∙ Ideology is the combination of such
principals or ideas which either shape a new
political religious and economics system or
reform or revise the previous systems.
∙ Ideology of Pakistan comprises Islam
(sovereignty of Allah, Superiority of Islamic
principles in political and economic life of
the country) Two Nation theory, acquiring a
separate territory homeland for Muslims
and a democratic system guided by Islamic
principles.
1.2.3 Analyze how Pakistan has been

successful in implementing the basic
components of its ideology.
Implementation Of Ideology Of Pakistan In
Pakistan

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• Theoretical ASPECT--------Pakistan’s Ideology

has successfully been incorporated into the
Constitution of Pakistan (1973) such as Article
01,02, 2(A),227 ,228 and 230 which reflect
the domination of Islam an inseparable
element of Ideology of Pakistan.
∙ Article 2(A) of the Constitution of
1973(Known as Objectives Resolution)
ensures the sovereignty of Allah the
Almighty which is the reflection and
incorporation of Ideology of Pakistan.
∙ Articles 08 to 28 ensure the political and
economic justice and equality in the
constitution of 1973 which are regarded as
important pillars of Ideology of Pakistan.
∙ Articles 31 ensures the promotion of such

steps (brotherhood, unity, justice, equality,
tolerance, Life according to Quran and
Sunnah) which will enable the Muslims to
order their lives as per Islamic Principles.

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∙ Article 2(A),20,21,22 and 36 ensure the

protection of minorities living in Pakistan
emphasized and explained by Jinnah as an
important pillar of Ideology of Pakistan.
• Practical/Implementation Aspect
• The components of Ideology of Pakistan
although have been incorporated into the
constitution of Pakistan, the lack of political
will, personal interest, the ideological tussle
between the old and rigid mind-set and the
so-called liberalists have the major hindrances
towards the implementation of these
components in Pakistan.
• Pakistan tried half-heartedly to implement
the basic components- Islam, Islamic
Democracy, Social Systems of Islam and social
Responsibility and Fundamental Human
Rights in Society as such. These factors can be
seen scattered in society but as an organized
concerted systematic effort is lacking
altogether-

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1.3.1 Discuss the reasons that led to the start

of Aligarh Movement in 1858.
Building a Positive Image
After the War of 1857 Indian Muslims were

facing an Image Problem------British regarded
them as a big threat to their Rule in South Asia
and Sir Syed wanted to build a positive political
image of Muslims before the British which was
the sole objective of his Aligarh Movement.
Policy of Victimization
∙ As Muslims led the War of 1857 that’s why

they became the sole victim of British
oppressive policies towards the Indians ---Sir
Syed through the Aligarh Movement wanted
the policy of victimization to be transformed
into the policy of upliftment(political and
economic) of Indian Muslims by the British.
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Restoration of Economic Status

∙ British removed four main sources of Income
of the Indian Muslims------Persian Language,
Muslim Courts, Muslim Armies, Muslim
Agricultural Property--- Sir Syed wanted to
make such efforts which could revive the
economic status of Indian Muslims through
the Aligarh movement.
Removal of Mistrust and Misunderstanding
A wall of hatred, mistrust and
∙
misunderstanding had been erected between

British and Muslim Community after the War
of 1857. Sir Syed wanted to demolish that
wall and bridge that communication gap
between British and Muslims of India That’s
why he started Aligarh Movement.
1.3.2. Discuss the role of Sir Syed Ahmed

Syed Muqeem Ahmed
Khan as a reformer (educational, social and

political)
Educational Beliefs/Philosophy of Sir Syed

∙ Resistance to Orthodox (old/traditional)
Educational Methods and Curricula
(Syllabus---syllabi).
∙ Believing in Western Education as the prime
source of Muslims’ Educational
Enlightenment and Reformation
∙ Learning and promoting English Language in
Muslim Educational Institutions.
Focusing on Scientific Approach.
∙
Educational Services of Sir Syed

Educational Institutions/Society/Organization
In order to promote his educational
philosophy/reformatory approach comprising
Modernization, enlightenment and Political
obedience Sir Syed went for the establishment of

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a series of educational institutions, societies and

organizations
∙ Persian Madrassah (1859) at Moradabad (UP)
∙ Victoria School (1864)
at Ghazipur (UP)
∙ Muhammadan Anglo Oriental
School—MAO-School (1875)
At Aligarh (UP)
∙ MAO College (1877)
Society
∙ Scientific Society (1863) at Ghazipur to
translate the quality books about applied and
social sciences from Arabic, Persian, English,
Sanskrit into Urdu language
∙ To popularize Western knowledge and
∙ To inculcate Scientific and rational approach
among the Indians.
∙ To design a modern and enlightened syllabus
for the Indian Students.
Organization
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Muhammdon Educational Conference (1886)

∙ To address the educational issues faced by
Muslims students and teachers all over India.
∙ To promote liberal values and approaches
related to education in India.
Social Services of Sir Syed

In order to reform the Indian Muslims and to
change their social status quo Sir Syed introduced
the following social Reforms for the Indian
Muslims
Issuance of a Magazine
∙ Tehzeeb-ul-Akhlaq/The Muhamadon Social

Reformer (1876) to change the social outlook
of Indian Muslims Sir Syed issued a social
magazine.

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∙ The magazine attacked ignorance,

superstitions and evil customs prevalent in
Indian Muslim society.
Establishment of Orphanages
∙ In order to give monetary support to the

Muslim orphan children and save them from
Christian missionary schools Sir Syed
established orphanages for the Muslims
children.
Promotion of Urdu Literature
∙ Sir Syed brought a lot of reforms to the

promotion and protection of Urdu Literature
by introducing new ideas, concepts, topics,
opinions, critical thinking, and gathering
committed people around him known as
elements of Urdu Literature.

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1.3.3 Analyze the contribution of Aligarh

Movement towards the political and social
upliftment of the Indian Muslims.
Political Upliftment
* Created political awareness in the Muslim
community which helped them establish All
India Muslim League and then struggled for
Pakistan.
* It produced West- Oriented leadership which
helped to run Pakistan movement in the years
to come.
* It broadened the political vision and approach
of Indian Muslims which helped them adjust
and mold their political attitude as per
existing political scenario and secure their
political future.
Social Upliftment
∙ Aligarh Movement tried to creat feeling of
self-respect among the Indian Muslims and to
a great extent was successful in its attempt.
∙ Through focusing on English Language and
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propagation of western thoughts and ideas

improved the communication skill of Muslims
and changed their rigid and intolerant
attitude towards other communities
particularly toward Christian community that
could be taken as positive and negative
development simultaneously.
1.3.4 Explain the reasons for the emergence

of Khilafat Movement (1919-1924)
Integrity of Turkey
∙ Muslims were afraid/were afraid that Turkey
might lose its territorial integrity after losing
war to Allied Powers
Protection Of Muslim Holy Places
∙ Muslims of South Asia didn’t want Holy
Places controlled by Ottomans to be
disrespected.
Showing Religious Solidarity
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∙ Indian Muslims wanted to show their religious

solidarity with their Turkish Brothers.
∙ The Ottoman were to lose their Arab
provinces—Syria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan)under
Treaty of Severes imposed by the victorious
powers of the WWI.
Protection Of Khilafat Seat
(Muslims had an apprehension in their mind that
after Turkish defeat in the War the Khilafat seat
might be abolished/removed which was the
symbol of religious and political power and
prestige of Muslims all over the world.
)the hilafat seat might be
aished/removed
Protection Of Khilafat Seat

(Muslims had an apprehension in their
mind that after Turkish defeat in the
KProtection Of Khilafat Seat
(Muslims had an apprehension in their
mind that after Tu
1.3.5 Analyze the impacts (positive and
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negative) of Khilafat Movement on the

Muslims of the subcontinent.
Positive Impacts
It let the Muslims experience the real politics
∙
which enabled them how get the maximum

political benefits at the cost of minimum
political loss in future politics.
* It promoted feeling of unity among the
Muslim community.
* It proved to be a litmus paper (Criterion) for
the Indian Muslims to check their strengths and
weaknesses.
* Khilafat Movement exposed the level of
friendship and corporation of Hindus and British
government with Muslim community.
* It boosted Muslim journalism and many
magazines and newspapers after the Khilafat
movement became the staunch advocate of
Pakistan movement.
* It taught the Indian Muslims how to mobilize
their community for a common objective.
* Khilafat Movement involved, for the first
time, the students and teachers of Muslim
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seminaries (Madrassas) who later on became

active supporters of Pakistan movement.
Negative Impacts
∙ Khilafat Movement shattered the
Hindu-Muslim unity which resulted in a new
wave of Communal Riots/clashes in India.
∙ The Hijrat Movement (1920) and
Non-Cooperation Movement (1920) proved
disastrous for the Indian Muslims
economically and educationally as they
became jobless, homeless and illiterate due
to these movements.
∙ Muslims became more interested in national
affairs than international one.
• Muslim emotionalism gave nothing to them
as Khilafat was abolished not by British but by
Turks themselves.
• Religious leaders for the time being
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vanished/disappeared from political arena.

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS IN
CONSTITUTION OF PAKISTAN 1973 IN
SIMPLE WORDS
Published by admin on May 20, 2022 | Leave a response
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS IN CONSTITUTION OF

PAKISTAN 1973 IN SIMPLE WORDS
We have prepared the Fundamental Rights in Constitution of Pakistan 1973 in a very
simple language. These are necessary for every citizen to learn and also for the
candidates of competitive examinations. These fundamental rights are frequently asked
not only in the written exam of PPSC, FPSC, and other exams but also in the Interviews.
Fundamental Rights are given below:
o Article 8- Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of fundamental

rights to be void.
The Constitution of any country is a Prime law of that country, any other law
derivates from the constitution. Article 8 elaborates that any law in Pakistan
which will not be in accordance with the constitution will not be considered a law,
and will be null and void.
o Article 9- Security of person.
Article 9 says that no one in Pakistan will be deprived of one’s life and liberty is
provided to everyone which is the fundamental right of every citizen of Pakistan.
(Fundamental Rights in Constitution of Pakistan)
o Article 10- Safeguards as to arrest and detention.

Article 10 explains that unnecessary arrest and detention are prohibited. If it is
needed to arrest or keep in detention, then there must be a solid reason for that
and prior permission from the authority.
o Article 10A- Right to a fair trial.
Everyone and anyone in the country has a right to be fairly treated according to
law. Spirit is that no one is above or below the law.
o Article 11- Slavery, forced labor, etc. prohibited.
The Constitution of Pakistan makes sure that no one will be made slaves or set to
work against their will. Individual liberty is provided in this article.
o Article 12- Protection against retrospective punishment.
It means a person committed any wrong in the past which was not considered
punishable at that time. But a law was made after, which describes that
wrongdoing as punishable. So that person shouldn’t be punished today for the
wrong which was committed before the formation of law. (Fundamental Rights in
Constitution of Pakistan)
o Article 13- Protection against double punishment and
self-incrimination.
Article 13 gives anyone the liberty of being punished twice for the same crime.
Once punished cannot be punished for same reason. And the spirit of
self-incrimination is that a person has the liberty to go against the accusations set
against him. He mustn’t be forced to accuse himself of a crime even if he has
committed it.
o Article 14- Inviolability of dignity of man, etc.
It is the fundamental right of anyone not to be dishonored. No one has a right to
defame someone’s dignity.
o Article 15- Freedom of movement, etc.
Everyone has this right to move from one place to another. No one will be
prohibited from visiting the commonplace in the whole country.
o Article 16- Freedom of assembly.
Peaceful gathering or assembly is the right provided to everyone. They can gather
anywhere for any peaceful purpose.
o Article 17- Freedom of association.
Everyone has the right and freedom to associate himself with any party, political
party, or any person. No one will be deprived of the right.
o Article18- Freedom of trade, business, or profession.
The Constitution of Pakistan gives every citizen the right to trade freely, make his
business anywhere in the country and choose one’s profession according to his
choice.
o Article 19- Freedom of speech, etc.
Freedom of speech is a more important fundamental right provided in the
constitution. Anyone has the right to criticize the policies of the government and
raise questions but in manners.
o Article 19A- Right to information.
Every citizen of Pakistan has a right to have the access to the information
important to them. (Fundamental Rights in Constitution of Pakistan)
o Article 20- Freedom to profess religion and to manage religious
institutions.
The constitution guarantees the right to every individual to choose the religion
which suits them and erect Mosques, mandirs, or girja according to their religion
freely.
o Article 21- Safeguard against taxation for purposes of any particular
religion.
Everyone is free in their religion and worship, Majority of the country cannot
impose any kind of religious tax on the minority.
o Article 22- Safeguards as to educational institutions in respect of
religion, etc.
Everyone is free to join madrasah or any other educational institution according
to their religion and get the education that their religion makes them necessary.
o Article23- Provision as to property.
No one will be deprived of the property which one has the right to possess and
acquire the property anywhere in the country. The constitution safeguards the
right of property.
o Article 24- Protection of property rights.
No one will be deprived of the property which one has the right to possess and
acquire the property anywhere in the country.
o Article 25- Equality of citizens.
The constitution guarantees the rule of law, every citizen is equal in the eye of the
law. And everyone will be treated equally in accordance with the law.
o Article 25A- Right to education.
Every citizen of Pakistan has the right to education in any instruction. No one will
be forced to remain un-educated.
o Article 26- Non-discrimination in respect of access to public places.
Everyone regardless of their caste and religion is permitted to the public places
indiscriminately.
o Article 27- Safeguard against discrimination in services.
Every minority has a right to get the government jobs in every department of
Pakistan according to their quota.
o Article 28- Preservation of language, script, and culture.
Every citizen of Pakistan pertaining to any religion must have the right to
preserve their religious scripts and languages and to celebrate their cultural
festivals.
CHAPTER 02
CONSTITUTIONAL
DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN
2.1.1 = Define the term constitution.
Answers:
A
● A body of principles, rules & regulation which determines the
administrative structure of the state and reflects the political
ideology or political life of a state (Country) is termed as
constitution. B
● A body of document which determines the rights and the
responsibilities of a state and its people may be termed as
constitution. C
● Constitution is a set of basic principles and framework for
governance and exercise of political power and legal authority.
●Types of Constitution (By Function)

RIGID CONSTITUTION
● A constitution which requires a very complicated procedure
to make any changes in it is termed as a Rigid Constitution.
Such as Constitution of USA.
FLEXIBLE CONSTITUTION
● A constitution which does not require a very complicated
procedure to make any changes or modification in it is
termed as a Flexible Constitution. Such as constitution of
UK.
● A constitution which is flexible and rigid at the same time is
termed as Rigid-cum-Flexible Constitution. Such as of
Pakistan.
Types of Constitution (By Definition)

WRITTEN CONSTITUTION
● A constitution which is available in the written form is

usually called a written constitution. Almost all the
countries in the world have written constitution.
UN-WRITTEN CONSTITUTION
● A constitution which is apparently not in the written form
but understood and practiced by the people of the state is
termed as Unwritten constitution. Such as UK.
● However, the constitution of UK is not completely
Unwritten. The sources of UK constitution are(1) common
practices of people which are widely accepted in
UK(Conventions/Customs) ,(2) the orders issued by the
crown(Charters),(3) acts passed by the Parliament(Statues),
(4)decision given by judges in specific cases(Judicial
Decisions),(5)laws which generated without the efforts of
British Parliament and got popularity(Common
Law),(6books written by the prominent jurists/law experts
on the constitution of UK(Writing of experts/Jurists)
● Excepts the conventions/customs all the other sources of
British constitution are in the written form that’s why the
constitution of UK is not completely unwritten.
2.1.2 = Describe why constitution is important

for a state?
● A constitution is important for a state because it reflects the
political life and political ideology of a state.
● A constitution is very important for a state and its people as it
determines the rights and responsibilities of the Government
of a state and its people.
● A constitution is very important for a state because it insures
the political and physical survival of the state and its people.
● A constitution is very important for a state because it provides
the guiding principles to shape the National and Foreign
policies of a country.
● A constitution explains the role and function of all the
administrative and political bodies of a STATE.
● A constitution clarifies the scope of power, relationship among
various institutions within the government and society. It has
precedence over ordinary laws and cannot be changed like
ordinary laws.
2.2.1= Discuss the Key Ideas of the speech

delivered by Muhammad Ali Jinnah to
CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY of PAKISTAN on
11th August 1947.
About the Constituent Assembly
●We would make this Assembly an example to
the world.
●The Constituent Assembly has to perform two
responsibilities----(1) Framing the constitution
of Pakistan and (2) Serving as the Federal
Legislature (Parliament) of Pakistan.
●The world is wondered at the emergence of
two Independent states which is
unprecedented and unparallel.
●It is very important that we have achieved it
(Independence/Pakistan) peacefully by a
gradual process.
●As Assembly is a complete Independent body
with all powers it is their greatest responsibility
to be careful in its decision/s.
●The first duty of the government is to maintain
law and order in order to protect the life,
property and religious beliefs of its people.
About Social Vices/Evils—Nature, Cause and

effects and Strategy to Deal With
●Bribery and corruption are poison and must be
put down with an iron hand.
●Black-marketing is also a curse is really a
monster and a colossal (huge / great) crime
against society.
● People who do black-marketing are usually
knowledgeable, aware, intelligent and
responsible.
●They (the black marketers) should be punished
severely as the entire system of control and
regulation of foodstuff and basic
commodities(products) are in their hand
● They (by doing black-marketing) cause
wholesale (large scale) starvation and shortage
of food which even leads to death.
●Nepotism (favoring relatives and friends)
Jobbery (using public office /post for one’s own
interest) are the legacy which has been passed
to us.
●I shall never tolerate any kind of jobbery,
nepotism or any influence directly or indirectly
brought to bear upon me/to have an effect on
me.
About the Division of India (Jinnah’s Own
Point of View About Division of India)
●I know there are some people who are not in
favor of division of India and the partition of
the Punjab and Bengal.
●Now it (division) has been accepted and it is
the duty of every one of us loyally abide
by(follow) it.
●Regarding it (division) we should honorably
act/perform according to the agreement which
is now final and binding on all.
●Division had to take place although in
Hindustan and Pakistan there are sections of
people who may not agree with it.
●In my judgment there was no other solution
and I am sure future history will record this
verdict in favor of it.
●It will be proved by actual experience as we go
on, that was the only solution of India’s
Constitutional problem.
●Any idea of United India could never have
worked and in my judgment, it would have led
us to terrific disaster.
●Question of minority (their rights) had to be
unavoidable whether the division would take
place or
not.
How to Make State of Pakistan Happy and
Prosperous? (Jinnah’s guidelines)
●If we want to make this State of Pakistan happy
and prosperous, we should completely focus on
the well-being(welfare) of the people and
specially of the masses and poor.
●For the progress of the country forget about
your past relationship, your community
belongingness, your racial and religious
attachment.
●If citizens of this state have equal rights,
privileges(facilities) and equal responsibilities
there will be no end to the progress they will
make for this country.
About the Issue of Minority and Majority
●In the course of time the issues of majority and
minority communities---the Hindu community
and Muslim community will vanish/disappear.
What Stopped India to Achieve it
independence?
●The religious, ethnic and class division in both
the communities, to me, have been the biggest
hindrance in the way of India to attend the
freedom and independence
About Religious Freedom in Pakistan

●You are free, free to go to your temples,
mosques or to any other place or worship in
this state of Pakistan.
●You may belong to any religion or caste or
creed that has nothing to do with the business
of the state.
●England experienced religious riots as Roman
Catholics and the protestants persecuted each
other (in the name of religion).
●Even now there are some states where
discrimination and bars(restrictions) are against
a particular class.
●Thanks God we are starting in the days where
there is no discrimination, no
distinction(difference)between one community
and another, no discrimination between one
caste or creed and another.
●We are starting with this fundamental principle
that we are all citizens and equal citizens of one
State.
●Now we should keep that in front of us our

ideal and you will find that in course of time
Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims
would cease to be Muslims, not in the religious
sense, because that is the personal faith of
each individual, but in the political sense as
citizens of the State.
Guiding Principles of Jinnah as the Head of the
State of Pakistan
●I shall always be guided by the principles of
justice and fair play without any prejudice or
ill-will, in other words partiality or favoritism.
●My guiding principles will be justice and
complete impartiality.
2.2.1 = Identify the key features of the

Objectives Resolutions.
● A resolution presented by the first prime Minister of Pakistan
(Liaquat Ali Khan) in the month of February (1949) in the
first Constituent Assembly Of Pakistan approved or passed by
that assembly with majority of votes on March 12,1949 is
known as the Objectives Resolution.
● The reason to call this resolution as the Objectives Resolution
was that it reflected the demands an Objectives for which
Pakistan was achieved.
Key Features of Objectives Resolution

● Sovereignty or the supreme power belongs to ALLAH the
All Mighty and the ruler of Pakistan will exercise this
power or authority as a sacred trust of Allah. (Sovereignty
of Allah).
● No Law will be made against Quran & Sunnah and the
existing laws will be made in accordance with Islamic
teachings.
● Pakistan will officially be called as the Islamic Republic of
Pakistan (Pakistan as the Islamic Republic).
● Pakistan will follow the federal system which means
powers will be distributed between the central and
provincial Governments working in Pakistan (Pakistan as
Federation).
● Fundamental Rights will be provided and insured without
any political religious and economic discrimination of every
individual of Pakistan (Insurance of Fundamental
Rights).
● Judiciary (The Supreme Court) will be made independent
to settle a possible or arising issue between central and
provincial Governments and to insure and safeguard the
fundamental rights of the people of Pakistan (Independent
Judiciary).
● The system of western democracy will be Islamized by
defining the concept of equality justice and tolerance.
(Islamic Way of Democracy).
● Minorities living in Pakistan will be given extra protection
besides insurance of their fundamental rights. (Protection
of Minorities).
● Backward areas will be uplifted without any discrimination
(Upliftment of Backward Areas).
2.2.3 = Discuss the significance and impact of

Objectives Resolution In the constitutional
Development of Pakistan.
Significance
● Objectives Resolution was a document which provided basic
principles for the future constitution in Pakistan.
● In the words of Liaquat Ali Khan (the first prime Minister of
Pakistan) it was next historical achievement to Pakistan.
● Objectives Resolution is the best manifestation of the ideology
of Pakistan.
● Objectives Resolution is regarded as the basis of all the
constitutions of Pakistan------- 1956, 1962 and 1973 as it has
been included in the preamble of all three constitutions of
Pakistan.
● In 1985 the Objectives Resolution was made the compulsory
part of the constitution of 1973 (On going constitution of
Pakistan) through an amendment.
● Objectives Resolution is regarded as Megna Carta (A
historical agreement signed between the people of England
and King John (of ENGLAND) in which he surrendered some
rights to the people of England in 1215). As Magna Carta
insured some fundamental rights of the people of England in
the Monarchy of King John) the same job was done by the
Objectives Resolution in Pakistan by ensuring the fundamental
rights of the people of Pakistan.
Impact
● Due to the Objectives Resolution Pakistan was declared as the
Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
● The Objectives Resolution made it binding on the ruler as well

as the Parliament of Pakistan that they cannot pass and
implement such law/s which is/are against the teachings of
Quran & Sunnah.
● The Objectives Resolution suggested federal system which
was the most important political requirement to deal with
diverse geographical, lingual political / administrative units it
was adopted later on.
● Objectives Resolution gave double protection to the minorities
by ensuring their fundamental rights and special rights given
to them as minorities in Pakistan
2.2.4 = Discuss the reasons behind the delay in
the constitution process. /Discuss the factors
which delayed the constitution-making process
in the initial years of Pakistan
Islamist vs Secularists
● There was a conflict between the Islamists and the Secularists
on the nature of the constitution. The Islamist wanted the
constitution guided by the Islamic principles on the other hand
the Secularists wanted the constitution to be guided by the
western political principles, this ideological difference or
conflict delayed the constitution process in Pakistan.
Question of Provincial Autonomy
● The question of provincial autonomy (Empowerment of the
provinces) between the Punjab province and east Bengal and
other provinces delayed the constitution process in Pakistan as
no consensus was developed particularly between Punjab and
Bengal as Punjab wanted powerful center and Bengal wanted
powerful provinces with maximum provincial autonomy.
Death of Jinnah
The death of Jinnah created political vacuum and leadership
crisis which led to the division or rift in hierarchy of All India
Muslim League which was the ruling party that’s why its
attention got diverted from the constitution making and it got
indulge in party politics which delayed the constitution
making process in Pakistan.
Settlement of Refugees
After the emergence of Pakistan one of the biggest challenges
for Pakistani government was to deal with the great influx of
refugees whose number was increasing all the time. About 6.5
million refugees had come to Pakistan and the number
eventually reached up to 10 million. In order to accommodate
such people, the government had to put its all energy to deal
with this issue that’s why it could not pay much attention to
constitution making for Pakistan and it got delayed.
Lingual Conflict
● People of East Pakistan wanted Bengali language to be
declared as to be the national language of Pakistan although
Mr. Jinnah had already declared the national language of
Pakistan in March 1948. This language controversy at last
became an important factor of delaying the constitution
process of Pakistan.
Issue of Separate or Joint Electorate
● There was no agreement among the people of Pakistan on the

issue of mode/type of election either they should elect their
representatives by separate or joint electorate. The people of
West Pakistan wanted separate electorate whereas the people
of east Pakistan (East Bengal) particularly Hindu population
wanted joint electorate the lack of agreement on this issue
ultimately delayed the constitution process in Pakistan.
Presidential or Parliamentary System
● There was no consensus on the type of Government to be
practiced in Pakistan people of West Pakistan wanted
presidential system to be followed as it was closed to Islamic
system, on the other hand people of East Pakistan due to their
secular approach and religious diversity wanted parliamentary
system guided by western democratic principles this
eventually led to the delay in the constitution process in
Pakistan.
● Frequent Removal of Provincial Ministries
There was frequent removal of provincial Chief ministers in
Pakistan from. From 1947 to 1956 eleven (11) chief ministers
were removed in different provinces in Pakistan. This frequent
ouster (removal) of chief ministers created political unrest in
the provinces which led to the pollical instability in the
country which eventually delayed the constitution making
process in Pakistan.
2.2.5 = Describe the salient features of 1956

Constitution.
Salient Features
● Written Constitution with 234 articles 6 schedules
(Chapters) and a preamble (Introductory Part)
● Islamic in Nature as president had to be a Muslim, No law
made against Quran and Sunnah, brotherly relationship
with the Muslim world sovereignty of the Allah the
Almighty was insured and emphasized.
● Federal system had to be adopted which declared that
powers will be distributed between Center and Two wings
of Pakistan with three list---- The federal list discusses the
power of the center; the provincial list discusses the
powers of provinces and the concurrent list or the list of
the common powers enjoyed by both the central and
provincial governments.
● Parliamentary form of government had to be followed
---------Prime Minister as the real administrative head of
the state (Muslim or Non- Muslims) with its specific body
of ministers (Cabinet) responsible to the Legislature
(Parliament).
● Unicameral Legislature or one house parliament called as
National Assembly will be forming to make legislation
for Pakistan comprising 300 members, 150 members
drawn for each wing.
● Fundamental Rights such as right to life and property,
right to practice religion, right to choose economic
profession, right to move, right to freedom of expression,
right to assemble, right to form political party, right to
receive education will be guaranteed for every citizen of
Pakistan without any religious political and economic
discrimination.
● Judiciary (Superior or the Supreme Court) will be made
independent so that the fundamental rights may be insured
and any arising issue between the central and provincial
government could be solved by the Judiciary.
● Urdu and Bengali languages would serve as the National
language of Pakistan.
● Direct form of election would be adopted to choose the
member of national and provincial assemblies with the
prescribe voting age as 21 to cast the vote.
● Constitutional Institutions such as public service
commission (PSC) council of Islamic ideology (CI),
National Finance Commission (NFC) will be established.
2.2.6 = Discuss the reasons that led to the failure

of 1956 constitution.
● The constitution of 1956 which was implemented on 23rd
March 1956 was abrogated just after 2 and half years and
replaced by martial law on 7 October 1958. It could not last
long due to the following reasons.
Tug of War Between Prime Minister and President
● Although the prime minister was real administrative head
according to the constitution of 1956 the president Iskandar
Mirza over-shadowed the power of the prime minister which
led to the power struggle between the president and the prime
minister which did not let the constitution function in its true
sense and it failed at last.
Centre versus Provinces
● The central government interfered in the matters of the
provinces which was the negation of the federal system which
empowered the provinces to use their powers for the larger
interest of their province. The central verses provinces led to a
political rivalry which almost paralyzed the function of the
constitution of 1956.
Elections Promised But Never Conducted
● Although the constitution promised that the new elections will
be conducted so that people could choose their representative
for the parliament, they(elections) were never held, and the
parliamentarian could not be appointed by the people and it
remained restricted only to 80 members. This was another
violation which eventually paved the way for the failure of the
constitution.
Silence on Mod/Method Of Elections
● The constitution remained silent on the mod /method of
elections though it was a serious issue in Pakistan. The people
of East Pakistan wanted joint electorate and the people of West
Pakistan wanted separate electorate this silence became one of
the factors responsible for the failure of the constitution.
Parliamentary System Was Unknown
● The parliamentary system introduced by the constitution of
1956 was quite unknown to the people of Pakistan who were
naturally closed to the presidential system of government. This
lack of political awareness had to become a reason for the
failure of the constitution.

constitution.
● Written Constitution with 250 articles, 4 schedules
(Chapters) and a preamble (Introductory Part) with 50
specific martial codes (Laws).
● Islamic in Nature as president had to be a Muslim, No law
made against Quran and Sunnah, brotherly relationship
with the Muslim World sovereignty of the Allah the
Almighty was ensured and emphasized.
● Federal system had to be adopted which declared that
powers will be distributed between Center and Two wings
of Pakistan with limited two capacity in other words
provinces would have curtailed provincial autonomy /
powers.
● Presidential form of government was introduced
--------President was the head of the state and head of the
administration with immense powers.
● Unicameral Legislature or one house parliament called as
National Assembly would be formed to make
legislation(laws) for Pakistan comprising 218 members.
● Fundamental Rights will be provided to every citizen of
Pakistan with certain boundaries or limitation as they
cannot not have political assembly(gathering), make their
own political party and enjoy the freedom of expression
government could be solved by the Judiciary. But it won’t
enjoy the Power of Judicial Review.
● Islamabad and Dhaka were declared the capitals of
Pakistan.
● Urdu and Bengali languages would serve as the National
● Indirect form of election would be adopted to choose the
member of national and provincial assemblies and the
president known as Electoral Collage / Basic
Democracies.
2.2.8 = Discuss the reasons that led to the failure

of 1962 constitution.
● The constitution of 1962 which was implemented on 8 June
1962 at last abrogated as the martial law replaced it on 25
March 1969 imposed by Gernal Yaha Khan.
● Absence of Democratic Nature
● The constitution did not reflect the democratic color and
reflection of people’s interest and input it was thrust on the
people of Pakistan by a military ruler at his own will an
understanding that’s why it couldn’t get popularity among the
people of Pakistan which ultimately become one of the causes
of its failure.
Presidential Dictatorship
● The constitution was a one man show in the words of
Chaudhry Muhammad Ali it was of the president and by the
president.
● The president could not be impeached or questioned for his
any action by the parliament. The president could veto/reject
any law passed by the parliament this unique characteristic of
the constitution became the failure of the constitution.
Judiciary Was Partially Independent
● The constitution did not give judiciary the power of judicial
review which limited the powers of judiciary at the same time
provincial autonomy was given in the most curtailed form to
the provinces similarly the fundamental rights were also
restricted, this created confusion and political unrest in the
country which eventually led to the failure of the constitution.
Absence of Check and Balance

● There was no proper system of check and balance in the
constitution to monitor and regulate the administration of the
state that’s why the constitution mad with the failure.
Unique Form of Elections
● The constitution introduced a unique and strange form of
election known as Basic Democracies (BDs) which raised
many doubts on the validity of the electoral college or BDs
and that itself became one of the reasons for the failure of the
constitution in future.
Allied Question= Describe the Islamic

Provisions / Features of the constitutions of
1956, 1962 and 1973.
Islamic Features
1956 1962 1973
Sovereignty Sovereignty Sovereignty belongs to
belongs to Allah belongs to Allah Allah the Almighty
the Almighty the Almighty
No law against No law against No law against Quran &
Quran & Sunnah Quran & Sunnah Sunnah
Ban on narcotics Ban on narcotics Ban on narcotics and use of
and use of alcohol and use of alcohol alcohol
Steps to be taken Steps to be taken Steps to be taken to
to promote to promote promote Islamic values
Islamic values Islamic values establish Islamic Society
establish Islamic establish Islamic and Environment
Society and Society and
Environment Environment
Cordial and Cordial and Cordial and fraternal
fraternal relations fraternal relations relations with the entire
with the entire with the entire Muslim world
Muslim world Muslim world
Muslim head of Muslim head of Muslim head of the state
the state the state (President) and Muslim
(President) (President) head of the
Government/Administration
(Prime Minister)
Islamic Research Islamic Research Teaching of Islamiat as a
Institute Institute compulsory subject at
secondary and Higher
Secondary Level.
Error free printing of Holy
Quran
Department of Auquaf to
monitor and supervised the
construction and renovation
of Masajid & Mazar and
their other related issues.
Council of Islamic Ideology
Allied Question/SlO=Define the term federation.

●Federation: Combination of number of
states/provinces working under one central
authority/government in a way that there is a
distribution of powers/authority
between/among the Central and other
states/provinces i.e. Federation of USA---51
governments functions in USA simultaneously
one in Washington D.C(Central Government)
and 50 (provincial governments) in 50
states/provinces of USA.

constitution.
● Written Constitution with 280 articles, 7 schedules
(Chapters) and a preamble (Introductory Part)
● Islamic in Nature as president & the prime minister both
had to be a Muslim, No law made against Quran and
Sunnah, brotherly relationship with the Muslim World
sovereignty of Allah the Almighty was ensured and
emphasized, Error free printing of Holy Quran.
● Federal system has to be adopted which declares that
powers will be distributed between Center and four
provinces of Pakistan with three list---- The federal list
discusses the powers of the Center; the provincial list
discusses the powers of Provinces and the Concurrent list
or the list of the common powers enjoyed by both the
central and provincial governments.
● Bicameral Legislature or Two - house parliament called as
National Assembly and the Senate (comprising 342 seats
for national assembly and 104 for the Senate) will be
formed to make legislation for the people of Pakistan.
● Fundamental Rights such as right to life and property,
right to practice religion, right to choose economic
profession, right to move , right to freedom of expression
, right to assemble , right to form political party, right to
receive education will be guaranteed for every citizen of
Pakistan without any religious political and economic
discrimination.
government could be solved by the Judiciary.
● Direct form of elections would be adopted to choose the
member of national and provincial assemblies with the
prescribed voting age as 18 to cast the vote.
● Urdu language would serve as the National language of
Pakistan. While English will serve as language of offices
by 1988.
Allied Question/SlO=Does constitution of 1973

fulfill the conditions of a federation?
● A federation requires a written constitution having superiority
over all institutes/elements of a state and the constitution of
1973 is in written form having the superiority over all organs
of the state of Pakistan.
● Distribution of powers between a central and provincial
governments is the fundamental requirement of a federation--
the constitution of 1973 clearly mentions the list of central and
provincial powers and determines their domain of Powers.
● In a federation the provinces enjoy the provincial
empowerment(autonomy) and the constitutional 1973 does
offer provincial autonomy.
● In a federation it is the Judiciary which settles any arising
issue between the Centre (Federal government) and
Province/s(provincial government/s)--- we fined the same
characteristic/feature in the constitution of 1973 as Supreme
Court does the same job in Pakistan.
2.2.9 = Compare the three constitution in term

of nature and features of 1973 constitution.
1956 1962 1973

Constitution was Constitution was Constitution was
written in nature written in nature written in nature
Constitution was Constitution was a rigid Constitution was
rigid -cum-flexible (a complicated rigid
(could not easily be procedure required to -cum-flexible
amended or did not amend it) (could not easily
require a very be amended or
complicated did not require a
procedure to amend very complicated
it) procedure to
amend it)
Federal system was Federal system was Federal system
adopted (Pakistan to adopted (Pakistan to be was adopted
be Federation) a Federation) (Pakistan to be a
Federation)
Parliamentary form Presidential form of Parliamentary
of government was government adopted form of
adopted. government
adopted.
Unicameral Unicameral Legislature Bicameral
Legislature (One-House Legislature
(One-House Parliament—National (Two-House
Parliament—Nationa Assembly) Parliament—Nati
l Assembly) onal Assembly
and the Senate)
Constitution was Constitution was in Constitution was

Islamic in Nature as Islamic in Nature as more Islamic in
Pakistan to be Pakistan to be Islamic Nature as
Islamic Republic, Republic, President to a Pakistan to be
President to be a be Muslim, Objectives Islamic Republic,
Muslim, Objectives Resolution to be the Islam to be the
Resolution to be the Preamble of state religion
Preamble of constitution. President and
constitution. Prime Minister to
be Muslims,
Objectives
Resolution to be
the Preamble and
compulsory part
of the
constitution,
Islamiat as
compulsory
subject for
secondary and
higher secondary
level
Fundamental rights Fundamental rights Fundamental
fully granted. were partially granted. rights fully
(freedom of speech, granted.
right to assemble, right
make an
association/party were
not granted)
Judiciary (Supreme Judiciary (Supreme Judiciary

Court) was Court) was not (Supreme Court)
Independent with Independent (without was Independent
Judicial power of Judicial power of with Judicial
Review. Review. power of Review.
Urdu and Bengali to Urdu and Bengali to be Urdu to be the
be National National Languages National
Languages Language of
Pakistan
Karachi to be the Islamabad (West Islamabad to be
State Capital Pakistan) and Dhaka the State capital.
(east Pakistan) to be the
State Capitals
2.2.11= Evaluate the steps taken towards

Islamisation in Pakistan with reference to 1956,
1962 and 1973 Constitutions.
Political
● Objectives Resolution (1949) was the first initiatives
towards Islamization incorporated into the
constitution of 1956 then 1962 and then 1973
constitution. The most important feature of the
resolution was Sovereignty rests with Allah the
almighty instead of people of Pakistan.
● Pakistan was officially/constitutionally declared as
Islamic Republic for the first time in the constitution
of 1956, later in 1962 and 1973 constitutions.
● Head of State to be Muslim—1956 and 1962
constitutions
● Head of state(president) and Head of Government
(P.M) must be Muslims----1973 constitution.
● No Law against Quran and Sunnah----1956,1962 and
1973 constitutions.
● Steps to be taken to promote Islamic values, establish
Islamic Society and Environment---1956,1962 and
1973 constitutions.
● Advisory Council of Islamic Ideology—to
recommend steps to the government which would
make the Muslims to order their lives according to
the concept of Islam-----1962
● Council of Islamic Ideology would guide the
government in respect of Islamic teachings, their
implementation and propagation. ---1973
● Parliament of Pakistan to called Majlis Shoora---1973
constitution---- Introduced under Zia’s Policy of
Islamization
● Article 62(of 1973 constitution) talks about the
qualification for the member of the Parliament or
Majlis-e- Shoora that he (the candidate) is of good
character and is not commonly known as one who
violates Islamic Injunctions. He should be Sadiq
(truthful and Ameen(trustworthy/honest)—1973
constitution---- Introduced under Zia’s Policy of
Islamization
(Hudood ordinance (Islamic Punishments for Theft, drinking
wine, Adultery, Fornication; Amputation of hands, stoning to death
and lashing etc) was promulgated in the country in
1979---Introduced under Zia’s Policy of Islamization incorporated
into the constitution of 1973 constitution.
● Federal Shariat Court was established in 1981---
Introduced under Zia’s Policy of Islamization
● Ordinance for the sanctity of Ramzan ul Mubark. –
(fine, arrest and lashes for those who would publicly
eat and drink and smoke in the month of Ramadan)
Introduced under Zia’s Policy of Islamization.
● Prayer Ordinance (Prayers break was introduced in
offices, and Mohalla Salat Committees were formed
to observe the compliance of Prayer Ordinance) --
Religious
Islamic Research Institute to assist in the reconstruction of
Muslims society in truly Islamic basis---1956 and 1962
Council of Islamic Ideology----1956 and 1973
Islam to be the official/state religion---1973
Islamization of Mass Media---live telecast and broadcast
of Azan, Arabic News bulletin, Special Islamic programs-
Introduced under Zia’s Policy of Islamization.
Educational
● Teaching of Quran was compulsory for
Muslims----1956
● New education Policy with Islamic character of
syllabus along with Pakistan Studies and Islamiat
compulsory for all the classes up to graduation. -----
● Textbooks were overhauled to remove un-Islamic

material, and un-Islamic books were removed from
libraries------- Introduced under Zia’s Policy of
Islamization
● Arabic was introduced as a compulsory subject from

6th to 8th classes--- Introduced under Zia’s Policy of
Islamization
Economic
● Zakat and Usher Ordinance (Zakat deducted on
saving accounts & investments; Usher(10% tax) was
imposed on annual agricultural output-- Introduced
under Zia’s Policy of Islamization in 1981 and 1983
respectively.
● Pakistan Bat-ul-Mall was established--- Introduced
under Zia’s Policy of Islamization
● Interest free banking initiated in 1981 on the principle

of profit & loss sharing-- Introduced under Zia’s
Policy of Islamization
Social
● Ban on purchase and sale of alcohol and
narcotics—1956,1962and 1973
● Ban on prostitution (selling honor) --- 1956,1962and
1973
● Steps to be taken to promote Islamic values, establish

Islamic Society and Environment---1956,1962 and
1973 constitutions
Scanned with CamScanner
CHAPTER 04
Cultural Heritage of
Pakistan
4.1.1 = Define the term ‘Culture’.
●Culture is defined as the total life
pattern of the people living in a region
including their physical spiritual and
mental and aesthetic activities.
● It includes everything that a group of
people thinks, says, does and makes —
its systems, attitudes and feelings.
●Culture is a shared behavior
transmitted from one generation to
another.
●Culture includes such activities /
elements which can be observed
physically such as: house, food, dress,
money, means of transport and
communication (cycle, motor - cycles,
cars, mobiles radio, TV,
computer)—Material Culture
●Culture also includes such elements
which abstract and don’t have their
physical existence such as: Language,
Religion, Laws, Customs, Traditions,
Rituals, Values, arts, Ideologies.
--------Non-Material Culture
4.1.2 = Define the functions of culture.
●Culture determines the identity of a
particular group living in a particular
region-----Muslim, Hindu, Christian
(religious Identities), Sindhi, Punjabi,
Pathan, Baluchi, Muhajir(Lingual and
Racial Identities) Pakistani, Indian,
American(National Identities), Upper
class, middle class, lower class(Social
Identities), rich, poor (Economic
Identities)
●It develops the character traits of the
individual living in a society.
●It shapes the personality of the
individual living in a society-----ideas,
thoughts, values make an individual as
Rigid, tolerant, kind, sociable, savage,
inhuman
●It determines the concept of right and
wrong in a society known as
values---honor-killing and vani
(marriage of a young/child girl as
punishment for some crime committed
by her male relatives) are regarded as
extremely right in rural areas of
Pakistan.
●It transfers the legacy of the previous
generation to the next generation---we
adopt manners of talking, walking,
eating, drinking, dressing, greetings
from our elders and ancestors.
●It socializes the individual of a society
how to intermingle or communicate with
the other members of the society.
4.1.3 = Discuss the different components
of culture; (languages, dresses, art, crafts,
music and festivals);
●Culture can be divided into two parts the
material culture and the non-material
culture.
●The material culture such as house, food,
dress, and means of transport and
communication car, bus, airplane radio,
TV, computer are those elements of
material culture which develop the
individual of a society physically, they
are essential for physical progress and
development of a society.
●The non- material culture such as

language, religion, music, festivals,
customs, traditions, arts develop the
individual of a society mentally and
spiritually.
●Aesthetic means the pleasant,
positive or artful appearance of a
person or a thing.
●Aesthetic culture includes calligraphy,
painting, music, sculpture, dance
photography
●Aesthetic culture expresses human skill,
expertise, art in the most beautiful,
pleasant and presentable manner
● Language is a source of communication
to interact with other individuals, custom
and traditions reflect the mod of
enjoyment, mental and spiritual
satisfaction of the individual of a society.
● Religion is a source of spiritual

satisfaction and serves as a connection
between an individual and his God. It is
one of the greatest sources of building
spiritualism and spiritual progress of an
individual living in a society which
ultimately leads to humanism which is
the major function of a religion.
●Music and arts reflect that instinct of
human being which wants to reflect the
beautification of the universe in the most
presentable manner.
●Festivals and Fairs are such events which
have social, religious and historical
foundation or
background----Eid-ul-Fitr,Eid-ul-Azha,
Eid-e-Milad-un-Nabi,
Ten Mourning Days of Muharram, Nou
Rose, Christmase, Holi, Diwali,
Baisakhi, Basant, (Festivals) Urs of
Hazrat Abdullah Shah Ghazi, Shah
Abdul Latif Bhitai, Hazrat Lal Shabaz
Qalander, Hazrat Data Ali HAjvari,
Hazrat Baba Fareed of Pak Pattan(Fairs)
●Festival and Fairs are a source of

religious unity and social interaction.
●Festivals and fairs serve as means of
trade and commerce as they engage a lot
of people in economic activities.
●Festivals and fairs are the symbol of
love, peace, tolerance, humanity they are
the positive Image builder of a country
and its people.
●Culture is a set of norms that set

standards for a society of what is
acceptable behavior.
4.1.4 = Understand the term ‘cultural

diversity’;
Presence of various cultures in a particular

region or a country is termed as cultural
diversity or cultural heterogeneity.
●Cultural diversity refers such social and

political environment in which various
identities are living under one national
identity.
●These identities are based on language,
cast, color, religion, and race.
●This is a characteristic of multiethnic and
multilingual and multireligious state.
●Cultural Diversity is also called
Pluralism.
●Cultural diversity on the one hand a
beautiful feature of the national culture
of a country where pluralism is
appreciated on the other hand it becomes
a curse for those identities which are
oppressed and suppressed by such
identity / group / community which are
in majority that ultimately leads to
extremism, fanaticism and rigidity
resulting the disunity and disharmony
which leads to national disunity and
disintegration such as Shia-Sunni
Riots(clashes),Muhajir-Sindhi Riots,
Black-White Riots
4.1.5 = Explain how it can be made useful

in forging better understanding and unity
among various people of Pakistan.
●Cultural diversity may lead to harmony,
tolerance, brotherhood, and better
understanding among the different
identities living under the umbrella of
national identity
●The exchange of different customs
traditions values literature history among
the various religious, lingual, and racial
communities on the one hand add to the
national culture of Pakistan on the other
hand it may develop sense of
brotherhood and unity among these
entities as when they come in contact
with various cultures they may adopt the
best part of those cultures which
generates the characteristics of
acceptance and adoption which may
decrease the hostilities and enmities or
the negative feelings towards other
culture.
●By arranging cultural exchange
programs, among the people living in
different provinces of Pakistan, by
telecasting and broad casting positive
cultural characteristics of all the
identities living in Pakistan (Sindhi,
Muhajir, Punjabi, Baloch, Pathan,
Saraiki, Shia, Sunni), By giving
importance to the cultural festivals
related to different cultural identities
living in Pakistan and patronizing them
officially, by using educationists,
sociologist and social scientists to
educate and aware people on the benefits
of cultural diversity we can establish a
better understanding and unity among
the various people of Pakistan.
●Media particularly the social media can
play and active and effective part in
forging the unity and understanding
among the various diverse people of
Pakistan by using positive and
constructive comments, photos, and likes
about various cultures living in Pakistan.
4.2.1 = Locate the areas of ancient

civilization on the given map of Pakistan;
Soan Civilization flourished in the potohar

region (comprises----Islamabad, Rawlapindi,
Jhelum, Mianwali, Chakwal cities of
Punjab) near the Soan River.
Soan River
Potohar Region
Kot DiJi Civilization flourished in Indus
Valley whose ruins/remains are in south
of Khairpur (Sindh)
KotDiji(Khairpur)
Kot Diji Fort, meaning "Fort of the

Daughter" and formally known as Fort
Ahmadabad, dominates the town of Kot
Diji in Khairpur District, Pakistan about 25
miles east of the Indus River at the edge of
the Nara-Rajisthan Desert and 22 km south
of Khairpur.
“The Talpur dynasty was a Shia Muslim

dynasty based on the region of Sindh, which
ruled Sindh and parts of Punjab region,
from 1783 to 1843. The Talpur army
defeated the Kalhora Dynasty in the Battle
of Halani in 1783 to become rulers of Sindh”
Indus Civilization the most organized,
settled and developed people lived in
Sahiwal near River Ravi(Punjab) and
near Larkana(Sindh)
Aryan Civilization flourished in the Indus

valley
Gandhara Civilization flourished in
Taxila (Punjab), Peshawar, Swat,
Mardan, Charsadda,(KPK) whose main
feature was its religious buildings called
Stupa.
4.2.2 = Enlist the chronological order of
various civilizations that flourished in the
sub-continent;
A. Soan Civilization
B. Kot Diji Civilization
C. Indus Civilization
D. Aryan Civilization
E.Ghandhara Civilization
4.2.3 = Discuss the significant features of
some important locations of ancient
civilization in Pakistan; (Indus Valley
Civilization, Soan Civilization, Kot Diji,
Meher Gadh, Gandhara).
●INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION:

The life-giving River Indus, the fertile soil
and a hospitable climate made this region
(Punjab and Sindh) home to many
civilizations it became known as the cradle
of civilization. People from Central Asia
used to come here for trading as this was a
natural trade route. Many of them settled
here.
●The Indus Civilization is one of the oldest
civilizations of the world. Ancient cities
like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa flourished
on the banks of the River Indus and its
tributary, the Ravi.
●Mohenjo-Daro is located near present day
Larkana (western Sindh)
● Harappa is about 645 km north of
Mohenjo-Daro.
●The people of the Indus Valley were called
Dravidians.
●They were short with dark complexions.
The Civilization existed for almost seven
hundred years.
●City Planning: The Indus Valley settlement
all followed the same plans. Streets and
house were laid out in a perfect grid like
pattern. They also had the world’s first
sewerage and drainage systems. These
were even more advanced than those in
some areas of our country today.
●The Great Bath in Mohenjo-Daro and the
vast granary were the most famous public
facilities where religious rituals were
performed, and food was stored and
distributed.
The Great Bath (Mohenjo Daro)
● Use of Terra Cotta or fire clay /
baked earth was quite common in
pots, tools and toys of Indus
Civilization.
●SOAN CIVILIZATION
The Soan Civilization existed in 3000
BC in what is now called the Potohar
Plateau. It consisted of small village
communities. Archaeologists have
discovered fossils tools and coins from
the ruins of this civilization whose age is
estimated as 500,000 years.
●KOT DIJI CIVILIZATION
They were the people who lived in the

Indus Valley region300 to 500 years before
the Indus Civilization that’s why they are
called pre-Harappen and Pre-Mohen jo
Daro Civilization.
These people like Indus Civilization were
developed, organized and advanced in their
life style.
●Pottery was well made, and houses were
built of mud-bricks on stone foundation.
●MEHRGADH is located near Bolan Pass,

to the west of Indus River Valley and
between the cities of Quetta, Kallat and
Sibi.
●Mehrgarh was the earliest agricultural and

pastoral community in South Asia. The
remains of this settlement are located in
Balochistan, and date back to 6500 BC.
The first inhabitants of Mehrgarh were
farmers who cultivated wheat and barley
and had herds of cattle, sheep and goats.
They lived in mud bricks houses, waved
baskets and used elaborate bead
ornaments, shells, and coloured stones as
jewellery.
●Some of these stones and shells were
traded from distance areas or were
collected during their search for pasture
for their herds.
●The Mehrgarh Civilization is taken as
pre-stage of Indus Civilization
●GANDHARA CIVILIZATION
●It flourished in Taxila (Present Punjab),
Swat, Charsadda , Mardan, Peshawer, Dir
Bajuar(KPK).
●These wer Buddhist and with the
combination of Gandhara and Greek style
of architecture a new art developed in
South Asia known as Gandhara Art.
●Gandhara art revolves around Buddhist
Sculpture (making statues) and Stupas
(religious buildings of Buddhism)
●
Stupa
END of Chapter 4.
Languages Of Pakistan (this is NOT

included in the NEW Syllabus of AKUEB
for 2021-22)
4.3.1 List the main regional languages

(Balochi, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pushto,
Saraiki, Baruhi) of the Pakistan and the
regions where these are spoken;
PUNJABI
●Punjabi is the largest spoken language
of Pakistan.
●Amir Khusro used the word “ Lahoree”
and “Hindi” for Punjabi language.
●A great poet and scholar of Punjabi
hafiz Burkhurdar for the first time used
the word “ Punjabi” for this dialect.
●Heer Ranjha, Sohni Maheenwal, Sassi
Punu and Mirza Sahiban are famouse
Punjabi folk tales.
●Baba Fareed, Hazrat Sultan Bahu,
Baba Bulhe Shah, Madhoolal Hussain
are famous Punjabi mystic poets.
●Lahore with 86% Punjabi speakers is
the largest Punjabi speakers city in
Pakistan.
●Faislabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala,
Sargodha, Sialkot, Jehlum and Gujrat
are largest Punjabi speaking cities
after Lahore.
●Islamabad has 71% Punjabi speakers of its
total population.
There are 36 administrative districts in
Punjab.
Majhi or Lahori accent is regarded as the
standard Punjabi dialect.
Sindhi
●Makhdoom Noah Sahab Adbul Karim,
Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai are poets who
contributed a lot to Sindhi literature,
●Sindhi Literary Board was set up – 1948
which printed many books and magazine
in Sindh,
●Bazm-e- Talib-ul-Muala was set up – 1954
which is rendering meritorious services to
Sindhi literature.
●Sachal Sarmast Academy was established
by Dr. Ali Akbar Drazi to promote
Sachal’s philosophy thousands books,
newspaper and number of weeklies
published by the academy.
●Kawish, Ibrat, Awami Awaz and Sindhi
Express are popular Sindhi newspapers.
●6 major and 58 minor languages are
spoken in Pakistan,
●Urdu has over 11 million speakers (Mother
Tongue Language).
●More than 150 million people use Urdu as
secondary language.
●66 million people could be considered
literate in Urdu.
There are 29 administrative districts in
Sindh.
Vicholi is the standard dialect of Sindhi
language.
Balochi
●Balochi is the language of people living in
the province of Baluchistan,
●It belongs to Iranian group of Language.
●Balochi script was Arabic, but now it is
written in a modified Urdu dialect.
●Gulkhan Naseer, Azad Jamal Uddin are
prominent Balochi Poets.
●Balochi Literary Association, weakly.
●Magazine Nam Kessan and Quetta
Television station are promoting Balochi
Language in Pakistan.
●In Baluchistan University master course is
offered to promote the Baluchi Language.
●Bruhi is the second largest spoken
language of Baluchistan.
●Bruhi is spoken mostly in the central and
some western pars of Baluchistan
including Kalat, Khuzdar, Mastung,
Nasirabad, Bolan districts.
Jhalawani(Southern Kuzdar) and
Sarawani(Northen Kallat are standard
dialects of Bruhi language. Talar is weekly
12 page Bruhi Newspaper.
●
PHUSTO
Northern Pashto, also

called Eastern Pashto, is the
prestige variety of Pashto in eastern
and northeastern Afghanistan, and
northern part of the Federally
Administered
Tribal Areas of Pakistan. This dialect
is almost identical to Yusufzai Pashto
GILGIT
Shina, Burushaski, Balti, Khowar, Balti
are important languages spoken in
Gilgit-Baltistan.
6.3.2 = Discuss the reason behind

choosing Urdu as a national language.
●Since Urdu had been a distinguished

marked between Hindus and Muslims and
it also served as a unifying force of the
Indian Muslim that’s why it was thought
that it can play the same role to unite the
diverse nation of Pakistan at one plate
form due to its historical and political role.
●As Urdu has no regional base or does not
reflect any province of Pakistan it was
decided to declare Urdu as the national
●Urdu possess such unique characteristics
such as adaptability, absorption, unique
and wast vocabulary, easy to understand
and speak, rich in literature it was thought
that it can unite the different lingual
identities due to these characteristics that’s
why it was declared as the national
6.3.3 = Discuss the development of Urdu

Language.
●Urdu Belongs to indo Aryan family of
the languages.
●Aryan after settling in South Asia
developed their language know as
Sanskrit which had different accents or
dialects.
●One of the popular the new version of
Sanskrit was Parakrite which was
spoken in different dialects and the
prominent one was the Bridge
Bhashah.
●Bridge Bhah Shah when mixed with
Persian, Turkish, Hindi, Arabic
languages in the Mugal yr develop a
new kind of a mixture of a language
among the mugal army known as Ordu
or Urdu. Which means a language
develop in the Army Camp.
●Later on with the mugal pattern age
and contribution of prominent writters
and poet such as amir khusro, Sir Syed
Ahmed Khan, Dipti Nazir Ahmed,
Shibli Noman, Hali, Galib, Mir Taki
Mir, Mir Dard and Allama Iqbal made
this language rich in literature and
vocabs gradually it became popular all
over India.
6.3.4 = Describe the development of

provincial languages.
Chapter 05
Economic Planning and Development

in Islamic Republic of Pakistan
SLO NO.5.1.1
Define the term Economy, inflation, Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNP)
● Materials that satisfy human wants and provide utility are

called goods.
● All things (finished and semi-finished which are
manufactured/produced at large scale and put to sale and
purchase are also called goods.
● All paid activities/skills/expertise which take part in the
production or distribution of goods are called services.
Economy
● The systematic study of production, consumption,
exchange and distribution and of goods and services in a
region is known as Economy.
● If the economy is directly controlled and regulated by the
Government itself, it is called Command
Economy/Centralized/Controlled Economy----in Pakistan
in the Era of Bhutto (1972—78) there was Command
Economy in Pakistan. In Soviet Union there was a
Command Economy (1924-1991) as all the industries,
businesses, banks and other institutions were directly
controlled and run by the Soviet government.
● If the economy is controlled and regulated by both the
Government (Public Sector) and Business Community
(private Sector) it is called the Mixed Economy. ----in
Pakistan in the Era of Ayub (1958—68) there was Mixed
Economy in Pakistan. In most of the developed countries
(USA, France, Germany etc.) Mixed Economy is practiced.
● If the economy is controlled and regulated by the Business
Community/group—they determine the supply and
demand of the market and the Government serves as a
facilitator—provides and improves infrastructure (land,
water, gas, roads) peace and security it is called Private
Economy----it is said Zia’s government(1977-1988) not
completely but too a great extent followed this model of
economy in Pakistan
GDP
● GDP stands for Gross Domestic Product which is the
market value of all final goods and services produced in a
country in one year by local and foreigners.
Calculation of GDP
● GDP = Consumptions (C) government spending (G)
investment(I) and net export (Exports – (minus) Import) NX
● Consumption means utilization of resources (goods and
services)
● Government spending means government
expenditures/expenses---payment of salaries of
employees, construction of roads, bridges, hospitals,
education, health and social securities and other welfare
projects.
● Investment made by private sector(non-official) and public
sector (Government).
● Exports are goods and services sold out to other countries.
● Imports are goods and services purchased/bought from
other countries.
GNP
● GNP stands for Gross National Product which is defined as
the market value of final goods and services produced by
the citizens/natives of a country within and outside the
country.
Calculation of GNP
GNP = Consumptions (C)+ government spending (G)+

investment(I) + Net export (Exports – (minus) Import) NX
-Income of foreigners +income from abroad
Simple formula of GNP
GNP=GDP- Income of foreigners +income from abroad

● Income of foreigners who are working in our country is not
calculated because it is calculated in their home countries.
● Income from abroad is calculated in GNP and it is gift or
money sent by our citizens from other countries. It is called
as Remittances.
● To calculate GNP, we subtract the income of foreigners

working in our country and we add the income of the
citizens (Remittances) of our country to the factors which
also calculate the GDP.
SLO. No. 5.1.3

Describe the importance of economic planning.
Economic Planning
● Economic Planning means a systematic study of available
human and natural resources of a country so that they
could be used for the maximum welfare of the people in a
given time.
Benefits
● Economic Planning helps the government of a country to
maintain balance of trade, remove economic evils ---
unemployment, poverty, inflation.
● Economic planning ultimately leads to high per capita
income which eventually raises the economic standard of
the people of the country.
● The raise/increase in the general price of goods and
services in a particular region is known as inflation.
● Inflation decreases the purchasing power of the people,
lowers the rate of national saving, and increases the
import expenditure of a country.
Inflation
General increase in the prices of goods and services of a region
or country is called inflation.
SLO. No. 5.1.4
Evaluate the impacts of Inflation on economy.
Impacts of Inflation on People/economy
Negative
Decrease in Purchasing Power
● Inflation reduces the purchasing power of people which
leads to affect the cost of living and standard of living of
the people of a country.
Low National Savings
● Inflation encourages consumption (utilization of

goods/products) instead of saving. Savings are needed to
increase funds in the financial markets and the absence of
saving leads to borrow more money for business that slows
down the economy.
Lower exports
● Higher prices of goods mean that other countries will find it
less attractive to purchase our goods. This will lead to a
decline in exports and lower production and higher
unemployment in our country.
Tax increases
Higher prices(inflation) lead to increases in taxes. Property
taxes on houses, land, and other real estate will increase, and
would affect the national economic life of people.
Increase in Import expenditure
Inflation leads to increase in the import expenditure because

more money would be required to pay for imported items or
goods that would eventually increase the cost of production
which would further affect the domestic budget of a common
buyer.
Increases in Unemployment
Inflation may force the industries to go for down-sizing in their

staffs and employees which would eventually increase the rate
of unemployment and increase the economic burden of a
country.
Positive
For Government
● Inflation would benefit government in a way that it pushes
government to print more money which gives government
free access to funds and it can quickly use these funds for
quick economic recovery through funding in National
public welfare projects and balance of payment
● Printing money because of inflation can stimulate the
economy in the short run because an increase in the money
supply lowers interest rates in the short run.
● Inflation raises nominal wages and pushes people into
higher tax brackets. Higher taxes mean more tax revenue
for the government.
● Inflation would give benefit to the national banks in a way
that they would receive more interest money on the
sanctioning /issuance loans to the businessmen/common
people.
For People
● Inflation increases the market value of the land and
property of people as they may get more money(profit) on
selling of these assets.
● Inflation would increase the interest rate which would give
more economic benefits to those people who purchased
national saving certificate or kept their money with the
banks before the inflation took place in the country.
Factors Responsible for Inflation
SLO. No. 5.2.1
Discuss the different economic policies introduced in

mentioned regimes:
SLO NO. 5.2.2 Evaluate the major impact of these

economic policies on the country as a whole.
SLO. 5.2.3 Analyze these policies in term of their

merits and demerits.
● Ayub Khan (1958-1969)

● Zulfiqar Ali Khan Bhutto (1971-1977)
● Zia-ul-Haq (1977-1988)
● Pervez Musharraf (1999-2007)
Economic Policy
Economic Policy reflects economic vision of a government
related to budgeting, taxation, investment, import -export
duties and various other measures which could ensure the
economic security and welfare of the state and its people.
ECONOMIC POLICY OF AYUB KHAN:
● When Ayub Khan took the charge of
the country in 1958 it was facing
number of economic issues along
with political challenges.
● The major economic issues were
agricultural backwardness and
Industrial vulnerability and its
limitation.
● Ayub Khan adopted a comprehensive
economic policy to deal with those
challenges/issues.
ECONOMIC VISION/Targets OF AYUB KHAN

- To bring Agricultural Revolution—Green Revolution
- To utilize the agricultural land for greater out-put.
- To improve the economic and agrarian life of the farmers.
- To abolish Jagirdari-System—feudalism/landlordism which
was a legacy of British rule.
- To break and shatter the monopoly of
landlords/jagirdars/feudal over Agricultural sector
- To remove the shortage of food from the country.
- To make Pakistan self -sufficient in food resources
- To move towards industrial advancement through
encouragement of private investment
- To achieve economic stability by increasing foreign
exchange reserves
- To bring revolutionary changes in the economic life of
people of Pakistan
STEPS TOWARDS IMPLEMENTATION

AGRICULTURE:
- He wanted to bring green revolution in the agrarian life of

people of Pakistan with the help of following steps or
reforms known as his economic agriculture policy/Land
Reforms
o He fixed the limit of land holding as 500 acre for

cultivable(irrigated) land and 500 ace dry
land(unirrigated) so that land could be re-distributed
among the peasants and farmers which could pave
the way for the agricultural output on the one hand
and economic life of the farmer on the other hand
could be improved.
o The govt took the control of entire agricultural land
and re-distributed among the landlords and the
farmers and landlords.
o The government confiscated a large number of Jagir
without any compensation in Sindh alone, over 800
Jagirs were taken over by the Government.
o Ayub Khan introduced farm mechanization by
providing mechanical equipment – Tractors,
Thrashers, Tube-Wells, Latest ploughing equipment in
order to bring agricultural advancement and output in
the country.
o He provided High Yield quality seeds and fertilizers to
the farmers in order to improve agricultural output.
o He improved irrigation system and constructed new
dams and canals which led to the world largest
irrigation system in Pakistan—as Indus Water Treaty
was signed in 1960.
o The govt sanctioned loans to the farmers so that they
could improve their economic and agricultural life.
IMPACT (POSITIVE): -
- The agricultural annual product got increased which led to
the food self-sufficiency in Pakistan.
- The health and Financial conditions of farmers and peasant
got improved.
- The rights of ownership of the tenants and farmer got
protected.
- To some extent, Jageer System got damaged in Pakistan.
- The agro based industries got more agricultural raw
material that led to the more exports based on agro- based
industries.
WEAKNESS/DRAWBACKS/IMPACT (NEGATIVE) :-
- The land holding fixation and confiscation of land could not
be implemented effectively because the landlords started
transferring their lands to their relatives and family
members that undermined the government land reforms
to bring revolutionary changes in the agricultural fields.
- The mechanized farming on one hand brought increase in
the annual agricultural output, on the other hand it led to
the agricultural un-employment because most of the
agrarian labor was not good at use of machines and
technology.
INDUSTRY:
- Ayub Khan wanted industrial advancement for that

purpose he encouraged and made lot of efforts to attract
private and foreign investors to come and promote
industrialization in Pakistan.
- He re-structured the industrial policy of Pakistan by taking
the following steps:
- He Introduced a new Industrial policy of Gradual
Liberalization of economy to pave the way for smooth
industrial growth.
- He followed a market - oriented approach and removed
the Bureaucratic restriction
o He activated Pakistan industrial corporation (PIDC) to
establish and supervise those industries in which the
private sector was having hesitation to invest such as
heavy engineering, Textile, Sugar, Cement.
o He established industrial development bank of
Pakistan (IDBP) in order to sanction loans to the
industrialist who want to initiate industrial activities in
Pakistan.
o Ayub Khan set-up Investment promotion Bureau of
Pakistan (IPBP) in order to facilitate the foreign
investor for the availability of land, raw material, and
other infrastructure activities to the investors.
o He setup industrial zones or Estates for the promotion
of small industries for that purpose 4 cities were
declared the industrial zones ------- Gujarat,
Bahawalpur, Peshawar, Larkana.
o He setup an Oil Processing unit/refinery in Karachi to
meet the energy requirement for the country.
o He introduced Export Bonus Voucher (EBV) for the
industrialist which were the part of Export Promotion
of Pakistan, the monitory benefits were offered to
such exporters.
o He convinced the big industrial countries such as US,
UK, France to give loan to Pakistan so that the
industrialization process could be boosted.
STRENGTH /IMPACT (POSITIVE):-

- Because of industrial reforms, the industrial capacity of
Pakistan got multiplied.
- Industrial employment got increased.
- Number of Agro-based Industries (Cotton and Textile, Flour
industries, Sugar, Tobacco, Rice) got increased which led to
more industrial development and which ensured more
exports and economic opportunities to the people of
Pakistan.
- The contribution of industrial sector led to the increase in
the GNP as 15% three times bigger than that of India of
Pakistan and to a great extent economic life or living
standard of people got improved.
Bhutto’s Economic Policy
● After assuming power in 1973 as the Prime Minister of
Pakistan Bhutto unfolded his economic vision whose main
feature were:
ECONOMIC VISION/TARGET OF ZULFIQAR ALI BHUTTO
● Islamic Socialism---economic equality, no concentration of
land resources into a few hands, no class-difference
● To bring agricultural revolution
● To bring revolutionary changes in the life of industrial
labor.
● To bring revolutionary changes in the industrial sector of
Pakistan
● More involvement of Govt and less input/interference of
private sector in the economy.
AGRICULTURE:
● He introduced the policy of land reduction on land ceilings.
● The land ceiling/possession was fixed as 150
acres(irrigated) and 300 acres (non-irrigated)
● Farmers were given
● Generous /low Tax deduction announced for the purchase
of agricultural machinery.
● Agricultural loans were sanctioned /announced for
Mechanized farming.
● Rights of Pre-emption(possession) were granted to the
tenants for the cultivated by them to ensure the rights of
tenants.
STRENGHT /IMPACT (POSITIVE) :-

● Agricultural output increased.
● Rights of tenants were protected.
● Mechanization saved the time and increased productivity.
WEAKNESS /IMPACT /(Negative): -

● Concertation of land in a few hands could not be
eradicated.
● Mechanized farming increased the agricultural
unemployment.
● The agriculture reforms proved to be cosmetic measure to
revive the agricultural outlook of the country
INDUSTRY
- Bhutto did not believe in the industrial freedom given to

the private investors and he thought that it was the
government which could solely play a decisive role in the
industrial sector that’s why he started taking control of all
the major industries of the country and this policy was
given the name as “Policy of Nationalization” ----the
driving source behind this policy/step his too much
inspiration with the Socialism.
- A federal Ministry of Production was created to
oversee/supervise industry, while the sole of the private
sector business was limited.
- About 70 industries including chemical, engineering,

fertilizers were nationalized. Later, Banks were also
nationalized this policy went on till 1976.
- Bhutto tried to take help from Soviet Union and negotiated
Soviet assistance for Pakistan’s first Steel Mill
- Investment in public sector increased as Bhutto managed
to negotiate soviet assistance for Pakistan’s first steel mill
Labor Reforms/Policy
- He introduced industrial labor reforms. Major steps taken
by Bhutto’s govt for labor welfare including:
- the revision of salaries of the labor,
- welfare program and packages for labor,
- Labor registration and regularization
- Pension scheme,
- Health and insurance scheme,
- Annual Bonus scheme,
- Labor -working Hour in the industries.
- Activation and encouragement of labor unions and
associations for the protection of labor rights in the
industries.
- Bhutto encouraged labor export by softening the
immigration policy and relaxation was given to the
documentation related to travelling activity of labor to
foreign countries.
IMPACT (POSITIVE):-
- Labor economic life got improved.
- Job security of the labor got government assurance.
- The government broke the industrial and banking
monopoly of big families which encouraged other investors
to initiate industrial projects under the supervision of govt.
- The labor export (overseas Pakistanis) captured the middle
East market (found more job opportunities in construction
field) which led to the more remittance to Pakistan ranging
about 4 billion rupees.
- The number of overseas got a great boost and it rose up to
from 2000 to 1.6 million by the end of Bhutto’s regime.
WEAKNESS /IMPACT (NEGATIVE) :-

- The industrial reforms of Bhutto or the policy of
nationalization shattered the confidence of private
business investors, and they started shifting their capital
(Investment) from Pakistan to other countries known as
Capital Flight.
- The labor reforms led to the monopoly of labors and labor
organizations which misused their influence and created
number of administrative issues for their employers and
industrial output.
ECONOMIC POLICY OF ZIA-UL-HAQ
● Zia took the charge as the Chief Martial Law Administrator

in 1977 by removing Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto from his
premiership.
● Zia was much inclined towards Islamization, and he did not
like the policy of economic socialism that’s why he
reverted the economic policies of Bhutto after assuming
the power.
ECONOMIC VISION OF ZIA

● Islamization of the economy.
● Greater reliance on private sector to achieve economic
goals.
● Encouragement of denationalization/
privatization—handing over the public/government/state
own institutions to the private sector.
● Industrial liberalization—loosing/ lessening government
control, regulation and restrictions in the Industrial Sector
for the greater participation of Private Business
organizations/institutions.
ISLAMISATION OF ECONOMY
● Zia tried to give Islamic color to the Economy of Pakistan
by taking the following steps:
● Zakat and Usher Ordinance was introduced as 2.5% was
deducted from bank account of Sunni Muslims on every
first day of holy month of Ramadan.
● Farmers were to pay 5% of their produce as Usher in place
of land tax.
● Interest free Banking System depended upon profit and
loss sharing was introduced.
● People were encouraged to invest their money and to
become partners to share profit and risk in the business
instead of becoming creditors/borrowers.
Industry
● Zia did not like the policy of Nationalization introduced by
Bhutto that’s why he went for the opposite to
Nationalization known as Denationalization/Privatization
or handing over/returning industries to the private owners
by the government.
Steps Taken By Zia to Unfold His Industrial Policy
● The government returned three steel mill industries to the
previous owners to initiate its policy of Denationalization.
● For adoption of a market-based development strategy the
government signed a three - year Extended Fund Facility
(EFF) with IMF in 1980 for number of structural reforms to
promote economic liberalization.
● The investment climate for the Private Sector was
improved by providing guarantees against Nationalization
in future.
● Industrial /Export Processing Zone were established to
i) attract foreign investment.
ii) speed up flow of modern technology.
iii) provide more job opportunities.
iv) raise skill and management standard.
v) provide exporters a base for production in an
environment free from import duties.
● Generous incentives for manufactured exports in the

forms of rebates(concessions/discounts) and subsidies
(financial support) were offered and ensured to the
Pakistani industrial exporters.
● A flexible exchange rate policy (devaluation of currency)
was introduced for Export expansion.
Strengths/ Impacts (Positive)
● The Public-Private Sector relationship strengthened which
paved the way for more private investment in the
industrial activities in the country as it increased from 33%
in 1980 to 46% by 1989.
● Due to large export incentives and rebates the Pakistan s
manufactured exports got fourfold from $ 1.3 billion in
1980 to $ 5.6 billion in 1983 by growing the rate of 7-8 %
per year.
● The industrial growth had a significant change as it
reached up to 9% from 3.7% in the 11-year ruling period of
Zia.
● The prices of domestic wheat, rice and cotton were kept
low which helped the government benefit the urban
consumers and the industrialists at the coast of the
agricultural producer.
Weaknesses/ Impacts (Negative)
● Though Pakistan did witness high growth rate of 6.5%

during Zia period, it was inadequate in relation to both
current needs and future requirements. That is why serious
shortages of infrastructure, especially in the energy,
transport, and urban development are his legacies.
● No prudent policy was initiated by the government to
channelize workers remittances, most of the amount
remitted by the expatriates was spent by their relatives in
buying land construction of houses, purchase of durables
etc.
● The results from Export Processing Zone were
disappointing as exports from the zone were relatively
small.
ECONOMIC POLICY OF MUSHARRAF:
When Pervaiz Musharraf took the charge of the country in 1999
it was facing number of economic issues along with political
challenges such as
● Image problem.
● International Isolation.
● Trade and Economic Embargo.
● Country was referred to a Failed State.
● The revival of the confidence of the
investors.
● Recovery of defaulted loans.
ECONOMIC VISION OF MUSHARRAF

● Maximum Freedom for the Business Community
particularly the foreign investors.
● Business and Trade Friendly policies.
● Maximum role of Private Sector and their ownership
in the Industrial Sector.
● Minimum role of the government in the Market
Mechanism---- the prices of goods and services
would be controlled by the Private Sector.
● Liberalization, Privatization and Deregulation.
Liberalization
In simple words Liberalization means government less or least
control over the economy of the state.
Liberalization of economy means government’s less control over
the economy by giving freedom of trade, removing subsidies
(monetary packages and supports to a particular industry by the
government), promoting the role of private sectors, removing
trade barriers, regulatory duties, tariffs on the foreign business
and investment made in the country.
Musharraf ’s Administration promoted
the policy of Liberalization through the
following policies:
● Economy was opened to encourage Foreign and local
investment.
● Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) had to be brought and
enhanced---- Government initiated with TWO sectors—Oil
and Gas and Telecommunication.
● Economic Regulation Program (ERP) was to initiate in
order to liberalize the national economy to follow the
directives of World Trade Organization (WTO).
● Rapid Reduction in the import and export duties was made.
● Quota, surcharges, and other regulatory duties were
removed.
● Tariff (duty / tax) on both export and import items was
reduced from 80% to 25%.
● Tariffs on different items including Sugar, Vegetables,
livestock, and Cement were gradually removed.
● Free-of- Cost land for a period of 10-year period was
offered to the Investors and the Industrialists.
● In order to promote liberalization / Capitalism / free market
economy among South Asian countries the government
signed South Asian Free Trade Agreement in 2005.
● To promote regional and bilateral trade Pakistan signed
Regional and Bilateral Agreements with 46 countries.
IMPACT
● Investment grew at a rate of 23% of the GDP and the
economy was financed with an estimated $14 billion of
foreign Investment.
● Pakistan had received more than 5 billion dollars in

2007 and witnessed a record increase in Foreign
Reserves which helped it to improve BALANCE of
TRADE.
Privatization
Privatization means selling out the state-run companies/
industries to the Private Business Group / individuals.
Objectives
• To shift the economic administrative burden from the
shoulder of the government to the Private Sector.
• To improve the working efficiency of the already
declining industrial / economic unit.
• To improve the Qualitative and Quantitative progress

of the output working.
• To generate Revenue and Investment.
• To improve the Goss Domestic Product (GDP) rate.
INITIATIVES
● The policy of privatization started in 2003 by Pervaiz Musharraf.
● Pakistan Tele Communication Limited (PTCL), Karachi Electric Supply
Corporation (KESC), Pakistan Air Lines (PIA), Pakistan Railways (PR) shares
were offered to the Private Sector.
● Banking Sector was also offered for Privatization.
IMPACTS
● By 2007 almost 80% banking sector had been privatized.
● The process of Privatization led to the sharp decrease in the inflation rate from 10% to
3.5%.
● The private Sector had minimized the role of Public (government) Sector by 2005.
The Economic Growth Rate increased from 8.90% to 9 %.
● Besides positive changes the too much emphasis on Policy of Privatization led to the
negative impact including the job losses and increased inequality in the country.
Tax Reforms
● He introduced Tax Reforms including the introduction
of a Flat Tax System (S to every taxpayer regardless of income.
● He appointed the Tax Ombudsman to handle
complaints from Taxpayers.
Production of Value-Added Good

• Raw Material that could further be Processed/ Modified for HIGHER Market Value /
PRICES are termed as value-added goods.
• They may be made more convenient, more attractive, more palatable, or easier to use
than their raw ingredients.
A product could be considered value-added if:
• a) There has been a change in the physical state or form.

• b) The manner of production enhances value in a way that can be
outlined in a business plan.
• c)The product is segregated in a way that enhances value.
EXAMPLES OF VALUE-ADDED GOODS

● Raw meat can become jerky through drying, seasoning, and cutting up the raw
meat.
● Extraction of Butter, Cream, Cheese, Yogurt, Ghee from Milk
● Conversion of Cotton to TEXTLE Products-----woolen yarn, acrylic yarn, fabrics,
shawls, blankets, and carpets.
● Fruits and vegetables are processed into a variety of products such as juices and
concentrates, pulp, canned and dehydrated products, jams and jellies, pickles and
chutneys.
INITIATIVES
● Musharraf ’s regime encouraged the production of value-added goods for smart earning
of foreign exchange.
● The Government in order to Manufacture Value -Added goods at larger scale took
following initiatives:
a) Allotment of Land near Port Qasim for Industrialization.
b) Exporters of value-added goods were to avail certain exemption in the export
duties.
c) The government had to make sure the availability of required infrastructure.
d) The government announced Special Rewards (Bonuses) for those
industrialists who produced / manufactured more value-added goods.
IMPACTS
. A large Industrial network for the production of Value-added goods got developed near
Port Qasim which include industrial estates M3, Sundar, Chakri, Bin Qasim.
● Due to Bonuses for the exporters the Manufacturers of value-added goods became
more pleased and engaged with their activity which strengthened Public -Private
Sector Relationship on the one hand on the other hand it led to more foreign
exchange for the government.
Infrastructure Development
● Work on 102 mega projects was initiated in various sectors from 2000.
● Such projects included Makran Coastal Highway,Lowari Tunnel, Pindi

Bhuttian-Faisalabad Motorway (M3), Karachi Northern Bypass,Mirani
Dam,Raising of Mangla Dam,Gomal Zam Dam,Sabakzai, Kurrum Tangi Dam,
Dam,Satpara Dam,Kachhi Canal, Greater Thal Canal, Gawadar Port, Lining of
Watercourses, Neelum-Jhelum Hydro Electric Project, Islamabad-Muzaffarabad
Road, Lyari Expressway were initiated and completed by Musharraf Government.
SLO.5.2.4 List the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) signed by
Pakistan.
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are 8 international / global development targets /

goals set by UNO in 2000 to be achieved by 2015 addressing poverty, hunger, maternal and
child mortality, communicable disease, education, gender inequality, environmental
damage and the global partnership. Most activities worldwide have focused on maternal and
child health and communicable diseases, while less attention has been paid to environmental
sustainability and the development of a global partnership.
1. Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
2. Achieve Universal Primary Education
3. Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women
4. Reduce Child Mortality
5. Improve Maternal Health
6. Combat HIV/ Aids, Malaria and Other
7. Ensure Environmental Sustainability
8. Develop a Global Partnership For Development
Abra
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are 17 international goals / targets set by UNO to
be achieved by 2030.
1. No Poverty
2. Zero Hunger
3. Good Health and well-being
4. Quality Education
5. Gender Equality
6. Clean Water and Sanitation
7. Affordable and Clean Energy
8. Decent Work and Economic Growth
9. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
10.Reduced Inequalities
11. Sustainable Cities and Communities
12.Responsible Consumption and Productions
13.Climate Action
14.Life Below Water
15.Life On Land
16.Peace, Justice and Strong and Institutions
17. Partnership For the Goals
SLO. NO. 5.3.1 Discuss the current education Policy of

Pakistan.
SLO. NO. 5.3.2 Discuss the efforts of Government to
improve the education standard with reference to EFA
(Education for All ) Program.
SLO. NO. 5. 3.3 Discuss different problems faced by the
education sector in Pakistan.
SLO.
CURRENT EDUCATION POLICY OF PAKISTAN
● Increase in the Literacy Rate from 57% to 70 %.

● Promotion of Digitalized / Technology Based
Education across the country---- introduction to
tele-school and radio-School program, e-library,
e-portal.
● Engaging the 44 % children who do not attend Schools
with the Primary Educational System of Pakistan.
● Encouragement and Promoting Female Education.
● Introduction to Single National Curricula (SNC) whose
main goals are:
a) elimination of the duality in the education system.
b) promoting moral values in line with the teaching of
Islam.
c) taking due care of the followers of other religions.
d) Linking it up with the demands of modern times by
focusing on the teaching of science and technology
subjects and on vocational and technical training.
Introduction to Madrasah Reforms which include:

*Registration of Religious Seminaries with the
Government Institutes.
*Introduction to Science and Technology based
subjects to the Curricula of Seminaries (Madrasah)
*Giving Degree Award Status to the Recognised and
Renowned Religious Organization and Madrasah by
listing them in HEC recognized Institutes.
Challenges Faced By Government Regarding EDUCATION
In PAKISTAN
How to
1. Bring 22.8 million children between 5 and 16 (who do not attend
schools) to school and safe them from labor and begging.
2. Get rid of GHOST SCHOOL (schools which physically do not
exist but remain on Papers).
3. Ensure safe and sound education for female students
particularly in tribal and interior parts of the country.
4. Ensure the Regularity and Punctuality of teachers in
government educational institutes.
5. Improve the infrastructure (toilet facility, renovation of
buildings, availability of water and furniture) of
government-run educational institutes.
6. Ensure the Quality of education in government institutes.
7. Convince all provinces to adopt the Single National
Curriculum.
8. Work on equitable Digital Education as almost 86%
Primary schools in Pakistan are based in rural parts, with
limited access to the internet and mobile connectivity.
SLO No. |5.4.1 Describe main features of the current Health Policy.
SLO.NO 5.4.2 Discuss different problems faced by the health sector
in Pakistan.
SLO. NO 5.4.2 Suggest solution faced by Health Sector in Pakistan
CURRENT HEALTH POLICY OF PAKISTAN
● To improve the health of all Pakistanis, particularly women
and children, through universal access to affordable quality
essential health services.
● Developing a comprehensive National HR strategy, Nursing
strategy and other allied health work force strategies may
also be considered based on National Health Vision.
● Government wants adequate, responsive and efficient
health financing as it is the cornerstone of a country’s
well-functioning health systems.
● Federal and provincial governments will develop joint
strategies aimed to enhance resource mobilization for
health from official development assistance
(ODA)/international development partners, private
sectors’ engagement, and through taxes such as sin tax (a
tax on items such as alcohol or tobacco).
● Federal and Provincial governments will increase allocation
to health (as pledged in Pakistan vision 2025) to 3% of GDP,
to maximize the pay-offs from investing in health.
● There will be a renewed and synergistic focus on
cross-sectoral action for advancing health, with a particular
focus on communicable and non-communicable disease
including mental health and under-nutrition. The concept
of “One Health” and “Health in all policies” will be
promoted.
● New global sustainable development agenda will be
reflected in all health strategies and plans, for which
governments will be provided technical support and
appropriate expertise.
● Mechanisms will be established for coordination across
sectors and between provinces and federal ministry, to
prevent, detect, and provide a coordinated response to
events that may constitute a public health emergency of
both national and international concern, including
integrated disease surveillance and response.
● The federal and provincial governments will ensure that
appropriate regulations are in place for the control of
drugs, devices, diagnostics and biological reagents across
the country, ensuring quality control and patient safety.
● Pharmaceutical industry will be encouraged to provide
innovative and affordable solutions to the patients.
Pharmaco-vigilance program will be introduced at federal
level and collection centers at provinces.
● Health Technology Assessment (HTA) capacity will be
created at federal, provincial and district level.
Governments will be vigilantly monitoring the selection,
quality, price and use of technologies, equipment and
medicine, as per international standards.
● Drug pricing policy will be implemented, protecting public
interest by regulating prices of essential medicines while
allowing long term predictability. Appropriate policies for
Orphan Drugs, Alternative medicine and Medical Devices
will also be put in place.
CHALLANGES / ISSUES Faced By Government Regarding
HEALTH SSECTOR In PAKISTAN
● Pakistan is facing a double burden of disease (BoD), the

burden is higher in the poor, and many of these conditions
can be controlled at relatively low-cost interventions and
best practices through primary and secondary care levels.
● Communicable diseases, maternal health issues and
under-nutrition dominate and constitute about half of the
BoD.
● In young children, diarrhea and respiratory illness remain
as the major killers. Maternal deaths due to preventable
causes like sepsis, hemorrhage and hypertensive crises are
common.
● The capacity to regulate public and the private sector
health market i.e. medical practice, pharmaceutical, and
diagnostics is weak.
● There is no uniform approach for managing the
governance of health institutions and the capacity for
contracting in and contracting out of services is not
optimal.
● It is critical to use the information systems for planning,
resource allocation, and health care delivery system;
however, it is impractical because it lacks accuracy, quality,
reliability and absence of linkages with decision makers.
● Professional education in health is run at sub-optimal level
without synchronizing the curriculum with modern
pedagogic techniques, international standards and the
local requirements.
● Licensing and renewal of licensing of health practitioners is

weak, and is not linked with improved qualification,
competence, performance and continuous professional
development. There are weak institutional levers for
gauging the performance of health staff.
● There is an apparent stagnancy in the coverage of

community health workers, and their numbers, coverage
and quality are far from the required standards.
● Inadequate infrastructure and standards along with poor

quality of services have shaken the trust of the public,
resulting in hardly 20% population utilizing the first level
care in public sector.
● Inequitable access, urban-rural disparities, lack of

regulation of private sector, non-conformity of essential
services packages have made the healthcare delivery being
non -responsive.
● Pakistan is one of the three remaining countries where

Polio is still endemic. Moreover, Pakistan has an
endemicity of hepatitis B and C in the general population
with 7.6% affected individuals.
● The public sector is inadequately staffed, and job

satisfaction and work environment need improvement.
Suggestions to Resolve Health Problems Faced By Pakistan

● Government should allocate more Budget for Health
Sector and make sure the Transparency of the Proposed or
allocated amount.
● Licensing and renewal of licensing of health practitioners
should be Standardized and strict, and must be linked with
improved qualification, competence, performance and
continuous professional development.
● The infrastructure of Government-run Hospitals and
Health Care Units should be restructured and improved.
● The quality of health service must be maintained and
provided to be provided without any discrimination to all
the patients .
Education For All (EFA)

Education is taken as a basic human right and in the same spirit it was affirmed as a
worldwide approach by UNO in 1948 (UNESCO, 2003). To accomplish this right, the
concept of Education for All (EFA) was introduced in 1990. EFA simply means basic
education for all children (both boys and girls), young and old alike and both male
and female as discussed by UNESCO (2005).

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Syed Muqeem Ahmed

popularly known as Parliament.

distributed between the Central Government

∙ Centrifugal forces: those political forces or

∙ Rights: those facilities or benefits given to the

∙ Sydney Rowlatt: A British judge who was

Congress in 1906 and of All India Muslim

by Khilafat Movement activists/workers on the

1.1.1 Recognize the importance of Pakistan as

study of the nature of the issues or problems

1.2.1 Define Ideology.

∙ A framework of action that gives meaning and

Allied SLO. Give a few characteristics of

For the Students of B.I.E.K and A.K.U.E.B Boards

a. It is against or for the Status Quo (the existing

Allied SLO. How does an Ideology help a nation

∙ Ideology gives a particular idea or thought to

For the Students of B.I.E.K and A.K.U.E.B Boards

1.2.2 Explain the basic components of Ideology

power as the sacred trust of Allah the

Pakistan part of Pakistan.

Social and Political

∙ Equity means fairness and Impartiality

For the Students of B.I.E.K and A.K.U.E.B Boards

∙ Ideology is Greek in nature comprises two

For the Students of B.I.E.K and A.K.U.E.B Boards

Q.2 Define the concept of Ideology

permanent solution to a major crisis face by

1.2.3 Analyze how Pakistan has been

For the Students of B.I.E.K and A.K.U.E.B Boards

• Theoretical ASPECT--------Pakistan’s Ideology

∙ Articles 31 ensures the promotion of such

For the Students of B.I.E.K and A.K.U.E.B Boards

∙ Article 2(A),20,21,22 and 36 ensure the

For the Students of B.I.E.K and A.K.U.E.B Boards

1.3.1 Discuss the reasons that led to the start

After the War of 1857 Indian Muslims were

∙ As Muslims led the War of 1857 that’s why

Restoration of Economic Status

misunderstanding had been erected between

1.3.2. Discuss the role of Sir Syed Ahmed

Khan as a reformer (educational, social and

Educational Beliefs/Philosophy of Sir Syed

Educational Services of Sir Syed

For the Students of B.I.E.K and A.K.U.E.B Boards

a series of educational institutions, societies and

Muhammdon Educational Conference (1886)

Social Services of Sir Syed

∙ Tehzeeb-ul-Akhlaq/The Muhamadon Social

For the Students of B.I.E.K and A.K.U.E.B Boards

∙ The magazine attacked ignorance,

∙ In order to give monetary support to the

Promotion of Urdu Literature

∙ Sir Syed brought a lot of reforms to the

For the Students of B.I.E.K and A.K.U.E.B Boards

1.3.3 Analyze the contribution of Aligarh

propagation of western thoughts and ideas

1.3.4 Explain the reasons for the emergence

∙ Indian Muslims wanted to show their religious

Protection Of Khilafat Seat

negative) of Khilafat Movement on the

which enabled them how get the maximum

seminaries (Madrassas) who later on became

vanished/disappeared from political arena.