What is colonialism?.

The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over

another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically. OR The policy or
practice in which powerful country control less powerful country and use their resources.

The Portuguses:The first Portuguese encounter with the subcontinent was on 20 May 1498
when Vasco da Gama reached Calicut on the Malabar Coast.He was cordially received by king
Zamorin,the local ruler.Vascoda Gama Founded a factory at Cannanore on his second visit to
India in 1501.After the defeat of king Zomorin the supermacy of portuguese was established.

The Dutch:In 1602, the United East India Company of the Netherlands was formed and given
permission by the Dutch government to trade in the East Indies including India. The Dutch
founded their first factory in Masaulipatam in Andhra Pradesh in 1605. Subsequently they also
established trading centres in various parts of India

The Danes:The first Danish East India Company was chartered in 1616 under King Christian IV
and focused on trade with India. The first expedition, under Admiral Gjedde, took two years to
reach Ceylon, losing more than half their crew.

The English:The East India company sent sir William Hawkins to the court of mughal emporer
Jahagir in 1609 to obtain permission to erect a factory at surat.But Due to the prtuguese influence
the Mughals did not give permission.In 1615 Sir Thomas Roe another British merchant came to
the jahngir ‘s court.He stayed for three years and succeeded in getting permission.

THE PROBLEMS OF PARTITION:Lord Mountbatten the viceroy of India at the time of

partition established personal relations with Nehru. Mountbatten formulated the partition plan of
India and while he was leaving it for London for the final approval of partition plan from the
British Government.

RADCLIFFE AWARD:The boundaries demarcated by the Radcliffe for Pakistan and India
gave birth to numerous problems. Millions of Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs found themselves on
wrong side of the new borders.

Geographical Problems:It is very common that where one country's territory ends and another
country's territory begins. Unfortunately, this was not a case with Pakistan in 1947. Indeed the
country was split into two separate parts almost a thousand miles apart.

East Pakistan:East Pakistan comprised of most of Bengal and the district of Sylhet which voted
to join Pakistan in a referendum.

West Pakistan:West Pakistan comprised of Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan and NWFP. The pricely
states of Dir, Swat, Chitral, Amb, Hunza, Gilgit and Bahalpur also joind West Pakistan.

SOCIAL PROBLEMS:

The Pakhtuns in the north

The Baluchs in the west

The Sindhis in the south

The Punjabis in the north east

THE ACCESSIONS OF THE PRINCELY STATES:At partition, Mountbatten had told the
leaders of the 462 princely states that they would not be granted independence. It was shocking
for the leaders of the princely states that what would be their future after the partition.
Consequently, they were given the right.

WHAT IS LAND?Secure access to land, whether through formal, informal, customary or other
means, is necessary for rural households to enjoy sustainable livelihoods, and is a important part
of sustainable development. The land is an immovable property
Forms of Property:

Personal or Movable Property (Cattles, Tractor and other equipment)

Real or Immovable Property(Land:Fixtures, buildings)

What is Land Tenure?Land tenure is legally or customarily defined relationship among people,
as individuals or groups, related to land. Land tenure is an institution, i.e., rules invented by
societies to regulate behaviour.

How Does Land Tenure Constitutes

Overriding Interests

Overlapping Interests

Complementary Interests

Competing Interests

Land tenure is often categorised as:

Private:

Comminal:

Open Access:

State

Why Land Tenure is Important

The significance and importance of land tenure can be explained as under.

Self-Reliance of Poor People:

indigenous groups.

Eradicating Hunger:

Rural Development

Forms of Rights:

1.Use Right

2.Control Right

3.Transfr Right

4.Formal property Rights

5.Informal property Rights

Land Ownership:

Article 23: Every citizen shall have the right to acquire, hold and dispose of property in any part
of Pakistan, subject to the Constitution and any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the
public interest'.

Article 24:No property shall be compulsorily acquired or taken possession of save for a public
purpose, and save by the authority of law which provides for compensation therefore and either
fixes the amount of compensation or specifies the principles on and the manner in which
compensation is to be
Article 172: Any property, which has no rightful owner shall, if located in a province, vest in the
Government of that province and in every other case, in the fedral government.

Chapter no 3:

Bureaucracy

What is Bureaucracy?:The term bureaucracy refersnto both a body of non-elected governing

officials and to administrative policy-making group

Who is Bureacucrate: A bureacurate is a member of bureaucracy and can compose thee

administration of any organization of any size ,although the term usually represents someone
within an institution of a government

Weberian Concept of Bureaucracy:Max weber believed that Bureaucracy was better than
traditional structures.In a bureaucretic organization everyone is treated equally and division of
labor is completely described for each employee.

Characteristics of Bureaucracy

i. Hierarchy of Authority:In this system officers are divided into their grades and according to
their experienece.They are answerable in the front of senior officers

ii. Division of Labour

Everyone will perform their duties according to their prescribe allocations.psychology

proffessors teach only psyschology

iii. Explicit Rules:These are those rules which are defined,recorded,and standarized

iv. Impersonality: is not caring about individual person or their feelings .It means officers does
not become personal to anyone they show equal respect to everyone

v. Jurisdictional Competency: Competence refers to the legal “ability” of a court to exert

jurisdiction over a person or a “thing” (property) that is the subject of a suit. Jurisdiction, that
which a competent court may exert, is the power to hear and determine a suit in court.

vi. Meritocracy:Hiring and promotion are based on proven and documented skills rather than
on nepotism or randsom choice.

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto: The Age of Reforms

Revolutionary Reforms by Bhutto

Land Reforms:The Land Reforms of 1972 have restricted the individual holdings to 150 acres
of irrigated and 300 acres of un-irrigated land. The excessive land holdings were taken over by
the without paying compensation

Labor Reforms :They guarantee to the workers their long overdue fundamental rights of
freedom of association and collective bargaining, and some of greater security of service,
representation in management, your insurance old age pension, free education for children and
housing and medical facilities.

Industrial and Corporate Reforms

Economic Reforms Order

Banking Reforms
Exchange Reforms:On 15 March 1972, the New Education Reforms were announced. They
envisage universal and free education up to class (X) throughout the country in three phases.
Under this scheme all educational institutions are to be nationalized. These institutions are now
open to gifted students from all over the country without regard to their financial status and
social background. So far about 400 colleges and several schools have been nationalized in the
provinces of Sind and the Punjab. The college teachers have also been given a respectable
position in society.

Education Reforms

Health Reforms: This was the most neglected sector independence. No health scheme could
succeed because the common man did not have the means to meet the cost of drugs. To obviate
this, it was necessary as a first step to make medicines available within the reach of the common
man by bringing down the prices and rationalizing their means. To achieve this goal, an act
called the Drug act, 1972, was enacted which prohibited the manufacture and import of any
drugs under brand names after 23 December, 1972 and their sale after 31 March, 1973.

Law Reforms

Military Bureaucracy

Cadre System:A cadre is the complement of commissioned officers and non-commissioned

officers of a military unit responsible for training the rest of the unit. The cadre may be the
permanent skeleton establishment of a unit, around which the full unit can be built if needed.

Civil-Military Relations in the Context of Internal Politics

Chapter 4

Nation and nationhood

What is Nation?Nations are complex phenomena that are shaped by a collection of culture,
political and psychological factors. Culturally, bound together by a common language, religious,
history and traditions Politically, regard themselves a natural political community.Nation is
essentially a European concept and it is interesting to recall that during the Middle age groups of
students from one country working European Universities were called Nations: Bavarians,
Bohemians, poles and Saxons. The common people, the lowly mortals were the folk, the Princes,
the knights, and Bishops, the patricians who wielded political power were the

What is Nationalism?Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be
congruent with the state.

Definition of Nationalism:"Nationalism is ideologies that emphasizes loyalty devotion or

allegiance to a nation or nation state and holds that such obligation outweigh other individual or
group interests."

Chapter 4

Defination of Development:A simple definition of development is "Development is a process

that creates growth, progress, positive change or the addition of physical,
economic,environmental, social and demographic components".

Concept of Development: Three ways the word 'development' is used.

• Development as a vision: a vision or description of how a desirable society

should be:

Delopmveent as a historical process: social change that takes place over long
periods of time due to inevitable processes. Here development refers to the

unavoidable results of progress like agricultural to industrial society.

• Development as action: deliberate efforts to change things for the better

and to ensure a better standard of living like providing food, education,

health services etc.

Characteristics of Development

1. Development is a continuous proccess

2. Development follows a pattern
3. Development has a direction
4. Development can be evolutionary or revolutionary in nature
5. Development is multidimensional
6. Development is universal but not uniform
7. Development insist upon adoptability
8. Development is irreverisble
9. Developmet is diffusivee

Green Revolution:Green revolution, great increase in production of food grains (especially

wheat and rice) that resulted in large part from the introduction into developing countries of new,
high-yielding varieties, beginning in the mid-20th century. Its early dramatic successes were in
Mexico and the Indian subcontinent. The Green Revolution, which occurred in the mid-1960s, is
widely regarded as one of the most significant events in Pakistan's agricultural history, with far-
reaching consequences in other sectors. The technology package associated with it.

Advantages of Green Revolution:The amount of greenhouse gas emissions will help to reduce
this.It allows us to create more food than conventional methods of growing. In uncooperative
conditions, it offers us with predictable yields. It allows a decline in food costs for the world
economy.The deforestation problems on our planet have been minimized.

Disadvantages of Green revolution:A lack of biodiversity in the global structures of croplands

has been established.With one ravaging disease, it can be washed out. It decreases the soil
quality used for growing crops.It needs the use of agricultural methods that are not sustainable.It
causes health effects that with its activities we have to remember.

What is migration?Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. Migration
can be within a country or between countries. Migration can be permanent, temporary or
seasonal.Migration happens for a range of reasons. These can be economic, social, political or
environmental. Push and pull factors drive migration. Migration impacts both the place left
behind and the place where migrants settle. These impacts can be both positive and negative.

Gulf Migration:After 1970, there was a major shift in the migration trend in Pakistan. The oil
price increase in 1973 gave rise to a massive investment programmed by the oil-producing Arab
countries, an increase in demand for labour. These oil-producing countries permitted the
immigration of workers from other countries. This process resulted in a massive emigration of
workers from Pakistan to Gulf countries.Migration of Pakistani workers to the Middle East is
managed through a well-established recruitment system, involving private agents and having a
mandatory registration of all outgoing workers with the Protectors of Emigrants. During the last
four decades, according to the official statistics, Pakistan has placed abroad approximately eight
million workers for employment, mainly in the Middle East labour

 Causes of Gulf Migration: The key causes of Gulf countries migration are;
 Lack of job opportunities in the Gulf migrated area.
  Lack of land distribution if those have land they don't have proper irrigation facilities.
 The people not skilled in particular work.
 There is no financial assistance from the Government to start self-employment.
 Lack of industries to get job opportunities.
 Family member encouragement to go to Gulf countries.
 The people those have worked and working is getting good respect and value in their
home
 Some section of the youth feel shame to doing some kind of jobs here but they are
doingany kind work at Gulf countries like toilet cleaning and sweeping etc.
 Youth who failed in SSC and Intermediate is interested to move Gulf countries,
 Those who once succeeded in Gulf they wanted to again and again.

URBANIZATION

Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas, the corresponding decrease
in the proportion of people living in rural areas, and the ways in which societies adapt to this
change.

Urbanization in Pakistan;

Pakistan's current population is about one-third urban. However, that figure will rise to nearly
50% by 2025. This brief analyses the drivers of Pakistan's urbanization, and highlights both the
positive and negative implications. Pakistan is an agricultural land where majority of population
is associated with agricultural field. This is where the majority of the population is based; where
the largest industries are ensconced; and where some of the chief political power

Consequences of Urbanization:Economic Consequences: Small and medium-sized enterprises

(SMEs).generate 85% of the country's non-agricultural jobs, are mostly urban-based illustrating
how Pakistani cities are a locus of employment opportunities.Additionally, the crown jewels of
Pakistan's educational system: Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS) and Institute
of Business Administration (IBA) are urban institutions. Their talented graduates are pouring
into Pakistan's high-growth and dynamic industries, which are also headquartered in cities.

Political Consequences: The Pakistan People's Party (PPP), which leads the current governing
coalition, draws much of its power from rural landholdings. However, with the number of
people, and therefore voters, increasing in cities, parties with urban power bastions are poised to
enjoy considerably greater clout. This is why some political analysts theorize that the PPP is
deliberately delaying the completion of Pakistan's long-overdue national census. A larger urban
population means more urban voters

Social consequences: As hubs of innovation, technology and communication, Pakistani citics

enjoy considerable interconnectivity. Public transport enables people to get around more easily.
And telecommunications infrastructure has hastened the growth of Pakistan's influential private
media, facilitated the spread of affordable mobile technologies and accelerated Internet hook-ups
- all of which are becoming hallmarks of Pakistani urban society.…

What is Democracy?Democracy is a form of government in which the rulers are elected by the
people. One chief factor common to all democracies is that the government is chosen by the
people. It also helps students to demarcate between democratic and non-democratic
governments. From the non-democratic government, take the example of Myanmar, where
rulers were not elected by the people. Those who were in charge of the army of the country took
over as rulers and people had no say in this decision. It Key attributes of Democracy A rule of
law in which the laws and procedures apply equally to all citizens There are some crucial
attributes of democracy explained as under:

Civil Responsibilities: Democracy is government in which power and civic freely elected
representatives.Responsibility are exercised by all adult citizens, directly, or through their
Centralization: Democracy rests upon the principles of majority rule and individual rights.
Democracies guard against all-powerful central governments and decentralize government to
regional and local levels, understanding that all levels of government must be as accessible and
responsive to the people as possible.

Protection of Human Rights: Democracies understand that one of their prime functions. is to
protect such basic human rights as freedom of speech and religion; the right to equal protection
under law; and the opportunity to organize and participate fully in the political, economic, and
cultural life of

society.

Free and Fair Elections: Democracies conduct regular free and fair elections open to citizens of
voting age. Citizens in a democracy have not only rights, but also the responsibility to participate
in the political system that, in turn, protects their rights and freedoms.

Democratic Societies: Democratic societies are committed to the values of tolerance,

cooperation, and compromise. Intolerance is itself a form of violence and an obstacle to the
growth of a true democratic spirit. In democracy major decisions are made by elected leaders. In
a democracy the final decision making power must rest with those elected by the people.

Rule of Law: Rule of law and respect for other's rights are also core democratic values.
Democratic government rules within limits set by constitutional law and citizens' rights.

Adventages of democracy
1.It protects the interest of citizens

2.It prevents monopoly of authority

3.It promotes equality

4.It makes for a responsible and stable administration

5.It brings a feeling of obligation towards citizens

6.It imparts political education to the people

Disadventages of Democracy
1.It might allows the missuse of public funds and time

2.It instigates corruption

3.It risks the wrong choice of public servants

4.It may involve immoral practices during elections

5.It can take long time to make decisions

Religion:Religion is a collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and worldviews that

relate humanity to spirituality and, sometimes, to moral values. the belief in and worship of a
superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods.

Secularization:In sociology, secularization is the transformation of a society from close

identification with religious values and institutions toward non-religious values and secular
institutions. the action or process of converting something from religious to secular possession or
use.
Elements of Religion:Every religion defines some acts as sacred and some other as sinful
which suppose to destroy the harmonious relationships between man and god. According to
Durkheim's definition, there are some elements of religion, which are mentioned below.

i) Belief System: Every religion has a belief system. Belief is the state of believing; conviction
or acceptance that certain things are true or real. Like Oneness of Allah (monotheism) and
Touheed (accept Holy Prophet PBUH as Last Prophet) are two main beliefs in Islam.

ii) Sacred: The sacred refers to those collective representations that are set apart from society, or
that which transcends the humdrum of everyday life. Sacred may include objects, rituals and
people are regarded as having special significance and will be treated with awe and respect. For
example in Islam Masque, Khana Kaaba, Holy Quran all prophets and the companions of our
Holy Prophets (Sahaaba-e-Karaam) are sacred.

iii) Profane: The profane is everything else, all those mundane things. Profane may include
objects, activities and people are ordinary and every day with no special meaning attached to
these objects.

iv) Supernatural Powers: Man is dependent on supernatural powers hence he must adjust
himself to the powers. As a result every religion provides for some external acts or rituals such as
prayer.

v) Ritual & Ceremonies: Rituals are the repeated physical gestures or activities,such as prayers
and mantras, used to reinforce religious teachings, elicit spiritual feelings, and connect
worshippers with a higher power. These are the emotional and ceremonial practices. In Islam,
Ablution, fasting (Roza), recitation of the Holy Quran, Prayer (Namaz or Salat), Alms (Zakat),
and Pilgrimage (Hajj) are the rituals.

Islam, Political Parties and Alliance Politics:A number of scholars have

highlighted the role of religion in the formation of political parties, alliance politics, and electoral
process of Pakistan. Several political parties and groups have been organized on the basis of
religion. Such formations include Jamaat-j. Islami, Jamiat-e-Ulema Islam, Jamiat-e-Ulema
Pakistan, Jamiat-e-Ahle Hadith, Tehrik-i-Nifaz-i- Fiqh Jafaria, Awami Tehrik, Sipah-i-Sahaba,
Sipah-i-Mohammad, Jaish-e-Mohammad, etc. Participation of such parties and groups in the
national political process is both peaceful and violent. Mainstream religious political parties
mostly use democratic means, including their active participation in the national electoral
process. In order to win election and oppose political regimes they dislike, the mainstream
religious political parties use religious slogans, In the 1965 elections, some religious parties used
religious reasoning to justify their support for a female presidential candidate, Miss Fatima
Jinnah, against Ayub Khan. In order to counter the religious edict favoring Ayub, the pro-Fatima
religious groups argued that Islam under certain conditions allowed a woman to become head of
state. In the similar manner, religious parties juxtaposed Islam and socialism in their campaign to
win the 1970s elections. In addition to religious political parties, a number informal communal,
sectarian and jihadi groups have arisen over the course of time and they regularly resort to
violent means to achieve their religious and political purposes.

Gender and power

Sex refers to a set of biological attributes in humans and animals. It is primarily associated with
physical and physiological features including chromosomes, gene expression, hormone levels
and function, and reproductive/sexual anatomy. Sex is usually categorized as female or male but
there is variation in the biological attributes that comprise sex and how those attributes are
expressed.
Gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours, expressions and identities of girls,
women, boys, men, and gender diverse people. It influences how people perceive themselves and
each other, how they act and interact, and the distribution of power and resources in society.
Gender identity is not confined to a binary (girl/woman, boy/man) nor is it static; it exists along a
continuum and can change over time. 

Gender inequality/Discremination: Gender inequality is the social phenomenon in

which men and women are not treated equally. The treatment may arise from distinctions
regarding biology, psychology, or cultural norms prevalent in the society. Some of these
distinctions are empirically grounded, while others appear to be social constructs.

How do gender stereotypes affect people?

 Personality traits — For example, women are often expected to be accommodating and
emotional, while men are usually expected to be self-confident and aggressive.
 Domestic behaviors — For example, some people expect that women will take care of
the children, cook, and clean the home, while men take care of finances, work on the car,
and do the home repairs.
 Occupations — Some people are quick to assume that teachers and nurses are women,
and that pilots, doctors, and engineers are men.
 Physical appearance — For example, women are expected to be thin and graceful, while
men are expected to be tall and muscular. Men and women are also expected to dress and
groom in ways that are stereotypical to their gender (men wearing pants and short
hairstyles, women wearing dresses and make-up.

Hyperfemininity is the exaggeration of stereotyped behavior that’s believed to be feminine.

Hyperfeminine folks exaggerate the qualities they believe to be feminine. This may include
being passive, naive, sexually inexperienced, soft, flirtatious, graceful, nurturing, and accepting.

Individuation: When discussing human development, individuation refers to the process

of forming a stable personality. As a person individuates, they gain a clearer sense of
"individuation" extensively in his work on personality development.self that is separate from
their parents and others around them. Carl Jung used the term

Why is Individuation Important?

The process of individuation is considered essential to the development of a healthy identity and
the formation of healthy relationships with others. A person who does not adequately individuate
may lack a clear sense of self and feel uncomfortable pursuing goals when those goals differ
from the wishes of family or significant others. Feelings of depression and anxiety may result.
Difficulty individuating may also lead to increased dependence on others, challenges in romantic
or professional relationships, poor decision-making skills, and a general sense of not knowing
who one is or what one wants from life.

Question: Define the Impact of Individuation:

The individuation process can be challenging and sometimes lead to turmoil and conflict for
some people. Suppressing or denying the authentic self can, however, lead to distress and
problems with self-identity. funds impo Poor individuation can lead to a number of problems.
Some of these include:

> Anxiety> Depression>Lack of boundaries>Lack of self-awareness>Low satisfaction with one's

life >▸ Low self-worth >Problems with motivation and goal-setting >Poor decision making

>Poor self-esteem >► Self-doubt

Signs of Individuation

 People may seek privacy

 The may focous on themselves more than others
 People may rebel against family or culture norms
 They may personalize their appearance

Youth: is the time of life when one is young. The word, youth, can also mean the time
between childhood and adulthood, but it can also refer to one's peak, in terms of health or the
period of life known as being a young adult.

What is meant by the term Youth Bulge?Bulge consists of an age group from 15 years
to 29 years. High number of young people in a country is called Youth Bulge. A country which
is not strategically, politically and economically strong, not self dependent and whose majority
of people have no access to basic needs of life but the country is on the way of progress to
achieve such sort of things, Such country is called developing country. e.g. Pakistan.

: Suggest two ways to make the Youth Bulge a blessing for a country.

i. State must take the responsibility to educate and socialize every individual of the state.

ii Every individual of the state must be given at least one skill to earn his livelihood.

iii. Technical and IT education with their practical use may be form the part of educational
curriculum at all educational levels.

How Youth Bulge becomes a curse for a country?

When Youth Bulge is not properly educated and socialized and is left helpless by state and
family then it produces unrest in the state and causes to destabilize the country in all walks of
life such youth bulge is called a curse for the country.

Pakistan is facing several problems due to its youth bulge like unemployment, inflation, violence
and inequality etc.

Youth bulge and rural?Both are different in many ways from each other particularly their
cltures being far wide. Interests, plays, hobbies and rituals etc of urban people are different from
those of rural.

Environment :the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant

lives or operates.The environment is everything that makes up the surroundings and enables us to
live on earth. It includes all the physical, chemical and natural forces.

I) Abiotic Components of Environment

Location: The location of country becomes important factor that influence human activities that
will develop in that country. Topography: Physical features of a region lime mountains, plateaus,
plans, valleys, etc. These factors of environment influence the development of economic
activities. Climate: Climate is sum total of all the atmospheric conditions experienced over any
region during long period of time. Among all the factors of environment, climate is the most
fundamental factor.
Minerals: A mineral is a naturally occurring resource. Minerals are the most unevenly
distributed resources on the Earth's surface.

Soils: Different types of soils are found in different regions. Soil is important

factor in raising a particular crop. Eg. Black cotton soils are suitable for

cotton, tobacco etc.

Water: Hydrosphere is derived from Greek word 'hydra' meaning water. It is relating to the
water bodies of the earth covering about 71% of the surface area. This includes oceans, rivers,
lakes and even the moisture in the air. 97% of the earth's water is present in the oceans. The
remaining 3% is fresh water.

Air: . It isthe gaseous cover around the earth. It is a mixture of gases. The air of our planet is
79% nitrogen and just 21% oxygen; the small amount remaining is composed of carbon dioxide
and other gases. The change in the atmospheric biotic or living Factors

Natural vagetation: natutal vegetation is plants that are not grown by humans.

.Animal Life :Animal life is an asset to man , providing him products like milk , meat and egg

An ecosystem is a geographic area where plants, animals, and other organisms, as well as
weather and landscape, work together to form a bubble of life.

Green grabbing, also known as green colonialism, is the foreign appropriation of land and
resources for environmental purposes, resulting in a pattern of unjust development.In a green
economy, growth in employment and income are driven by public and private investment into
such economic activities, infrastructure and assets that allow reduced carbon emissions and
pollution, enhanced energy and resource efficiency, and prevention of the loss of biodiversity
and ecosystem services.

Dams
The Indus Water Treaty is a water-distribution treaty between India and Pakistan, arranged and
negotiated by the World Bank, to use the water available in the Indus River and its tributaries. It
was signed in Karachi on 19 September 1960 by Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and
Pakistani president Ayub Khan. Beas , Ravi and sutlug was given to india and indus , chanab and
jehlum for Pakistan

 Store water
 Control flooding
 Generate Electricity

Technology:Technologies are artifacts made through a systematic application of

knowledge and used to reach practical goals. They are widely used in medicine, science,
industry, communication, transportation, and daily life.The goal of technology is to improve
human lives.

IMPACTS OF TECHNOLOGY

A) Positive Impacts of Technology in Our Lives:

1. Improved & Advanced Communication(IM,Whatsapp ,fb,other social media)

2. Advanced Business and Marketing(online commercial over controlled particular region)
3. Better Housing and Lifestyle(Digital sequerity system,Automatic Alarm ,CCTV)
4. High-tech Traveling & Transportation Facilities(Local Rides,Electric bikes and scooter)
5. Distance Education and Modern Learning(Video Conferencing/Live Virtual Training.
6. Easy Accessibility to Healthcare Facility(Online doctors consultancy)
7. Online Shopping and Secured Bill Payment(Draz,amazon)
8. Easy Accessibility to Information(Research papers articles,books ,E -libraries

B) Negative Impacts of Technology

1) Psychological Effects

i. Isolation

ii. Depression and Anxiety

2) Physical Health Effects:

i.Eyestrain

ii.Poor Posture

iii. Sleep Problems

iv.ReducePhysical Activity

v.Effects In Children