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INTRODUCTION
November 26, 1949, and took effect on January 26, 1950, governs the Republic. The
characteristics and a federal framework. The Indian Constitution is the country's highest
law. Based on the concept put out by M.N. Roy, the text establishes the framework that
defines the fundamental political code, structure, procedures, powers, and duties of
ORIGIN
English. It derives from the Latin constitutus, the past tense of the word constituere,
which means "to set up," and is based on the prefix com- ("with, together, jointly") and
the verb statuere ("to set or place").Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is largely acknowledged as the
father of the Indian Constitution. He was selected by the Assembly to create India's new
Constitution and was given the title of Chairman of the Constitution Drafting
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is largely acknowledged as the father of the Indian Constitution.
He was selected by the Assembly to create India's new Constitution and was given
Constituent assembly was first suggested by M.N. Roy in 1934. Elections were held
later as part of the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946 to create a constituent parliament. A
Members of the Constituent Assembly were selected from the provincial legislatures
in 1945–1946 rather than being elected using the universal adult franchise. Because
they desired a separate constitution for Pakistan, the Muslim League boycotted the
needs to be changed for betterment and offer their comments to officials in order to
their mother tongues, while dalits wanted an end to caste persecution and all seat
highlighted issues like social fairness and cultural rights, which were also discussed
PREAMBLE
The Preamble, which is Latin for "preface" or "introductory part," is the first of its sort
to appear at the beginning of the United States Constitution. It captures the core or gist
of the whole Constitution. The longest written constitution in the world, the Indian
Constitution, heavily relies on its preamble. It was based on the Objective Resolutions,
which were developed and submitted by Jawaharlal Nehru, the country's first prime
approved and adopted. Since its creation, it has only been modified once. The 42nd
Amendment, passed in 1976, amended it by adding the three terms socialist, secular,
and integrity. Due to its lofty structure, the Preamble of the Indian Constitution is
characteristics that are exemplary in nature: the Constitution's source of authority, the
structure of the Indian state, and its goals. In addition to demonstrating its own
exemplary nature, it has also made the Indian Constitution significantly better than
those of other nations. Preamble declares India to be a sovereign, socialist, secular and
democratic republic.
SOVEREIGN
It suggests that neither India nor any other country is a dependent region or a dominion
over it. It is made very clear that India is an independent country. It's interesting to note
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that India is one of the few nations that have fully broken free from European colonial
hegemony. Although it holds full memberships in organisations like the United Nations,
the Commonwealth, and others, our Constitution's Preamble declared that these
SOCIALIST
Principles of State Policy before the 42nd Amendment was passed in 1976. In other
words, the formerly implicit substance is now made clear. It unmistakably reflected the
socialistic social structure that the Congress party adopted as one of its central tenets.
Our form of socialism is democratic rather than communist or state-run, which will
Gandhian ideology that seeks to eradicate poverty, illiteracy, sickness, and inequality.
Ours is the view that is adamantly committed to the harmonious coexistence of the
SECULAR
Through the 42nd Constitutional Amendment, which was passed in 1976, this was also
added to the Preamble. There can be no doubt that those responsible for creating our
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Constitution intended to create such a state, as the Supreme Court of India has made
clear on numerous times. Even though there are many misconceptions about the
secularism practised by the Indian people, there are many important reasons for us to be
quite proud of it. Indian secularism is entirely distinct from its western equivalent. It
represents a positive view of secularism that holds that all religions in the nation,
regardless of their influence, have a right to the same status and government support.
Compared to the western form of secularism, where religion and politics are to be kept
DEMOCRATIC
Because it explicitly calls for a democratic democracy, the Preamble of our Constitution
is a model of its sort. The idea that the people of the land hold the supreme power is the
foundation of this concept. The Indian Constitution's framers did a fantastic job of
enshrining the term "democratic," which allows for indirect democracy that is
representative and parliamentary in essence. It has clearly supported the coexistence and
independence of the Executive, the Legislature, and the Judiciary—the three pillars of
democracy. Evidently, it has also highlighted the civil government's dominance over the
military system. Other admirable examples of the democratic nature of the Indian polity
are the collective responsibility of the government to the legislature, the universal adult
franchise, regular elections, the rule of law, and zero tolerance for discrimination in any
form.
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REPUBLIC
There are two types of democratic polities: monarchies like Japan and the United
Kingdom and republics like the United States and India. The role of head of state is
nations. But in a Democratic Republic, the ruler is directly or indirectly chosen for a
certain term. The President of the United States, who serves as the head of state, is
chosen directly by the electorate. It is, in other words, a form of presidential democracy.
In India, the elected members of both the Parliament and the State Legislatures elect the
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
All Indian citizens have access to certain fundamental liberties that are protected by the
constitution in the form of six major categories of fundamental rights, both individually
and collectively. The six fundamental rights include the Right to Equality, Right to
Originally Right to property (Article 31) was also included in the Fundamental Rights.
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RIGHT TO EQUALITY
The Constitution says that the government shall not deny to any person in India equality
before the law or the equal protection of the laws. It means that the laws apply in the
same manner to all, regardless of a person’s status. This is called the rule of law.
Rule of law is the foundation of any democracy. It means that no person is above the law.
There cannot be any distinction between a political leader, government official and an
ordinary citizen.
RIGHT TO FREEDOM
The Indian Constitution protects the right to freedom as a fundamental freedom. All
citizens now have the freedom to live and work wherever on Indian soil because to this
right. The constitution also safeguards people's rights from arbitrary state action.
Once the right to liberty and equality is granted, it follows that every citizen has a right
not to be exploited. Yet the Constitution makers thought is was necessary to write down
certain clear provisions to prevent exploitation of the weaker sections of the society. The
Constitution mentions three specific evils and declares these illegal. First, the
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Constitution prohibits ‘traffic in human beings’. Traffic here means selling and buying of
human beings, usually women, for immoral purposes. Second, our Constitution also
prohibits forced labour or begar in any form. Begar is a practice where the worker is
When this practice takes place on a life-long basis, it is called the practice of bonded
labour. Finally, the Constitution also prohibits child labour. No one can employ a child
below the age of fourteen to work in any factory or mine or in any other hazardous work,
such as railways and ports. Using this as a basis many laws have been made to prohibit
children from working in industries such as beedi making, firecrackers and matches,
Articles 29 and 30 of the Indian Constitution protect the rights to cultural and educational
linguistic) are entitled to establish and manage educational institutions of their choice.
Every citizen in India has the right to constitutional remedies, including equality before
the law and equal protection of the laws, as guaranteed by Articles 226 and 32 of the
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Indian Constitution. By submitting a Writ Petition to the High Courts and the Supreme
RIGHT TO PROPERTY
Indian citizens have the freedom to own, use, dispose of, and donate their legally
acquired goods under Article 17 of the constitution. No one's possessions may be taken
away from them unless it is in the public good or under legal circumstances.
India's complex and diversified political system demonstrates the country's dedication to
democracy, federalism, and the rule of law. This framework, which has its origins in the
Indian Constitution, which took effect on January 26, 1950, aims to guarantee the fair
democratic republic, with the central government delegating authority to several states
government: the Executive, the Legislative, and the Judicial. Each of these branches has
specific roles and functions that contribute to the functioning of India's democratic
governance.
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EXECUTIVE BRANCH
1. PRESIDENT : The ceremonial head of state who represents India internationally and
2. PRIME MINISTER : The head of government, appointed by the President, who leads
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH
The Republic of India's highest legislative body is the Indian Parliament. The Rajya
Sabha (Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (House of the People) are its two houses.
The Indian President is a crucial member of the Parliament. These three parts together
legislation, debating public policy, and representing the national interests of India.
The Rajya Sabha, often referred to as the Council of States, is one of the two houses of
the Indian Parliament. It represents the federal structure of the country and serves as the
upper house. The Lok Sabha, also known as the House of the People, is one of the two
STATE LEGISLATURE : State legislatures in India are the legislative bodies responsible
for making laws at the state level. Each state in India has its own legislature, consisting of
two houses: the Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) and the Vidhan Parishad
(Legislative Council) in some states. The Vidhan Sabha, also known as the Legislative
Assembly, is the lower house of the state legislature in India. Each state in India has its
own Vidhan Sabha. The upper house of the state legislature in India is called the Vidhan
Parishad, commonly referred to as the Legislative Council. A Vidhan Parishad only exists
JUDICIAL BRANCH
SUPREME COURT : The Indian Supreme Court is the highest court in the legal system
of the nation, and it is crucial to maintaining justice, defending the Constitution, and
defending the rights and liberties of its residents. The Supreme Court of India was
Government of India Act, 1935, which created an Indian Federal Court, is where the
Supreme Court got its start. The Supreme Court was officially established, nevertheless,
with the promulgation of the Indian Constitution on January 26, 1950. The Supreme
Court is known as the "sentinel of the Constitution" due to its crucial role in interpreting
and defending the Constitution, according to Dr. Rajendra Prasad, the first President of
India. The primary function of the Supreme Court is to interpret and protect the
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Constitution. It ensures that all laws and actions of the government are in compliance
HIGH COURT : The Indian High Courts play a vital role in the country's legal system by
serving as essential go-betweens for subordinate courts and the Supreme Court. These
courts, which were constituted in accordance with Part VI, Chapter V of the Indian
Constitution, are the principal judicial institutions in the states and union territories in
which they are located. This essay explores the composition, duties, and significance of
the Indian High Courts. The Indian High Courts Act of 1861, which established High
Courts in the three presidencies of Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras, is credited with laying
the groundwork for high courts in India. The Indian Constitution established High Courts
in various states following India's independence in 1947. There are currently 25 High
Courts in India, each with a distinct geographic jurisdiction. Hearing and deciding
appeals against the decisions and orders of inferior courts under their authority is one of
the High Courts' main responsibilities. High Courts have original jurisdiction to hear
cases involving significant issues, including constitutional matters, civil suits above a
DISTRICT COURT
These courts are essential to the administration of justice since they are the main trial
courts in the Indian legal system. This essay examines the composition, duties, and
The colonial era is when India's district courts were first established. District Courts were
legal system. India kept up and expanded its district court system after achieving
independence in 1947. Today, the nation is home to hundreds of District Courts. District
Courts have the authority to hear and decide both civil and criminal cases. They handle a
wide range of cases, including disputes related to property, contracts, family matters, and
criminal offenses.
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