Shri Jay Govind Gopinath Hr

Sec School

SESSION : 2023-2024
Subject :- Physics Project

TOPIC
"Charging of a metal sphere by Method of Induction"

Submitted To: Dr. Kirti Bhardwaj

Submitted By: Prince Chaudhary
Class : XII Science
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not

have been possible without the kind of support and help of
many individuals and the organization. I would like to extend
my sincere thanks to all of them.
I am highly indebted to Ms. Kirti Bhardwaj, Physics Teacher ,
Shri Jay Govind Gopinath Hr Sec School, for her guidance
and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary
information regarding the project & also for her support
in completing the project.
I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to Mr. JaiSingh
Pawar, Principal, Shri Jay Govind Gopinath Hr Sec School ,
for his able guidance and useful suggestions, which helped me
in completing the project work, in time.
Words are inadequate in offering my thanks to my parents and
my friends for their encouragement and cooperation in
carrying out the project work.
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certified that this project report
entitled "Charging of a metal sphere by Method
of Induction"
submitted to physics department is a bonafide
record of work done by“Prince Chaudhary”
under my supervision
__________ __________ __________
Internal Principle External
Examiner Examiner

Place : Mhow Date:_______

 INDEX

Sr.No Content Page No.

1 Aim 5
2 Introduction 5
3 Material Required 5
4 Theory 6
5 The Law Of Conservation Of Charge 7
6 Procedure 8-9
7 Importance of a ground in induction charging 10-11
8 Conclusion 12
9 Bibliography 13
  AIM- To charge a metal sphere by method of
induction

INTRODUCTION
Most objects are electrically neutral, which means that they
have an equal number of positive and negative charges. In
order to charge an object, one has to alter the charge
balance of positive and negative charges. There are three
ways to do it: friction, conduction and induction.
We know that induction is one of the methods of charge
transfer. Induction can be defined as the method of charging
a body without bringing it in contact with a charged body

MATERIALS REQUIRED
a) Metal sphere
b) Insulating stand
c) Plastic rod
d) Connecting Wire

(v)
 THEORY

1)CHARGING BY FRICTION
The charging by friction process involves rubbing of one
particle on another resulting in electrons moving from one
surface to another. This method is useful for charging
insulators
2)CHARGING BY CONDUCTION
The charging by conduction process involves touching of a
charged particle to a conductive material. This way, the
charges are transferred from the charged material to the
conductor. This method is useful for charging conductors.
3) CHARGING BY INDUCTION
Lastly, the induction charging is a charging method that
charges an object without actually touching the object to any
other charged object. The charging by induction process is
where the charged particle is held near an uncharged
conductive material that is grounded on a neutrally charged
material. The charge flows between two objects and the
uncharged conductive material develop a charge with
opposite polarity.

(vi)
 T
HE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF CHARGE
The Law of conservation of charge is easily observed in the
induction charging process. Considering the example, one
can look at the two spheres as a system. Prior to the charging
process, the overall charge of the system was zero. There
were equal numbers of protons and electrons within the two
spheres. In diagram above, electrons were induced into
moving from sphere A to sphere B. At this point, the
individual spheres become charged. The quantity of positive
charge on sphere A equals the quantity of negative charge on
sphere B. If sphere A has 1000 units of positive charge, then
sphere B has 1000 units of negative charge. Determining the
overall charge of the system is easy arithmetic; it is simply
the sum of the charges on the individual spheres.

 Overall Charge of Two Spheres = +1000 units + (-1000

units) = 0 units

The overall charge on the system of two objects is the same

after the charging process as it was before the charging
process. Charge is neither created nor destroyed during this
charging process; it is simply transferred from one object to
the other object in the form of electrons.

(vii)
 Procedure
A)Charging by induction using a negatively charged
object.
Let us take a negatively charged rubber balloon. If we bring
the charged balloon near the spheres, electrons within the
two-sphere system will be induced to move away from the
balloon due to the repulsion between the electrons of the
balloon and the spheres. Subsequently, the electrons from
sphere A get transferred to sphere B. The migration of
electrons causes sphere A to become positively charged and
sphere B to be negatively charged. The overall two-sphere
system is hence electrically neutral. The spheres are then
separated using an insulating cover such as gloves or a stand
as shown in the figure (avoiding direct contact with the
metal). When we remove the balloon, the charge gets
redistributed, spreading throughout the spheres, as shown in
the figure.

When a negatively charged balloon is brought near the

sphere system, the electrons in the sphere will be forced to
move away due to repulsion. The migration of electrons
causes sphere A to become completely positive and sphere B
to become negative

(viii)
B) Charging by induction using a positively charged
object.
Taking two spheres A and B, touching each other, as shown in
the figure, if we bring a positively charged balloon near
sphere A, the electrons from sphere B migrate towards
sphere A due to the attraction between opposite charges,
thus leaving the sphere B deficit of electrons. As a result,
sphere A is negatively charged and sphere B is positively
charged. The spheres are then separated using an insulating
cover, a stand or gloves. When the balloon is removed, the
charges in spheres A and B redistribute, spreading out
evenly.

When a positively charged balloon is brought near the sphere

system, the electrons from sphere B will migrate towards
sphere A due to the force of attraction. Now, sphere A is
negatively charged and sphere B is positively charged.

(ix)
 The Importance of a Ground in
Induction charging

In the charging by induction cases discussed , the ultimate

charge on the object is never the result of electron
movement from the charged object to the originally neutral
objects. The balloon never transfers electrons to or receive
electrons from the spheres; nor does the glass rod transfer
electrons to or receive electrons from the spheres. The
neutral object nearest the charged object (sphere A in these
discussions) acquires its charge from the object to which it is
touched. In the above cases, the second sphere is used to
supply the electrons to sphere A or to receive electrons from
sphere A. The role of sphere B in the above examples is to
serve as a supplier or receiver of electrons in response to the
object that is brought near sphere A. In this sense, sphere B
acts like a ground. To further illustrate the importance of
a ground, consider the induction charging of a single
conducting sphere. Suppose that a negatively charged rubber
balloon is brought near a single sphere as shown below
(Diagram ii). The presence of the negative charge will induce
electron movement in the sphere. Since like charges repel,
negative electrons within the metal sphere will be repelled
by the negatively charged balloon. There will be a mass
migration of electrons from the left side of the sphere to the
right side of the sphere causing charge within the sphere to
become polarized (Diagram ii).
(x)
Once charge within the sphere has become polarized, the
sphere is touched. The touching of the sphere allows
electrons to exit the sphere and move through the hand to
"the ground" (Diagram iii). It is at this point that the sphere
acquires a charge. With electrons having left the sphere, the
sphere acquires a positive charge (Diagram iv). Once the
balloon is moved away from the sphere, the excess positive
charge redistributes itself (by the movement of remaining
electrons) such that the positive charge is uniformly
distributed about the sphere's surface.

(xi)
RESULT
From the above procedure it is concluded that the charges
get distributed evenly when metal rod is brought near to
them and the process of charging is called method of
induction.

(xii)
 Bibliography

1. NCERT book
2. Google
3. https://byjus.com
4. https://www.justscience.com
5. https://en.wikipedia.com

Images and diagrams used in the project

6. https://www.sarthak.com
7. https://conceptstories.s.ap.com

Arihant Sample paper class 12

(xiii)