CLASS VIII - UNIT III, SECOND SEMESTER

 Charged body: is one which has an excess amount of any one type of
charge.
 Neutral body : is one which has equal amounts of both positive and
negative charge.
 Charging by rubbing: When a neutral body is rubbed with another neutral
body, both of them get oppositely charged. For example, when an ebonite
rod is rubbed with fur, the ebonite rod acquires negative charge, and at
the same time, the fur, acquires positive charge. This method of charging
a body is also known as charging by friction.
 Charging by Induction: A charged body is brought near an uncharged
body, then the uncharged body acquires a charge opposite in sign to
that of the charged body.
 Charging by conduction: Charging a neutral body by bringing it in
contact with a charged body is called charging by conduction. For
example ,if an uncharged sphere A is brought in contact with a charged
sphere B then, the sphere A will be charged with the same type of
charge as in the sphere B.
 Home assignment
Q7. Differentiate between charging by conduction, charging by induction and charging by friction.

 Charging
S.No. Chargingby
byinduction
conduction Charging by induction Charging by friction

1. The neutral body is brought The neutral body is brought near the Two neutral bodies are
in contact with the charged charged body. rubbed together.
body.

2. The neutral body acquires The neutral body acquires a charge Both the neutral bodies
the same charge as the opposite to the charged body. acquire opposite charge.
charged body.
3. Transfer of electrons takes Transfer of electrons does not take place. Transfer of electrons
place. takes place.
Q13 Give reasons:
A stream of water moves towards a charged balloon.
Ans. A stream of water moves towards a charged balloon as a charged
balloon attracts a neutral body.
Earthing
 It is the process of transferring the electrical charge from a charged body
to the earth .
 If a charged body is ‘ earthed’ then it loses its charge.
 Symbol of earthing:
Steps for Charging by Electrostatic Induction
 In charging by Induction, a
charged body is brought near an
uncharged body.
 Earthing is done at the far end and
now the charged body is removed.
 Then the uncharged body acquires
a charge opposite in sign to that of
the charged body.
Electroscope
 An electroscope is an instrument that can be used to test whether an
object is carrying charge or not .
Principle of working of an electroscope: Like charges repel each other
Uses of an electroscope:
 To detect electric charge
 To find the nature of electric charge
 To find whether an object is a conductor or an insulator.

.
To test whether an object has charge
 The electroscope detects charge in the following way:
 A charged object is brought in contact with metallic disc .
 The charges are transferred via the metal rod ( which is a good
conductor of electricity) to the gold leaves.
 Thus the gold leaves also get charged and since they are similarly
charged, they repel and move away from each other.
 This confirms the presence of charge on the body.
To find the nature of electric charge

Take a charged electroscope .

Bring the charged body in contact with the metal disc .
If the leaves diverge further apart then it implies that the charged body has the
same charge as the electroscope.
If the leaves come closer then it implies that the charged body has the charge
opposite to the electroscope.
To find whether an object is a conductor or an insulator

Object to be tested

•Take two electroscopes .

•Charge any one of the electroscope.(so that its
leaves will be diverged).
•Place the object to be tested in contact with the
metal discs of both the electroscopes .
•If leaves of the uncharged electroscope diverge ,
then it implies that the object is a conductor .
•In case , the leaves of the uncharged
electroscope do not diverge , then it implies that
the object is an insulator.
Charging an electroscope by conduction:
1. Touch the metal disc of the electroscope with a charged object.
2. The charges are transferred via the metal rod to the gold leaves .
3. The gold leaves also get charged and since they are similarly
charged, they repel and move away from each other.
4. Thus electroscope is now charged.
Charging an electroscope by induction:
1. Bring a charged rod near, the electroscope. (do not touch it)
2. Ground the electroscope at the far end.
3. Remove the ground from the electroscope.
4. Remove the charged rod.
5. The electoscope is now thus charged by induction.
Home assignment ( To be done in portfolio)
Q.9 Explain with the help of a diagram how can an electroscope be used to
i. detect a charged body.
ii. detect whether a body is a conductor or insulator.
Q10 Explain the principle, construction and working of an electroscope with
the help a neat well labelled diagram.
Ans. An electroscope is an instrument that can be used to test whether
an object is carrying charge or not .
It is based on the principle of repulsion of like charges.
Construction:
Gold leaf electroscope has two gold leafs suspended from a metal(usually
brass) stem in a vacuumed glass jar and connected to a metal cap. The
glass bottle is grounded with the help of a metal foil to make it uncharged.
Working:
The metal cap of the electroscope is touched with the body under test. If the
leaves diverge, the body is charged and if there is no effect on leaves, then
the body is uncharged.
Q13 Give reasons:
ii) On touching the metallic disc, leaves of an electroscope collapse .
Ans. On touching the metallic disc, leaves of an electroscope collapse as the
electroscope loses its charge due to earthing.
iii) The metal rod in an electroscope cannot be replaced with a plastic rod.
Q.14 Can electroscope be used to find the nature of charge possessed by a body.
Justify your answer.
Ans. Yes, a charged electroscope can be used to find the nature of charge
possessed by a body as if the leaves diverge further apart then it implies that the
charged body has the same charge as the electroscope but if the leaves come
closer then it implies that the charged body has the charge opposite to the
electroscope.
Multiple choice questions (To be done in hard
copy or P.C.)
Q.7 A positively charged body always repels
a. negatively charged body
b. positively body
c. Both (a) and (b)
d. None of the above
Q.8 A charged rubber balloon is taken near a wall, then
a. It is attracted towards the wall due to attraction between a charged body and a neutral body.
b. It sticks to the wall
c. It falls away from the wall after sometime due to repulsion between similar charges.
d. All of the above
Q.9 A body becomes positively charged due to
a. loss of electrons b. gain of electrons
c. sharing of protons d. gain of protons
Worksheet(To be done in hard copy or P.C.)
Q.2 What happens when a positively charged body is brought in contact with the
metal disc of an uncharged electroscope.
Ans. The electroscope will get positively charged and its leaves will diverge.
Q.4 Define:
iii. Earthing-
Ans. It is the flow of electric charge from a charged body to the Earth.
Q.5 With the help of diagrams show how to charge an electroscope positively by
conduction.
Q.7 Explain with the help of a diagram, how electroscope is used to check the
nature of charge of a body.
Q.10 What will happen if we touch a charged body.
Ans. Earthing will take place and the charged body will loose its charge.