A. Find French equivalents for the following concepts.

English French
1. Adjunct
2. Adjacency principle
3. Binding theory
4. Schema theory
5. Interleaving
6. Adjacency pair
7. Illocution
8. Utterance
9. Binary oppositions
10.Subordinating conjunctions
11.Coordinating conjunctions
12.Conversational implicature
13.Scanning
14.Skimming
15.Scaffolding
16.Speech act theory
17.Clitic
18.Proclitic
19.Enclitic

B. In groups, explain the following concepts and find their synonyms in

French:

deixis- person deixis- empathetic deixis- place deixis- social deixis- time deixis

C. Watch the video and answer the following questions.

1. What is a lingua franca? Explain with an example.

2. What are the types of lingua franca? Give an example for each type.
3. What is your opinion about the use of lingua franca?

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D. Translate the following text into French or Arabic.

Lingua franca, (Italian: “Frankish language”) language used as a means of

communication between populations speaking vernaculars that are not mutually
intelligible. The term was first used during the Middle Ages to describe a French- and
Italian-based jargon, or pidgin, that was developed by Crusaders and traders in the
eastern Mediterranean and characterized by the invariant forms of its nouns, verbs,
and adjectives. These changes have been interpreted as simplifications of the Romance
languages.
Because they bring together very diverse groups of people, many empires and
major trade entrepôts have had lingua francas. If pidgins have sometimes been
defined, less informatively, as lingua francas, it is because they evolved from varieties
that had served as trade languages. Aramaic played this role in Southwest Asia from as
early as the 7th century BC to approximately AD 650. Classical Latin was the
dominant lingua franca of European scholars until the 18th century, while a less
prestigious variety of Latin served as that of the Hanseatic League (13th–15th
centuries), especially in its bookkeeping.
During the era of European exploration in the 15th–18th centuries, Portuguese
served as a diplomatic and trade language in coastal Africa and in Asian coastal areas
from the Indian Ocean to Japan. In Southeast Asia, meanwhile, Malay was already
serving as an important lingua franca; it had been adopted by Arab and Chinese
traders in the region well before the Europeans arrived. Later both the Dutch and the
British used Malay for communication with the peoples resident in the region.
Modern lingua francas may or may not be officially designated as such: the
United Nations employs six official languages (Arabic, Chinese, English, French,
Russian, and Spanish); international air traffic control uses English as a common
language; and some multilingual Asian and African countries have unofficial lingua
francas that facilitate interethnic or interregional communication. Such languages may
be erstwhile pidgins, as with Lingala in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the
Nigerian and Cameroon pidgins, or Hiri Motu and Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea;
they may also be non-pidginized varieties such as Swahili in East Africa or Hausa in
West Africa.
Source: https://www.britannica.com/topic/lingua-franca

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 E. Read the text individually. Then, get into groups of four and discuss the
definition of binding theory.

What Is Binding?

Binding theory concerns syntactic restrictions on nominal reference. It particularly focuses on

the possible coreference relationships between a pronoun and its antecedent (the nominal that
a nondeictic pronoun depends on for its reference). For instance, in (1a) himself must refer to
the same individual as he.In contrast, in (1b) her cannot refer to the same individual as she.
Instead, the sentence must mean that some person voted for some other person.
(1a) He voted for himself.
(1b) She voted for her.
Pronouns like himself or ourselves, which must corefer with some other noun phrase in the
sentence are called reflexive pronouns or reflexives. Pronouns like she, her, and us are called
nonreflexive pronouns. Two nominal expressions that corefer, or refer to the same individual
or individuals, are annotated by identical subscripts; if two nominals do not corefer, they are
annotated with different subscripts:
(2a) He voted for himself.
(2b) She voted for her.
In an example like He voted for himself, we say that the reflexive pronoun himself is bound
by he, and that he is the binder of himself. Reciprocals like each other and one another must
also be bound by a local antecedent and are grouped in binding-theoretic terms with
reflexives:
(3a) They voted for each other.
(3b) * I voted for each other.
Reflexives and reciprocals are together called anaphors.
Some major works on binding are Faltz (1977), Wasow (1979), Chomsky (1981, 1986),
Reinhart (1983), Dalrymple (1993), Reinhart and Reuland (1993), and Pollard and Sag
(1994). Huang (2000) contains a rich cross-linguistic survey of pronominal systems. Bu¨ ring
(2004) provides a recent comprehensive overview of the syntax and semantics of binding and
presents a new synthesis.