Floating solar: challenges

and opportunities with

hydropower
2 November 2023
11.30-12.30 WITA
 Floating solar:
challenges and opportunities
with hydropower
Moderator address
Dr Lei Xie
Energy Policy Manager
International Hydro
Floating solar: challenges and opportunities
with hydropower

Agenda

• Scene setting

• Moderated panel discussion

• Audience Q&A

• Closing remarks
 Floating solar: challenges
and opportunities with
hydropower
Andriah Feby Misna
Director, New Renewable Energy and
Conservation
ESDM
 DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF NEW, RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY CONSERVATION
MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

THE DEVELOPMENT OF HYBRID

SOLAR- HYDRO POWER PLANT
TO ACCELERATE RE TARGET
ACHIEVEMENT
Delivered at World Hydropower Congress 2023
Parallel Session
Floating Solar : Challenges and opportunities with hydropower

ANDRIAH FEBY MISNA

Director of Various New and Renewable Energy

Bali, 2nd November 2023

DIRECľORAľE GENERAL OF NEW RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY CONSERVAľION 6

THE OPPORTUNITIES OF FLOATING SOLAR PV DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA
RE Development Plan in RUPTL PLN 2021-2030

POTENTIAL UTILIZATION
ENERGY Total Solar PV:
(GW) (MW)
4,680 MW (22%)
SOLAR PV 3.295 272
HYDRO 95 6.689
BIOENERGY 57 3.087
WIND 155 154
GEOTHERMAL 24 2.355
OCEAN 63 0
TOTAL 3.689 12.557*

Note: *) December 2022 NZE Power Plant Development Roadmap

Floating Solar PV Potential in dams NRE PP Installed

Capacity in 2060:
259 Locations, 14,701.71 MW 708 GW
Priority potential in 109 dams, with a total capacity Solar 421 GW (59%)

of 13,898.72 MW (20% of the dam surface area)

DIRECľORAľE GENERAL OF NEW RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY CONSERVAľION 7

 HYBRID FLOATING SOLAR PV POTENTIAL IN EXISTING HYDRO POWER PLANT
Aceh Central Sulawesi
• 1 Unit hydropower, capacity 10 MW North Sulawesi
• 7 Unit hydropower, capacity 581 MW
• 2 Unit hydropower, capacity 51.3MW

North Sumatera
South Sulawesi
• 12 unit hydropower,
South Kalimantan • 9 Unit hydropower, capacity 603 MW
capacity 1,002.4 MW
• 3 Unit hydropower, capacity 30 MW

Riau Number of H ydropower Plants : 162

• 3 Unit hydropower, capacity 114 MW Hydropower Capacity : 5,998.12
West Sumatera MW
• 11 Unit hydropower, capacity 253.5 MW

Bengkulu
• 12 Unit hydropower, capacity 278.4 MW East Nusa Tenggara
Central Java
Lampung • 7 Unit minihydro, capacity 7.5 MW
• 28 Unit hydropower, capacity 322.1 MW
• 3 Unit hydropower, capacity 174.6 MW
West Java East Java Papua
• 37 Unit hydropower, capacity 2,033.7 MW • 28 Unit hydropower, capacity 291,7 MW • 2 Unit hydropower, capacity 20 MW
HYBRID FLOATING SOLAR PV POTENTIAL IN MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HOUSING’S
DAM (EXISTING AND PLANNED HYDRO POWER PLANT FACILITIES)
Already on PLN’s Generation Plant 2021 - 2023
Aceh
• Rikoh : 1.22 MW
• Keureuto : 6.34 MW
• Tiro : 2 MW
North Sumatera
• Lau Simeme : 2.8 MW
West Sumatera
• Gerak Batanghari : 5.1 MW
Riau
• Rokan Kiri : 74.4 MW
Jambi
• Merangin : 107 MW
South Sumatera
• Gerak Perjaya : 5 MW
• Tigadihaji : 40 MW
Lampung
• Batu Tegi : 7.5 MW
• Way Sekampung : 5.4 MW
Banten
• Karian : 1.8 MW
West Java
• Jatigede: 110 MW
• Leuwikeris : 20 MW
• Cipanas : 3 MW
• Kuningan : 0.5 MW
Central Java
Number
Numberof
ofDam
Dam : :65
10
Hydropower
Hydropower Potency : 396,38MW
Potency : 716.57 MW
• Gerak Serayu: 5 MW
On the Development Plan List
• Jati Barang : 1.5 MW
• G. Lengkong Baru : 2 MW On the Potency List
• Bener : 6 MW
• Jragung : 6 MW
• Jlantah : 0.25 MW
• Logung : 0.5 MW
• Gondang : 0.33 MW East Java
• Logung : 0.5 MW • Jatim Lerek : 2 MW
• Karangkates : 100 MW
• Bagong : 0.5 MW
• Menturus : 1.7 MW
• Mrican : 3 MW
• Turi : 2.1 MW
• Wingi : 2 MW
• Gerak Lodoyo : 9 MW
• Tukul : 0.26 MW
• Bajulmati : 0.34 MW
• Gongseng : 0.7 MW
• Tugu : 0.4 MW
Bali North Sulawesi
• Titab : 1.5 MW • Lolak: 2.43 MW
• Kuwil Kawangkoan : 1.4 MW
• Tukad Unda : 1.2 MW
NTB Gorontalo
• Pandan Duri : 0.59 MW • Bulango Ulu : 4.95 MW
• Bintang Bano : 7 MW
• Beringin Sila : 1.44 MW Southeast Sulawesi
• Meninting : 0.8 MW • Pelosika : 21 MW
NTT • Ladongi : 1.3 MW
• Mbay : 20 MW
South Sulawesi
• Temef : 1.1 MW
• Raknamo : 0.2 MW • Jenelata : 10.9 MW
• Pamukkulu : 2.43 MW
• Rotiklot : 0.15 MW
• Manikin : 0.13 MW • Paselloreng : 2.5 MW
• Napun Gete : 0.1 MW
Maluku
• Jenelata : 10.9 MW
• Kolhua : 0.04 MW • Way Apu: 3.8 MW
South Kalimantan Papua
• Kalibumi : 6.35 MW
• Tapin: 3.32 MW
• Riam Kiwa : 0.9 MW • Boven Digoel : 65 MW
East Kalimantan
• Lambakan : 15 MW
BENEFIT OF HYBRIDIZATION FLOATING SOLAR PV AND HYDROPOWER
1. Improve power quality. Hydroelectricity can respond appropriately to
fluctuations in PV generation
2. Reduce curtailment solar PV
3. Complementary Energy Generation
Complementarity between the hydro and solar PV facilities provides a boost to
smooth variability of solar PV output and to accommodate limitations of hydro
generation in the dry season. PV panels give the maximum energy yield
during the hot season when the HPP registers a reduction of power due to the
seasonal water cycle.
4. Reduce land use and site preparation. The main advantage of floating or
submerged PV plants is not take up any land, except the small area necessary
for electrical cabinets.
5. Longer lifetime of HPP. When combined with FPV, operational optimization
can help to reduce start/stop cycles and part-load running.
6. Water saving and water quality. The partial coverage of HPP water basins
has additional benefits such as the reduction of water evaporation. Reduced
light penetration thought the water column results in lower algal growth and
less maintenance on the water intake.
7. Increased panel efficiency. Cooling effect of the reservoir water on the solar
panels that enables a higher capacity factor. Overall annual energy production
is increased, directly increasing plant revenues.
8. Reduced capital investment. combining FPV with HPP sharing of
infrastructure such as electrical power, control and transmission systems
reduces the investment required

DIRECľORAľE GENERAL OF NEW RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY CONSERVAľION 1

CASE STUDY: HYBRID CIRATA HPP & FPV
Cirata FPV 145 MWac
DIRECľORAľE GENERAL OF NEW RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY CONSERVAľION
Cirata HPP 1.008 MW • Cirata FPV characteristic is intermittent in terms of energy rate
production. To reduce the intermittency impact on grid system,
P2B actively sends signals/manages the output power of Cirata
HEPP via Automatic Generator Control (AGC). To make PLN’s work
easier in load management, AI Smart Controller was implemented
in Cirata HEPP. It can operate automatically by integrating data
sensing from various sources.
• Cirata FPV has the ability to support the system voltage by
absorbing and producing VAR through solar inverter. VAR settings
in floating PV are relatively more flexible when compared to
rotating generators. With this capability, Cirata FPV can be used to
support Cirata HEPP in providing VAR that the System needed
when getting orders from PLN via AGC. The orders then being
processed by HEPP and Floating PV AI Smart Controller
1
INCENTIVES/STIMULUS TO ENCOURAGE THE UTILIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF
RENEWABLE ENERGY Renewable Energy Certificate (REC)

Tax Allowance
• Income tax reduction of 5% for 6 years
• Regulations: PP 78/2019, BKPM Regulation no. 4/2021,
PMK No. 11/2020 jo. PMK No. 96/2020

Import Duty Exemption

• Machinery and equipment are exempt from import duties
for two years.
• Additional two-year exemption on raw materials for
businesses that use local machinery and equipment
(minimum 30%).
• Regulation: PMK 176/2009 jo. PMK 188/2015, PMK
66/2015, BKPM Regulation No. 4 of 2021
Tax Holiday
• Tax relief facility 5-20 years
• Income tax reduction of up to 100%IDR 500 billion is the
minimum investment.
• PMK 130/2020 Regulation, BKPM 7/2020 Regulation
Mini Tax Holiday
• Tax relief for five years, with a maximum income tax
reduction of 50%
• The minimum investment is IDR 100-500 billion.
• PMK 130/2020 Regulation, BKPM 7/2020 Regulation
• A REC is a certificate that proves that the production of electric power per
megawatt-hour (MWs) comes from a power plant, and each certificate
represents one megawatt-hour (MWs) of energy production.
• An electronic tracking system is used to issue PLN RECs, ensuring that RECs that
have been used by their owners cannot be traded again. The entire procedure
has been validated and is in accordance with international standards.
• Environmental attributes such as carbon attributes attached to RECs cannot be
sold or used in other market instruments.
Objective of REC Role of REC
• Meeting Consumer Needs • As an instrument of recognition for the use of
• Encouraging the Development of renewable energy
Renewable Generation • As a procurement option to fulfill transparent RE
• Attracting more sustainable usage targets
investment to Indonesia • Encourage the growth of the national RE market
PROSPECT, BENEFIT AND KEY FACTOR OF INTEGRATED VRE AND
PUMPED STORAGE HYDRO POWER PLANT
List of PSP Plans in Indonesia
No PSH Capacity COD Status Benefit of Integrated VRE and Key Factor to Enable Deployment
Upper Cisokan Pump Storage
1
(FTP2)
260 2025 Construction PHS Establishing regulatory
Upper Cisokan Pump Storage
2
(FTP2)
260 2025 Construction 1. Load shifting and frameworks that incentivise
3
Upper Cisokan Pump Storage
260 2025 Construction reduction of renewable and remunerate the
(FTP2) innovative operation of PHS.
4
Upper Cisokan Pump Storage
260 2025 Construction
energy curtailment
(FTP2)
2. Frequency regulation
5 Jawa-Bali (Kuota) Tersebar 190 2029 Planning Increasing digital operation
6 Jawa-Bali (Kuota) Tersebar 190 2029 Planning 3. Fast and flexible ramping of PHS systems.
7 Jawa-Bali (Kuota) Tersebar 190 2029 Planning
8 Jawa-Bali (Kuota) Tersebar 190 2029 Planning
4. Black start
9 Matenggeng PS 235,75 2028 Planning 5. Capacity firming (when Leveraging existing
10 Matenggeng PS 235,75 2028 Planning
11 Matenggeng PS 235,75 2028 Planning
connected to an on-site infrastructure by
12 Matenggeng PS 235,75 2028 Planning VRE generator) retrofitting PHS facilities.
13 Grindulu 250 2030 Planning
14 Grindulu 250 2030 Planning
15 Grindulu 250 2030 Planning
16 Grindulu 250 2030 Planning Investing in public-private
17 Sumatera Pump Storage-2 250 2030 Planning research, development and
18 Sumatera Pump Storage-1 250 2029 Planning
deployment projects.
Total 4,243

DIRECľORAľE GENERAL OF NEW RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY CONSERVAľION 1

CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPING HYBRID SOLAR-HYDRO IN INDONESIA
Financial
Implementing clean technology requires a large investment cost.
Needs the support from financial institution to understand the
business process and risk.

Technology
For individual Hydropower the technology is quite mature. Meanwhile,
for solar PV, the technology is still developing rapidly.

Multipurpose function
Balancing the function of dams. Dam utilization mainly to fulfill
the basic needs of water for household and irrigation

Local Content
Scale up local industry supply chain to support utility scale project.

Incentives
Require specific incentives for solar power plant: domestic services VAT
pay by government, production-based incentives, and longer period for
tax allowance.

Coordination
Cross-sectoral coordination involving multiple stakeholders which are
involved in the implementation

DIRECľORAľE GENERAL OF NEW RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY CONSERVAľION 1

 THANK
YOU
Directorate General of NREEC, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
Jl. Pegangsaan Timur No.1, Jakarta

@djebtke www.ebtke.esdm.go.id
 Floating solar: challenges
and opportunities with
hydropower
Arun Kumar
Professor
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

Floating solar: challenges and opportunities with hydropower

Floating Solar PV in India

Nov 02, 2023

Arun Kumar
Professor
Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
arun.kumar@hre.iitr.ac.in, aheciitr.ak@gmail.com
 India
• Third largest electricity producer and consumer globally, with annual production 1300-1500
TWh.
• Total capacity - 425 GW (238 GW thermal, 179 GW RE including 52 GW Hydro and 7.5 GW
nuclear).
• 179 GW of Renewable energy capacity - 29% hydro power, 24% wind and 47% solar.
• Per capita electricity consumption: 592 kWh during 2003-04 to 1255 kWh during 2021-22 with 6
to 8% annual growth.
RE Transition Vision: India
• 33-35% energy from non-fossil fuel by 2030.
• 175 GW of RE capacity by Dec 2022 and 500 GW by 2030

India Floating solar PV Potential

• About 18,000 sq.km area
• Approx. 280 GW potential
• 5,745 large dams and 411 are under construction.

Source: https://www.teriin.org/sites/default/files/2020-01/floating-solar-PV-report.pdf
 Floating solar installation by major power producers
Sl. No. Owner Project name MW Water body Status
1 NTPC Kawas 1 Thermal plant-Raw Water Reservoir In operation July 2019
2 NTPC Kayamkulam 0.1 Thermal plant-Raw Water Reservoir In operation since March 2017
3 NTPC Simhadri 25 Thermal plant-Raw Water Reservoir In operation since August 2021
4 NTPC Ramagundam 100 Thermal plant-Raw Water Reservoir In operation since July 2022
5 NTPC Kayamkulam 92 lagoon (salt water body) In operation since July 2022
6 NTPC Auraiya 20 Thermal plant-Raw Water Reservoir In operation since February 2021
7 NTPC Kawas 23 Thermal plant-Raw Water Reservoir In operation since August 2022
8 NTPC Ujjani 140 Ujjani Dam Reservoir Under planning
9 REWA Omkraeshwar 600 Omkareshwar Reservoir 300 MW done and tendered
10 NHPC Kerala floating 50 West Kallada lake Under execution
11 NHPC Odisha floating 500 Rengali reservoir Under planning
12 SECI Getalsud 100 Getalsud Reservoir Tenders invited
13 SECI / BBMB BBMB Reservoir 15 Reservoir Under tendering

14 SECI/ DVC 5 Locations 54 5 reservoirs Under planning

15 Orissa Indravati dam 150 Indravati reservoir DPR ready
Greenko Pinnapuram 80 Pinnapuram PSP both Reservoir Under planning
TOTAL 1,950
19
Kayamkulam Plant (105 kW), Kerala Kawas (1MW), Gujarat Ramagundam (100 MW), AP

Simadhari Floating (25 MW), Vizag Kayamkulam (92 MW), Kerala

Floating PV solar installation at NTPC thermal water reservoir plants
 Floating solar -101.6 MWp – Kayamkulam, Kerala, India

• Project Completion Time: 19 Month ▪ Dredging of soil strata underwater and heavy monsoon a major challenge
134 pile to a depth of 20 m underwater to support the Central Monitoring and
• Land Area: 350-acre Water Body Control Stations and 33/220 kV switchyard.
• No. Of Modules: 2,05,497 ▪ Low water levels - difficult in towing floats and mooring
• Annual Energy Yield: 1,67,150 ▪ The solar modules were exposed to strong winds and gushing tides reaching
MWH a height of 3.5 m
• Floating inverter platform - 5 MW ▪ Local fishermen's encroachment, theft, blocking the walkway with fishing
nets, and causing damage to built-in structures.

21
 Omkareshwar Dam Reservoir, Madhya Pradesh.

Owner: of 600 MW floating solar ( two phases of 300 MW each):

Rewa Ultra Mega Solar Limited (RUMSL), JV of Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI) and MP
Urja Vikas Nigam Ltd

First batch 0f 300 MW

a) AMP Energy, INR 3.21 / unit 100
MW
b) NHDC, INR 3.22 / unit 100 MW –
TATA power
c) SJVN INR 3.26 / unit 90 MW -
Power T&D Business of L&T
Construction

22
 Technological Challenges
• Unavailability of FSPV-Specific Standards / Technical Guidelines
• Unavailability of Waterbody Data-water level variations, Bathymetry, wind,
water wave, mooring impact on sedimentation, trash and sediment
• FSPV Plant Components Safety and Long-Term Reliability
• Local Manufacturing and supply chain issues
• Failure of anchors, incidents of possible blocking the spillway
• Environmental And Social Aspects -Risks of chemical pollution, components in
water body prone to degradation, corrosion, and bio-fouling
• Above leads to initial hesitancy of the reservoir owners.
• More location dependent as compared to ground mounted solar PV

23
 Operation and Maintenance
• Anchoring and mooring - extra cost
• sudden fault, bird droppings, electrical parts, maintenance are
complex to handle and require special training to personnel.
Policy and Administrative Issues Bird repellent

• A single window clearance by State Government – all related departments for time
bound examination
• Preparation of data base and environmental impact studies, wave heights, reservoir
details.
• Water saved be monetized to improve economic feasibilities and life cycle cost
• No charges for the use of water body.
• Capital costs of FPV are about 20-25% higher than ground SPV be supported.

24
 Regulatory Challenges
• The water bodies stakeholder water resources, irrigation, fisheries, drinking
water supply, hydro power companies, environment, public works
departments etc. in different states and seeking their permissions for
floating PV
• Standard agreement for water rights, policy for use of water body.
• Not availability of Experience – environment impact, material life,
generation performance, maintenance, evaporation reduction, water quality
and disposal of floaters etc. for tariff fixation.
• Requirement of rigorous due diligence

25
 Investment Scenario
• Conducive Investment climate for renewable energy, specifically for solar and
wind
• FPV contribute towards evaporation reduction and water quality improvement
by slowing algal growth – improving financial and social viability.
• FPV is still considered risky by banks, making it difficult to mobilize private
investments.
Way Forward
• Governments both central and states to declare policy and regulatory framework
• FPV as part of the solar-hydro hybrid plants be designed to minimize
environmental impacts.
• Performance evaluation: Power generation, environmental and social impacts be
studied, documented and shared widely.

26
Thank You
 Floating solar: challenges
and opportunities with
hydropower
Gregory Thomas
CEO
Natural Heritage Institute
 SOLAR RETROFIT OF EXISTING
HYDROPOWER RESERVOIRS

Presentation to
World Hydropower Congress 2023
2 November 2023

Gregory A. Thomas, Natural Heritage Institute

Reliability
Power grid operators care about:

1. Reliability of power to meet

demands as they occur

2. Cost of power

Photo source:
http://beprojectidea.blogspot.com/2014/11/el
ectrical-power-transmission-of-bulk.html

30
Seasonal variability in hydropower
generation

Power production at Sambor Alternative 7A. The power production follows the
mainstream flow. During the wet season the reservoir spills additional water
into the Anabranch, increasing the flow above normal. The operational rule
keeps low water level at flow <20,000m3/s.

31
Estimated power production potential
by time of day and time of year
from solar PV arrays (total 10 km2 area)
80,000,0
00

50,000,0
00

10,000,0 Source: NREL SAM modeling tool for a 500MW

00 installation. Bangkok meteorological data.

32
Longyangxia: Complimentary PV and Hydro
Operation

Complimentary operation:
➢Solar PV is treated as an
additional non-adjustable unit
of hydropower station

➢Automatic regulation of the

hydro output to balance solar
resource’ variability before
dispatching to the grid
龚传利，王英鑫，等，“龙羊峡水光互补自动
发电控制策略及应用”，水电站机电技术，
Vol.37 No.3
33
Avoidance of Financial Risk
➢No scale economies – no need to build giant projects

➢Can be built in small increments to match demand or

export opportunities in real time

➢Much lower carrying time for debt service before

revenue generation

➢Much easier to negotiate PPA and debt financing

➢Eligibility for concessionary financing

34
Comparisons of Floating vs. Land-Based Solar PV

ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:

1. Avoidance of land use 1. More costly (10-15%)

conflicts-community 2. Anchoring with variable
relocation, site preparation
costs water levels
2. Efficiency Improvements— 3. Storm casualty (insurable
evaporative cooling effect of risk?)
reservoir (10-15%)
3. Take advantage of existing
transmission capacity
4. Ease of cleaning (dust)
Mitigation Strategies for Flow Distortions
1) Amelioration of flow distortions by inflow from larger
downstream tributary

2) In cascades, reoperate terminal reservoir for flow re-

regulation

3) Downstream re-regulation barrage [can be small: only

needs to store one day of turbine discharges]

4) Pumped storage

2)
 Floating solar: challenges
and opportunities with
hydropower
Dan B. Millison
Consultant
Asian Development Bank
 There’s more to life than a PPA:
Floating solar charging stations for electric boats and solar-electric boats…
solar LCOE vs. cost of diesel/gasoline - not vs. grid mix $$

https://powerboat.world/news/230745/Aquanima-40-completes-circumnavigation-of-Bali
 More than the PPA: co-location of aquaculture + solar = 2 revenue streams!
• Impact depends on aquatic species: some like sun, some don’t care (e.g., crawfish)
• Several stilt-mounted projects in China….
• Floating solar powers fish farms in Norway…
 New business model?
Floating fish farm
+ Floating hydroponics
+ Floating solar
+ Electric boat charging
= tourist attraction
5 revenue streams

https://smartfloatingfarms.com/
 Planet Sea, L.L.C
regenerative solutions for a sustainable future

Thank you!
danmillison@gmail.com
“No Feed” Integrated Multi-trophic Marine Aquaculture
Solar-powered artificial upwelling brings nutrient-rich water to
floating shellfish and seagrass farms which sequester CO2
Solar LCOE vs. market prices of seafood and seagrass??? Blue carbon???
 Marine floating solar to H2 Potential in ADB DMCs (“some assembly required”)

Hydrogen value at $2/kg ($/year)

200,000,000,000 Assumptions:

180,000,000,000
• 1% of DMCs’ EEZ area
• RE @ 50 MW/km2 @ 16%
160,000,000,000
capacity utilization factor
140,000,000,000
• Conversion @ 50 MWh/ton H2
120,000,000,000 RESULTS:
100,000,000,000 • 23,000 TWh/y = current global
electricity output!
80,000,000,000
• displace ~ 40% of global natural
60,000,000,000
gas production (2019)
40,000,000,000 • avoid ~ 5 Billion tons
CO2e/year.
20,000,000,000
• New industry with cumulative
-
revenues of ~ $1 Trillion/year

June 2021
Q&A
Bali Statement on Powering Sustainable Growth
"The industrial revolution was powered by water; water, wind
and sun together will power the sustainable growth of the
future.”

45
 Holding slide for Q&A Discussion

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