Lecture 1 Power Flow Control

EEE 4009-FACTS and HVDC
Prof Jahangir Hossain

Module 1-Control of Power Flow in Transmission Lines
• Basic concepts of Power flow
• Factors contribute to Power Flow Control
• Advantages and challenges of Power

Flow Control
• Example of Power Flow Control

Conventional Power Systems
Evolution of National Grid
National Grid
Interconnecting
Regional Grids Regional Grids
with Central with HVDC
Generation
2000 onwards
State 1990s
Grids by (Paradigm Shift from self
SEBs 1970-80s sufficiency at Regional level
concept to National level)
1950-60’s IR Capacity (MW)
100000
Local 27750 66400
50000 14100
1950’s 5100
0
IX Plan X Plan XI Plan XII Plan
August 2006
Five Regional Grids North synchronized
Two Frequencies
With Central Grid
March 2003
West synchronized NEW Grid
With East & Northeast
October 1991 South

East and Northeast Grid
synchronized
Central Grid
MERGING
North OF
East MARKETS
West
Northeast
South
Five Regional Grids Installed Capacity 229 GW

Five Frequencies
5
Transmission Network - Present
 Transmission network
 spread geographically over 3.3million sq km :
The Inter-State and Intra-State level
‘Electrical’  Transmission line : 2,80,571 ckm
Regions (POWERGRID : 1,020,000 ckm)
NORTHE
 765kV : 7910 ckm
RN
REGION
1 NORTH-
EASTER
N
 400kV : 1,20,693 ckm
REGION
EASTER
N
 220kV : 1,42,536 ckm
REGION
WESTE
RNREGI
 HVDC Bipole (±500kV) : 9,432 ckms
ON
 Transformation capacity (MVA/MW)

 HVAC :474,091 MVA
2
SOUTHE
RN (POWERGRID : 170,000MVA, 171 S/s)
REGION
− 765kV : 56,500 MVA

− 400kV : 170,397 MVA
− 220kV : 247,194 MVA
 HVDC : 13,500 MW
Inter-Regional Capacity - Existing
Present IR Capacity – 31,850 MW
NR
6,220 MW NER
14,230 MW
1,260 MW
WR
WR ER
4,390 MW
1,520 MW
3,630 MW
SR
7
Projected Power Scenario
# Considering 9% GDP growth rate
205GW
Present Generation Capacity & Demand - 228 GW & 132 GW
** Source- Planning commission report on IEP

Energy Resource Map
Energy resources (coal, water etc.) unevenly

distributed
Hydro  Coal – In Central India
- Chhattisgarh : 58000 MW
- Orissa : 30000 MW
- Jharkhand : 15000 MW
- Madhya Pradesh:16000 MW
 Hydro – In North Eastern &

Northern Himalayan region
Coal
 Coastal based
- Andhra Pradesh: 24000 MW
- Tamil Nadu : 10000 MW
- Gujarat : 11000 MW
Future Generation Scenario (5-6 Years)
 12th Plan (2012-17) Capacity Addition : 88 GW
• Thermal – 72 GW
• Hydro – 11 GW
• Nuclear – 6 GW
 Renewable Capacity Addition - 12th Plan(2012-17) : 42 GW
• Wind – 30 GW
• Solar – 10 GW
• Small Hydro – 2 GW
Expansion Programme – 12th Plan
 Transmission Line : 1,10,000 ckm

(POWERGRID – 40,000ckm)
 765kV – 27,000 ckm
 400kV – 38,000 ckm
 220kV/132kV – 35,000 ckm
 HVDC – 9,500 ckm
Substations : about 270,000 MVA

(POWERGRID – 100,000 MVA)
Technology being Adopted
 High Voltage line

 EHVAC : 400kV  765kV  1200kV
 HVDC : 500kV  800kV
 Increase the capacity of trans. corridor through HSIL/re-

conductoring with HTLS /Upgradation
 Utilisation of existing transmission lines upto full thermal
capacity – Series capacitors, SVC, FACTS
 Optimization of Tower design – tall tower, multi-ckt. tower
 GIS substation
SLO
1. Study the applications of FACTS Controllers in power flow
2. Sort out the significance of shunt, series compensation and role of
FACTS devices on system control.
3. Analyze the functional operation and to design the controller of GCSC,
TSSC, TCSC and sssc.
4. Discuss the principles, operation and control of UPFC and IPFC.
5. Describe the SSR theory and its mitigation methods using FACTS
controllers.
6. Explain the HVDC concepts, application of HVDC systems in bulk power
transmission.
7. Classify the DC links and describe the operation of various MTDC
systems.
8. Design a component or a product applying all the relevant standards
with realistic constraints
Small PowerWorld Simulator Case
Pie chart and numbers show Closed circuit breaker
real and reactive power flow is shown as red box
Load with
green Bus 2
-20 MW 20 MW
Bus 1
Voltage
4 MVR -4 MVR
arrows 1.00 PU
indicating
204 MW
102 MVR
shown in
1.00 PU
amount 106 MW normalized

of MW 150 MW AGC ON -34 MW -14 MW
0 MVR
“per unit”
flow 116 MVR AVR ON
10 MVR 4 MVR 100 MW
values
34 MW 14 MW
-10 MVR -4 MVR
Bus 3 1.00 PU
Home Area
102 MW
Note real
Used 51 MVR
150 MW AGC ON
and reactive
to control 37 MVR AVR ON
power
output of Direction of arrow on line is used to balance at
generator Indicate direction of real power (MW) flow each bus14
Power Balance Constraints
 Power flow refers to how the power is moving
through the system.
 At all times in the simulation the total power
flowing into any bus MUST be zero!
 This is due to Kirchhoff’s current law. It can not be
repealed or modified!
 Power is lost in the transmission system:
 If losses are small, the sending and receiving end power
may appear the same when shown to two significant
figures.
15
Basic Power Control
 Opening a circuit breaker causes the power
flow to (nearly) instantaneously change.
 Other ways to directly control power flow in an
AC transmission line require either power
electronics, or transformers, or both:
 See “phase shifting transformers” in lecture 10.
 By changing generation (or, in principle, by
changing load) we can indirectly change this
flow.
16
Transmission Line Limits
 Power flow in transmission line is limited by
heating considerations.
 Losses (I2 R) heat up the line, causing it to sag.
 Each line has a limit:
 Simulator does not allow you to continually exceed
this limit.
 Many transmission owners use winter/summer limits.
 Some transmission owners, eg Oncor, are moving to
“dynamic” ratings that consider temperature etc.
17
Overloaded Transmission Line
18
Power Flow in Transmission Line
Fig 1: A Simple two-machine System
 E1 and E2 are the magnitude of the bus voltages,δ the

angle between two and X the line reactance
 The driving voltage drop EL is phasor difference E1-E2
 The line current I = EL/X and lags EL by 900
 The current flow in the line can be controlled by
controlling EL or X or δ
 The rating of series controller would be a fraction of the
rating of the line
 If the angle δ is small, the current flow
largely represents the active power
 Increase or decrease of line
reactance X will greatly affect Fig 2. Phasor diagram
the active power flow
 It is the cost effective means of controlling the power
 The active power at E1 end is P1 = E1E2 sin δ/X
 Reactive power at E1 end is Q1 = E1(E1-E2 cos δ)/X
 The active power at E2 end is P2 = E1E2 sin δ/X
 Reactive power at E1 end is Q1 = E2(E2-E1 cos δ)/X
 Active power flow increases
up to δ = 900 and then falls to 0
 Control is possible well below
δ = 900
 Sufficient margin is required
for transient and dynamic
stability
 Increase or decrease of X will
raise or lower the curves Fig 3. power angle curves for
different X
 Power flow can be controlled by regulating the
magnitude of E1 or E2
 The driving voltage EL doesn’t
vary by much but its phase
angle does
 The change of magnitude
Fig 4. regulating the magnitudes
has much effect on of voltages
the reactive power than
the active power flow
Fig. 5 (a) quadrature (b) with phase angle

 Current and hence power flow can be controlled by
injecting a voltage in series of the line
 By varying the magnitude and phase angle of the injected
voltage, active and reactive power flow can be
controlled.
https://www.menti.com/blz33x5agsud
The voting code 9109 4260
• Why there is a need of interconnection in electrical power systems ?

• What are the problems with interconnected power systems?
• Why there is need of compensation in power systems ?
• What are the conventional methods used for compensation in power systems?
• Explain how power flows & types of powers in ac systems?
• How power flow takes place in parallel electrical systems?
• What are the different methods to control how of power in a parallel path in
electrical power systems?
• What are the factors which limit loading capability?

Lecture 1 Power Flow Control

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EEE 4009-FACTS and HVDC

Prof Jahangir Hossain

• Basic concepts of Power flow

• Factors contribute to Power Flow Control

• Advantages and challenges of Power

• Example of Power Flow Control

October 1991 South

Five Regional Grids Installed Capacity 229 GW

 Transformation capacity (MVA/MW)

− 765kV : 56,500 MVA

Present IR Capacity – 31,850 MW

# Considering 9% GDP growth rate

Present Generation Capacity & Demand - 228 GW & 132 GW

** Source- Planning commission report on IEP

Energy resources (coal, water etc.) unevenly

 Hydro – In North Eastern &

 Renewable Capacity Addition - 12th Plan(2012-17) : 42 GW

 Transmission Line : 1,10,000 ckm

Substations : about 270,000 MVA

 High Voltage line

 HVDC : 500kV  800kV

 Increase the capacity of trans. corridor through HSIL/re-

amount 106 MW normalized

Fig 1: A Simple two-machine System

 E1 and E2 are the magnitude of the bus voltages,δ the

Fig. 5 (a) quadrature (b) with phase angle

• Why there is a need of interconnection in electrical power systems ?

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