Upsc Essay 2023 Model Answers Web

ESSAY
MODEL ANSWERS
MAINS 2023
ESSAY | MODEL ANSWERS | MAINS 2023
Question 1: Thinking is like a game; it does not begin unless there is an opposite
team. (1000-1200 words, 125 marks)
MODEL ANSWER
Introduction
• Try to provide your understanding of the topic either through explaining the quote or an anecdote.
Body
• Briefly elaborate upon the key terms mentioned in the topic.
• Discuss how opposition/challenge acts as a catalyst in initiating the process of thinking.
• Provide suitable examples to substantiate your argument.
• Briefly discuss how opposition is not always a prerequisite for the thinking process.
Conclusion
• Conclude by summarizing your argument regarding the significance of thinking and the role of the
opposition in its inception.
KEY TERMS
• Thinking - Thinking is a cognitive process which involves several mental activities. This is a process
through which an individual analyses the information or events for the purpose of problem-solving,
decision-making, imagining etc. Thinking can take various forms - critical, imaginative, reflective analytical
etc.
• Opposite Team - Here the term has been used metaphorically to signify any challenge in the shape of
opposing thoughts or views which challenge the established understanding or notion.
INTRODUCTION
• The thesis statement means that the process of delving upon begins when one faces challenges in the
shape of opposite thoughts. Which is similar to a game which requires two entities to start. Similar to any
game, which engages the senses and involves challenges to the preparation and methodologies of two
opposing teams, process of thinking begins when an established thought or notion gets opposition.
• One can use any real-life example or anecdote to establish an understanding of the topic. For example -
The debate and discussion of environmental conservation started when Rachel Carson authored the
book ‘The Silent Spring’ which provided a fresh idea of about human interventions and their impact on the
environment.
BODY OF THE ESSAY
• Thinking - A Game
o In crude terms a game is an event where opposite teams compete with each other. The participants
provide a challenge to one another. Similarly, process of thinking gets stimulated or initiated once an
individual or entity faces a challenge in shape of an opposing thought, belief or threat. Here it is
important to understand that the meaning of opposition is not limited to an entity, but it has been
RAU’S IAS STUDY CIRCLE 1

used in a broader sense. It can be an opinion, a physical threat or a sense of introspection also where
an individual tries to analyse his/her actions, behaviour or surroundings.
o So, the first aspect that one must delve into is how/why opposition initiates the thinking. The
following points can be used for the discussion
▪ When an individual or entity faces opposition in the shape of any adversity it triggers the instinct
or desire to find a solution or way out. For example - During the COVID crisis entire scientific
community was challenged and motivated to think and expedite the process of vaccine
development.
▪ Opposition in the shape of adversity can also trigger a thinking process which requires
introspection to analyse the position and change in strategy. For example - India’s strategy
towards China after the 1962 war with China or India’s actions post the Balance of payment crisis
in late 1990’s.
▪ When an entity encounters opposition to an established belief it often creates a state of
cognitive dissonance (i.e. inconsistency between one's actions and beliefs). To alleviate this
discomfort, individuals are compelled to engage in thinking to resolve the conflict. For example -
The crisis faced by Arjuna in Kurukshetra pushed him to think and introspect about his dharma.
▪ Opposition necessitates justification of one’s beliefs and ideals for argumentation. In order to
articulate their positions effectively one requires thinking over their rationale and logic. For
Example - Parliamentary debates and debates in a court of law to establish a standpoint require
deeper insights into the subject matter.
▪ Critics or opposition often motivated to explore for the correct answers to a prevailing
question. One may engage in research, analysis, and inquiry to grasp the nuances of the opposing
perspective, thus fostering a proactive and inquisitive thinking process. For ex- Lacunae of seafloor
spreading hypothesis instigated the scientific community to think and investigate for correct
explanations thus giving birth to the plate tectonic theory.
• Opposition is not always a prerequisite
Thinking does not always require opposition. One can witness the manifestation of this specifically in
creative and imaginative thinking. In the world of art, creative thinking often flourishes without the
immediate need for opposition. Artists, whether painters, sculptors, writers, or musicians, frequently
draw inspiration from their inner thoughts, emotions, and personal experiences. They may engage in a
process of introspection, self-expression, and imagination without actively seeking opposing viewpoints.
Examples like Meghdoot of Kalidas; Geet Govinda of Jaideva, and Paintings like The Starry Night by
Vincent Van Gogh and Monalisa by Leonardo da Vinci are testimony to the fact that thinking does not
necessarily require an opposition.
CONCLUSION
Though not all kind of thinking requires opposition, more often than not it is conflicting and different
perspectives which become a catalyst for the inception of the thinking process. Such stimuli stimulate
individuals to engage in critical thought processes, leading to a more profound understanding of complex
issues and the development of effective strategies to address challenges.

Question 2: Visionary decision-making happens at the intersection of intuition and

logic. (1000-1200 words, 125 marks)
MODEL ANSWER
Introduction
Body
• Discuss how the interplay between logic and intuition gives birth to visionary ideas.
• Briefly discuss how decision-making will lack vision if the process lacks rationality or belief.
Conclusion
• Conclude by summarizing your argument regarding the significance of intuition and logic in visionary
decision-making.
KEY TERMS
• Visionary decision making - Planning or imagination for the future of an individual/ society/country
which reflects elements of wisdom.
• Intuition - Belief or feeling which guides someone, without any substantial reason/explanation behind
such understanding. Here it can relate to the romanticism that inspires people.
• Logic - Reason, Rational etc. Here it can relate it to scientific temperament etc.
INTRODUCTION
• The thesis statement highlights the significance of synthesis between scientific temperament and
romanticism in planning and strategizing the future of an individual/ society/nation.
• One can use real-life examples/ anecdotes to explain the understanding of the topic. For example - One
can see the manifestation of this statement in the visionary decision-making of Mahatma Gandhi. He
had a strong belief in the potential and utility of the Indian masses in freedom struggles. Though he had
experimented with the methodology of satyagraha in South Africa, its application with the Indian masses
was something a shot in the dark. However, his actions turned into visionary ideas because of the
synthesis between his romanticism and rational approach. He strategized his methodologies like taking
a tour of the country, beginning the struggle with Champaran satyagraha etc. This interplay not only
helped him to get grab over the nerve of the Indian masses but also resulted in an unprecedented mass
struggle which ultimately resulted in long-awaited Independence for India.
BODY OF THE ESSAY
Significance of Intuition
• Intuition allows individuals to make intuitive leaps, see patterns that may not be immediately apparent
through logic alone, and envision possibilities beyond existing paradigms. For Example - Romanticism in
Western civilization over a period from the late 18th century to the mid 19th century.

The Paradigm of Logic

• Logic involves structured thinking, analysis, and a systematic approach to problem-solving. Logic helps
individuals break down complex concepts into manageable components, ensuring that ideas are
coherent and grounded in reality.
The Synergy
• The synergy between logic and intuition is where visionary ideas thrive. Logic ensures that ideas are
feasible and logically sound, while intuition infuses them with innovation and inspiration. Visionaries
harness both faculties to challenge the status quo, transcend conventional boundaries, and create
groundbreaking solutions or concepts.
• This interplay enables individuals to envision a future that others may not see, combining the practicality
of logic with the daring creativity of intuition. It results in visionary ideas that have the potential to reshape
industries, drive societal progress, and unlock new frontiers of knowledge and understanding.
The following Examples can be used to substantiate the argument:
• The Success Story of ISRO - This clearly reflects how romanticism instilled inspiration in the scientific
community and required political will in the government. Clubbed with a persistent and evolving scientific
temper ISRO reached to its new heights.
• Institutions like AIIMS and IITs are testimony to the interplay between romanticism and scientific
temper.
• Green Revolution - Where nation’s resolution of achieving food security when met with scientific
innovations.
• Women SHGs - Like SEWA and Kudumbashree, where founders had a belief in their idea, while strategic
methodology resulted in stellar success stories.
• Digitalization of economy - A belief in the potential of the institutions clubbed with the scientific strategy
of JAM Trinity turned into a visionary idea.
Absence of Logic or Intuition
• Rationality allows individuals to weigh pros and cons, consider consequences, and make choices based
on a well-informed understanding of the situation. Without rationality, decisions may become arbitrary,
inconsistent, or misguided, lacking the strategic foundation needed for visionary thinking.
• Belief, on the other hand, fuels passion and conviction in one's vision. It serves as a driving force that
propels individuals to pursue audacious goals and navigate through challenges and uncertainties.
Without belief, decisions can lack the necessary commitment and determination to see visionary ideas
through to fruition, often leading to wavering commitment and premature abandonment of innovative
ventures.
CONCLUSION
Visionary decision-making harmoniously blends intuition and logic. Intuition sparks inspiration, creativity,
and bold visions, pushing individuals beyond the ordinary. Meanwhile, logic offers the necessary structure,
feasibility, and practicality to transform these dreams into concrete achievements. Visionaries understand
the pivotal role played by this interplay, crucial for bringing about transformative outcomes. By embracing
both aspects of thinking, they navigate the complexities of innovation adeptly, cementing their lasting legacy
through visionary ideas and choices.

Question 3: Not all who wander are lost. (1000-1200 words, 125 marks)
MODEL ANSWER
Introduction
Body
• Discuss why not every wandering can be termed as off course / off track
• Briefly discuss why some who wander can be termed as lost.
• Discuss what should be done
Conclusion
• Summarize on a positive note highlighting significance of wandering to achieve what has been aspired.
KEY TERMS
Wandering can be seen as the efforts, exploration or choices one must undertake to come closer to the goal
one has set for him/herself. As far as lost is concerned, we call someone lost when a person leads an aimless
life and is in no way close to the goal that he has set for himself, or a person can be considered lost when
he/she cannot set a goal that is worth pursuing.
INTRODUCTION
Christopher Columbus wandered through the mighty oceans to find a route to India. He could not reach
India, but do we recall him as someone who was lost? The reason why we can’t say he was lost is the fact that
he achieved a purpose. He was on his way to find a route to India and in his journey; he discovered the path
to North America. This was a significant achievement for him and for the Spanish Monarch who sponsored
his
voyage. So, one of the ways to understand voyage (or wandering) is something which helps a person to
achieve the purpose of his/her life and bring satisfaction to himself and to the social group to which he/she
belongs.
BODY OF THE ESSAY
What is wandering?
We all, who are born on this beautiful planet, are in a continuous search for purpose of our life. This purpose
of life is discovered to us in multiple ways. We may find our purpose by exploring whatever life throws at us.
We can relate to the purpose by associating our identity with that. To understand this, we can go through the
following life experience. There was a person by the name of Sanders in USA. At the tender age of 6, his father
passed away and this was the start of long series of struggles that he had to endure for a large part of his
life. He failed in almost all his new endeavours. He was left with nothing, so he tried to sell the franchise of

his restaurant. His recipe was rejected 1009 times before someone took the risk of experimenting. Today,
Sander’s secret recipe is known to the world as Kentucky Fried Chicken or KFC. Today KFC stores are selling
Sander’s recipe in 48 countries and 6000 stores and are considered one of the largest fast-food chains in the
world.
Looking at the journey of Mr. Sanders, we all would agree that he explored all the possibilities that came his
way. He made choices and worked as hard as he could, but things took a very long time to give him to find
his true calling. He wandered, he explored, he tried and over a period, and he conquered. We can say that
Mr. Sanders did wander but he was never lost, and he emerged as a winner.
Wandering can manifest in a different manner as well. You may have everything that you may desire and still
you may not relate to the purpose of life. As mentioned, we can it is association of the identity of an individual
with purpose that he/she wants to put at the top. This can be understood from the life lessons of Gautam
Buddha.
What is not wandering?
From the above discussion, we can understand that wandering is a way to achieve a purpose in life. But we
also need to understand what is not wandering.
There can be the following ways to identify what is not wandering.
• When we are living our life only to maintain our livelihood and that is our purpose only then it is
not wandering. At times we encounter people who do not have any specific desire. They have taken birth,
they live, they marry and reproduce and then they die. The biggest quest for them is to just survive
• When our goal is totally disjointed with the course that we have identified then it is not wandering.
• When the purpose of wandering is to create anarchy and lawlessness in society, then it is not
wandering. Terrorists and mercenaries can be an example of this category of people.
• When the purpose of wandering is to fulfil narrow gains with blatant disregard to social
responsibilities. For example, the Plachimada Coca-Cola Struggle was a series of protests to close the
Coca-Cola factory in the village of Plachimada, Palakkad District, Kerala in the early 2000s. Villagers noted
that soon after the factory opened, their wells started to run dry and the available water turned
contaminated and toxic. Actions of Coca Cola cannot be considered wandering.
How not to be lost?
• Identify one’s nature and choose the right field to express one’s personality in that direction.
• Identify the goals that one wants to pursue. Even if one is not clear about the goal then also one should
follow ethical means to reach ethical goals.
• Keep checking the path that you are undertaking the wandering part and keep your focus on the goal.
• Create a team/group of people who have similar goals and inspire each other to achieve your goals.
• Try to remove insecurities that you have which will help you in achieving your goal.
CONCLUSION
Our beloved former President Dr. APJ Abul Kalam said,” if you want to shine like a sun then first burn like a
sun.” We all want a life which is extraordinary, and this extraordinary life can be achieved when we have
clarity of the purpose/goal that we wish to achieve. We may not have a clear path to reach our goals but this
is what wandering is all about.

Question 4: Inspiration for creativity springs from the effort to look for the magical
in the mundane. (1000-1200 words, 125 marks)
MODEL ANSWER
Introduction
Body
• Discuss how efforts to look for the magical in the mundane inspire creativity inspiration for creativity.
• Briefly discuss what are the other factors which inspire creativity.
Conclusion
• Conclude by summarizing your argument highlighting significance of efforts to look for the magical in the
mundane in inspiring creativity.
KEY TERMS
• Creativity - In crude terms creativity can be defined as the tendency to generate or recognize ideas,
alternatives, or possibilities that may be useful in solving problems, communicating with others, and
entertaining ourselves and others.
• Mundane - In crude terms Mundane means a dull or an ordinary. Something that we become
accustomed to routine and familiarity.
INTRODUCTION
• The statement says that the motivation to bring out something unusual or new comes from the efforts
to find something delightful in things which otherwise seem ordinary.
• One can use anecdotes to bring out the context of the statement. For Ex - Story of Archimedes or Isaac
Newton, they pondered over things which looked ordinary to others. However, it was their effort to find
something out of the ordinary which brought out an altogether new perspective.
BODY OF THE ESSAY
Inspiration for Creativity

The endeavors to unearth delight in the seemingly ordinary is a wellspring of inspiration for creativity. When
we make an effort to look beyond the surface of everyday objects, routines, or experiences, we engage in a
process of heightened perception. This involves not merely seeing but truly observing, not merely hearing
but actively listening, and not merely doing but fully experiencing.

In this process, we often uncover hidden intricacies, subtle beauty, or unexpected patterns that had
previously eluded our attention. These discoveries evoke a sense of wonder and curiosity, igniting the
creative spark within us. The mundane becomes a canvas upon which we can project our imaginative
interpretations, transforming it into something extraordinary.
Moreover, finding delight in the ordinary infuses our lives with a sense of mindfulness and appreciation. This
heightened awareness can lead to a deeper connection with our surroundings and a more profound
understanding of the world. As a result, we become inspired to express our newfound perspectives and
insights through various forms of creative expression, be it art, literature, problem-solving, or innovation. In
essence, the pursuit of delight in the ordinary not only nourishes our souls but also becomes a wellspring of
inspiration for the boundless realm of creativity.
The following examples can be used to substantiate the argument:
• Historical - Philosophy of non-violence in the freedom struggle; Invention of steam engine.
• Social - NGOs like Akshay Patra Foundation (known for its innovative approach to tackling hunger and
promoting education); Sulabh International (Sulabh is renowned for its work in sanitation and hygiene);
Pratham (Their "Read India" campaign, for example, has significantly enhanced literacy levels among
children in several states); Teach for India (This NGO recruits and trains young professionals to work as
full-time teachers in low-income schools across India).
• Geographical - A quest for finding types of vegetation led to the discovery of Koppen’s climatic
classification.
• Political - Evolution and expansion of Article 21 of the Constitution. Evolution of Public Interest Litigation
(PIL).
• Economy - Rise of Amazon, Flipkart, Alibaba or any novel startup.
• Environment - International Solar Alliance, Chipko Movement.
Other inspirations
• It would not be wholesome to say that finding the magical in mundane is the only way to being inspired
for creativity. Sometimes looking deeper into something extraordinary, Uncommon or spiritual can also
act as a catalyst to inspire creativity. Creativity is highly personal, and what inspires one person may not
work for another. Exploring a variety of sources and remaining open to new experiences and perspectives
can enhance one’s creative abilities and help one find inspiration from unexpected places.
The following examples can be used to substantiate the argument
• Scientific discoveries - Theory of relativity of Albert Einstein, Journey of SpaceX.
• Historical - Rise of Bhakitsm, Sufism, Jainism, Buddhism, Vedantic philosophy etc.
CONCLUSION
The exploration of the extraordinary within the ordinary remains an enduring wellspring of creative
inspiration. By altering our perspective, fostering curiosity, and embracing diverse influences, we tap into our
creative reservoirs and infuse enchantment into our creations. This creativity enriches our lives, deepens our
comprehension of the world, and empowers us to envisage and shape a brighter future. Celebrating the
magic within the mundane is a tribute to the limitless source of creativity residing within each of us.

Question 5: Girls are weighed down by restrictions, boys with demands — two
equally harmful disciplines. (1000-1200 words, 125 marks)
MODEL ANSWER
Introduction
Body
• Identify some restrictions placed on the girls.
• Identify how demands weigh down boys.
• Highlight how these practices prove to be harmful.
• Briefly highlight how in contemporary times these practices are gender neutral.
• Provide suitable examples / Data / Reports to substantiate your arguments.
Conclusion
• Conclude by summarizing your argument on a positive note highlighting steps required to break the
shackles of gender stereotypes.
KEY TERMS
• Restriction: Limitation, Curtailment, Constraints etc.

• Demand: Pressure, Dictate, Expectations etc.
Introduction
Society's historical assignment of distinct roles to girls and boys has perpetuated gender inequalities. Girls
often bear restrictions, while boys face demands, both detrimental.
Let us understand with an example of Maya and Raj
Maya and Raj exemplify the impact of these gendered expectations. Maya, confined by traditional roles,
struggles to pursue education and dreams. Raj faces pressure to be the primary earner, stifling his aspirations
for financial stability. This anecdote underscores the urgent need to challenge these norms for an equitable
future.
Restrictions on Girls:
1. Education Limitations: Girls worldwide encounter restricted access to quality education due to
traditional beliefs. In some conservative societies, girls are discouraged or prohibited from schooling
beyond a certain age.
2. Marriage Pressure: Societal pressure often drives early marriages for girls, undermining health, well-
being, and personal growth. Consent and aspirations are often disregarded.
3. Dress Codes and Norms: Societal norms dictate girls' dress and behavior, constraining self-expression.
Overly restrictive dress codes can lead to body shaming and self-esteem issues.
4. Occupational Restrictions: Have limited their career choices and opportunities, contributing to gender
disparities in various fields.

Demands on Boys:
1. Career Expectations: Boys face immense pressure to excel and provide for their families, impacting
their mental health and career choices.
2. Toxic Masculinity: Boys are pressured to conform to norms of "toughness" and "machismo," fostering
aggressive behaviour and harmful stereotypes.
3. Financial Pressure: Boys may feel compelled to take on financial responsibilities at a young age, leading
to stress and insecurity.
Impact on Both Genders:
1. Mental Health Consequences: Restrictions and demands negatively affect mental health. Girls
experience depression and anxiety, while boys grapple with stress and emotional suppression.
2. Reinforcement of Stereotypes: Harmful stereotypes persist, limiting personal growth and promoting
inequality.
3. Reduced Opportunities: Both genders miss opportunities for personal development, education, and
self-expression, hindering their potential and well-being.
4. Impact on Relationships: Gendered expectations can strain relationships, hindering healthy, equal
partnerships.
Blurring lines and gender neutrality
In the 21st century world, it would be very tough to segregate the debate based on gender. Irrespective of
gender, restrictions in choices and burdens of expectations are being faced by both. The entire care economy
is a glaring manifestation of such realities where girls are weighed down by the expectation of domestic
burden where girls shoulder domestic chores and caregiving from a young age, hindering personal
development and education. Similarly, Boys are supposed to maintain emotional restraints where expressing
vulnerability or emotions is discouraged in boys, leading to mental health challenges.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, restrictions on girls and demands on boys stem from gender-based expectations, limiting
personal growth, opportunities, and well-being. Challenging these norms is essential. Encouraging girls'
education and career pursuits and allowing boys to express emotions openly can break stereotypes and
promote gender equality. Recognizing the harm in these gendered expectations can pave the way to a more
equitable future for all.

Question 6: Mathematics is the Music of Reason. (1000-1200 words, 125 marks)
MODEL ANSWER
Introduction
Body
• Discuss how the reason is producing music which is mathematics.
• Briefly discuss the limitation of the reason in producing music.
Conclusion
• Conclude by summarising your argument that music of reason should be your guiding force if you want
to comprehend the world from minute particles to large celestial bodies.
KEY TERMS
Mathematics: Logical arrangement, analysis, critical thinking, problem solving, theorisation, creativity,
application, modelling etc.
Music: synchronous, systematic, rhythmic pattern, pleasurable etc.
Reason/knowledge: rationality, logic, thinking, ideas, sense etc.
INTRODUCTION
• The thesis statement signifies the broader horizons of mathematics which includes pure as well as
applied mathematics. In crude terms mathematics is a science of number, space and quantity which deals
with logical reasoning and quantitative analysis. Whereas, Music is a systematic arrangement of different
components (instruments, notes or lyrics etc), which creates a symphony or a rhythmic pattern which
engages human senses and inspires creativity. The quote explores an intricate relationship between
Reason , Music and Mathematics. Mathematics is a symphony which comes into existence when ideas
and reasons get arranged in a systematic pattern
• One can find manifestation of this qoute in a remarkable finding in science. once upon a time, in the
bustling city of Berlin, Albert Einstein found himself engrossed in a peculiar experiment. No matter how
bright the light shone on the metal, only light above a certain frequency caused electrons to be emitted
from its surface. This phenomenon puzzled Einstein. In a moment of insight, he extended Max Planck's
earlier discovery of quantized energy levels in terms of “Quanta” and proposed a revolutionary theory.
Energy itself was quantized and light was not a continuous wave but consisted of minuscule, discrete
particles that he named "photons." This bold hypothesis marked a turning point in the understanding of
the nature of light and energy. The logical arrangement, critical understanding and application of these
reasons when rhythmically played culminated in a new field of science which encompasses the principles
of apllied mathematics and was aptly named as quantum physics.

BODY OF THE ESSAY
• Mathematics is not just the algebraic sum, calculative function, or a vector moving with direction and
magnitude, it is the life that every being lives everyday. When a cheetah sprints to catch a wildebeest in
serengeti for the reason to feed he uses the music of this reason in calculating its speed, direction,
manoeuvring etc. and the music of these reasons plays out in this complex but coherent way forming
many food webs sustaining the ecological integrity of the whole biome.
• At the end of the Vedic period, reasons for emancipation from the cycle of birth and increased sacrifices
and rituals were sought by many people. Siddhartha, a prince, achieved enlightenment by synthesising
the essence of these reasons through critical thinking and meditation. He then proposed a path known
as 'Madhyam Marga' as a means of liberation.
• The need for establishing a proper drainage system, ensuring uniformity, sanitation, and security, among
other factors, led to town planning in the Indus Valley Civilization. This planning included roads
intersecting at right angles and the use of uniformly sized burnt bricks in a 4:2:1 ratio. When these
elements were combined created a symphony which is still playing and has been preserved since 2500
BC.
• Census exercises conducted for the purpose of policy formulation by the government result in the
collection of various forms of data. When this data is rhythmically organised and processed, it yields
important metrics such as the infant mortality rate, maternal mortality rate, and demographic structure,
among others.
• The pursuit of intergenerational parity, the maintenance of ecosystem integrity, the limitation of
pollution, and the inclusion of all stakeholders in the development process, among other factors, are
essential considerations. When we analyse and systemize these factors, they harmonise to create a
symphony in the form of an Environmental Impact Assessment for the development process,
incorporating concepts such as the carrying capacity of an ecosystem.
• The reason for fairness when quantified in the form of proportional representation, majority vote leading
to government formation, percentage of reservation, majority judgement of the court etc. and systemised
resulted in the ‘idea of democracy’.
• In the Economic Sector of the country, the reason for measurement of the growth, share of
developmental benefits in different sections, inclusive growth, sustainable development result in the
harmony of GDP formulation, Priority sector lending by the bank, Sustainable Development Goals etc.
• The security of a nation is a result of the development of security devices, strategy deployed in the
battlefield and deterrent technology. Additionally, the music associated with this reason also contributes
to the production of security equipment and a variety of missiles. This music plays a role in making a
nation secure.
• During the Covid-19 pandemic, the main demand in India was to trace, track, and treat Covid cases in
order to maintain the health security of the nation and decrease the spread of the virus. These reasons
played out to create a melody because of which scientists at IIT Delhi came up with a mathematical
modelling technique for prediction of the cases.
• From the above discussion in different fields we can see that indeed mathematics is the music of the
reason. But, Sometimes reasons when they have the wrong foundation also create music but it may result
in a noise which does not have rhythm, coherence, beat and can cause destruction rather than pleasure.
For example, reasoning that climate change is a hoax, flat earth society, terrorism, lone wolf attack etc.
which base their theories solely on the foundation of faulty reason.

CONCLUSION
Aristotle famously said that a man by nature is a political animal. For which he gave the reasoning that
mankind always acts in order to obtain what they think good and for achieving great good for all, they form
political communities, named by him ‘polis’. From the above argument given in the essay it can be extended
and humans can be called mathematical animals obeying the law of reasoning. Humans exhibit a significant
existence in the universe by understanding, playing rhythmic music of reason to comprehend, find and
update the gained knowledge of the world from minute particles to large celestial bodies.

Question 7: A society that has more justice is a society that needs less charity.
(1000-1200 words, 125 marks)
MODEL ANSWER
Introduction
Body
• Discuss the interplay between Justice and Charity.
• Briefly discuss why lesser emphasis should be given to charity.
• Discuss what should be done to create an equitable society.
Conclusion
• Conclude by summarising your argument on a positive note and highlighting the importance of justice to
a society.
KEY TERMS
• Justice: It focuses on fairness and equity within a society, often through legal and regulatory systems. It
can be broadly categorised as Economic, Social and Political Justice.
• Charity: It is the act of voluntarily giving help, support, or resources, often in the form of economic aid.
INTRODUCTION
The thesis statement reflects a perspective on social issues and equity. It suggests that in a just and fair
society, there would be fewer individuals or groups in need of charitable assistance because systemic
inequalities and injustices have been addressed.
Alternatively, One can compare and contrast Yemen and Scandinavian Countries. On one hand, Scandinavian
countries provide universal healthcare to all citizens, funded through progressive taxation, offer extensive
paid parental leave, comprehensive social safety nets and labour market policies. Which results in high HDI
rankings and lesser dependence on charity.
On the contrary, Yemen has been facing a protracted civil war, with severe humanitarian consequences.
Yemen heavily relies on international humanitarian aid to meet the basic needs of its population, and access
to justice is limited due to the ongoing conflict.
BODY OF THE ESSAY
Comparison between justice and charity

• Justice is based on the principles of fairness, equity, and impartiality and charity is based on compassion
and generosity.

• Justice seeks to create and maintain a just and fair society over the long term, by addressing systemic
issues and upholding the rule of law, Charity can have immediate positive impacts on individuals in need,
but it may not always address the root causes of social inequalities.
More Justice - less charity
Securing justice in society would ensure the reduction of the risk of individuals or communities falling into
dire circumstances that would necessitate charity.
• Political Justice - Equal participation of all will give equal voice in government and governance. This will
result in policies which would prioritize upon policies which are aimed at greater welfare for a greater
number of people. Further policies would be more proactive in nature designed to prevent or rectify
injustices before they occur. This proactive approach would reduce the likelihood of people falling into
dire circumstances. For ex - In Denmark, political justice is reflected in a comprehensive welfare state.
The government provides universal healthcare, high-quality education, generous unemployment
benefits, and a strong social safety net.
• Social Justice - Equal treatment of all citizens without any social distinction based on caste, colour, race,
religion, or sex would result in empowering individuals and marginalized groups, enabling them to
participate fully in society. When people have agency, they are less reliant on charity for their livelihoods.
For ex. A just society typically establishes robust social safety nets, such as universal healthcare, fair
labor practices, and accessible education.
• Economic Justice - A just society ensures that resources like wealth, education, and opportunities are
distributed fairly among its members. This means that fewer individuals or communities are left
struggling to meet basic needs, thereby diminishing the need for charity to provide immediate relief. For
ex- Universal Basic Income.
The following Examples can be used from the Indian perspective
• Right to education: Article 21A
• Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019
• Labour codes: Code on Wages, 2019; the Industrial Relations Code, 2020; the Occupational Safety, Health
and Working Conditions Code, 2020; and the Code on Social Security, 2020.
• National Education Policy 2020
• Ayushman Bharat
• Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana.
Why lesser emphasis should be given to charity
• Discouraging self-sufficiency and independence: People may become accustomed to receiving
handouts rather than actively seeking ways to improve their circumstances.
• Inequality: It often depends on the generosity of individuals or organizations, which can be inconsistent
and inequitable.
• Volatility: Charitable donations can fluctuate depending on economic conditions, public sentiment, and
individual donor preferences.
• Erosion of social services: An overemphasis on charity can lead to governments and public institutions
reducing their commitments to social services.
More just society
• Education and Skills Development: Access to quality education and skills development opportunities is
crucial for reducing dependency on charity.

• Living Wage Policies: When people earn enough to meet their basic needs, they are less likely to rely on
charitable assistance to make ends meet.
• Social Safety Nets: Robust social safety nets, such as unemployment benefits, food assistance programs,
and healthcare coverage, can provide a safety net for individuals and families during times of need.
• Criminal Justice Reform: Reforming the criminal justice system to focus on rehabilitation rather than
punishment can reduce the cycle of poverty and dependency that often results from incarceration.
• Equal Pay and Gender Equity: Promoting equal pay for equal work and addressing gender inequities in
the workplace can help reduce dependency on charity, especially among women who are
disproportionately affected by poverty.
• Environment justice: To address the disproportionate environmental burdens and harms that often fall
on marginalized and disadvantaged communities.
CONCLUSION
In a society that prioritizes justice, the need for charity diminishes, as justice itself becomes the foundation
upon which the well-being of all its members is built. Let us strive for a world where fairness and equity
prevail, where charity is a gesture of compassion rather than a remedy for systemic injustice.

Question 8: Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has
learned in school. (1000-1200 words, 125 marks)
Introduction:
Body
• ssues with and limitations of institutionalised education at school and colleges
o Does not emphasise on individual capabilities
o Lack of focus on original thinking and creativity
o Broken away from the environment
o Rewards cultural capital and reciprocates existing social inequalities
o Merely instrumental focus on jobs
• What is the real essence of education?
• Persistent and enduring aspects of our education:
1. Lifelong learning
2. Character development
3. Values
4. Foundational learning
Conclusion
• Conclude by summarizing your argument by highlighting what should be the emphasis of the education.
INTRODUCTION
Consider the story of boy who was born in Porbandar. He was timid and not really bright in academics. He
joins a higher education institution in his area but due to the death of his father could not complete his higher
education. This story is of boy named Mahatma Gandhi. This boy was never educated in politics and
humanities but went on to become one of the most original ideas of his times. Mahatma Gandhi gave the
ideals of Sarvodaya, Trusteeship and Swaraj which were based on his on readings and education.
What was that really helped him to develop into the great personality that we know Mahatma Gandhi to be?
It was not formal education at a school or college, but the foundational skills of reading and the strong moral
character that he developed by virtue of teaching of his mother and at school.
BODY OF THE ESSAY
The above quote challenges the conventional notion of education under the formal institutionalised setting
of schools and colleges. Education at schools and colleges has been reduced to rote memorisation and mad
rush for marks. These marks, degrees and laurels are seen as an individual’s worth. Also, the formal education
system tends to impose implicit morals and values which often perpetuate certain behaviours and existing
social behaviours.
The world is continuously evolving with new knowledge getting created to address the new challenges
humanity faces. For example, whole discipline of climate change, information technology and artificial

intelligence has developed in the last 20-30 years. How would the generation before us be able to understand
and engage with these ideas, as they have not been formally taught at their schools or colleges? Even more,
as individuals progress in life, they may pursue careers, interests or hobbies that are different from what
they have learned at school. The jobs that we are currently preparing students for might not be in existence
in future.
The dynamic nature of the demands of future generations, the need of specialisation and our inability to
process and remember everything that is taught to us in our schools and colleges. Since, we barely know in
what careers we will ultimately land up and what interests we should be focused on enduring and
transformative potential of education which remains with us and helps us to navigate and live a fuller life.
What remains with us
These tools taught at schools and colleges are foundational learning that is basics of reading, writing and
mathematics which becomes the basic building block for further learning and development. These
fundamentals persist with us even when we forget specific details. The importance of foundational learning
is increasingly being recognised globally. India’s New Education Policy also emphasises on foundational
learning.
Schools and colleges help build critical thinking and problem-solving skills, aptitude and attitude among
individuals. These cognitive abilities remain valuable and help us navigate new and practical challenges that
life keeps throwing at us and develop creative, effective and informed solutions. Critical thinking skills help
foster creativity and innovation which is a foundation for society's progress.
One enduring facet that remains with us is the love for knowledge and learning. The curiosity and motivation
to engage and master new knowledge and skills is something that lasts with us for all our lives. This ability
helps us keep ourselves updated and relevant and adapt to changing demands.
Also, formal education often demands us to be comfortable with people outside our families and cultural
context. This ability to adapt and negotiate with different cultures and empathy is essential and persists in all
our lives. This is significant, particularly in a globalised world which is ever-changing.
An often not-appreciated part of formal education i.e., character development and moral values that one
learns there. These core values help form the bedrock which informs our decision-making and outlook
towards life all through our lives.
CONCLUSION
Thus, the emphasis on education should emphasise on lifelong learning, critical thinking and problem-
solving, adaptability, personal growth and development, empathy and moral values and engagement with
society. These are skills that are from the enduring and essential aspects of education that go beyond the
specifics facts and information in a formal educational setting.

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ESSAY

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Question 2: Visionary decision-making happens at the intersection of intuition and

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The Paradigm of Logic

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Inspiration for Creativity

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• Restriction: Limitation, Curtailment, Constraints etc.

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Question 6: Mathematics is the Music of Reason. (1000-1200 words, 125 marks)

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(1000-1200 words, 125 marks)

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Comparison between justice and charity

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