Name:

Memoona

I
nst
it
ute:
li
aquatUni
ver
sit
yofmedi
cal
andheal
thsci
ences

Year:
2ndy
earphar
mD

Gmai
l
:kkmemona@gmai
l
.com

Topi
c:Emul
sion

Emul
sionMi
croEmul
si
onandNanoEmul
sion:
ARev
iew

I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Emul
sionsar
edi
sper
sionsmadeupoft
woi
mmi
sci
blel
i
qui
dphases

whi
char
emi
xedusi
ngmechani
cal
shearandsur
fact
ant
.

Ty
pes3

Fol
l
owi
ngar
edi
ff
erentt
ypesofemul
sions

Wat
er-
in-
oil
(w/
o)

Oi
l
-i
n-wat
er(
o/w)

Wat
er-
in-
oil
-i
n-wat
er(
w/o/
w)

Oi
l
-i
n-wat
er-
in-
oil
(o/
w/o)

Met
hodsofpr
epar
ati
ons4
•Dr
yGum Met
hod:
Tri
tur
atemi
xtur
eofemul
sif
ierandoi
lwi
thaddi
-

t
ionofwat
erwhi
chwi
l
lfor
m pr
imar
yemul
sion.Fur
theraddwat
ert
o

di
l
uteandmi
xcont
inuousl
ytof
orm emul
sion.

•WetGum Met
hod:
Ini
ti
all
ytr
it
urat
eoi
lwi
thwat
erandt
henwi
th

emul
sif
iert
ofor
m pr
imar
yemul
sion.Fur
theraddwat
er,
dil
uteand

mi
xtof
orm emul
sion.

•I
nSi
tuSoapMet
hod:
Takeoi
landl
i
mewat
er(
cal
cium hy
droxi
deso-

l
uti
on)
.Mi
xwi
thst
ir
ri
ngt
ofor
m emul
sion.

•Mechani
cal
Met
hod:
Takeoi
l
,wat
erandemul
sif
iert
oget
her
,mi
xwel
l

andst
irbymachi
net
ofor
m emul
sion

Mi
cro-
emul
sion

I
UPACdef
inesmi
cro-
emul
sionasdi
sper
sionmadeofwat
er,
oil
,and
sur
fact
ant
(s)t
hati
sani
sot
ropi
candt
her
mody
nami
cal
l
yst
abl
esy
stem

wi
thdi
sper
seddomai
ndi
amet
erv
ary
ingappr
oxi
mat
elyf
rom 1t
o100

•Emul
si
ons(
macr
oemul
sion)ar
edi
sper
sionsmadeupoft
woi
mmi
sci
ble

l
i
qui
dphaseswhi
char
emi
xedusi
ngmechani
cal
shearandsur
fact
ant
.

•Mi
cro-
emul
sioni
sdef
inedasdi
sper
sionmadeofwat
er,
oil
,and

sur
fact
ant
(s)t
hati
sani
sot
ropi
candt
her
mody
nami
cal
l
yst
abl
esy
stem

wi
thdi
sper
seddomai
ndi
amet
erv
ary
ingappr
oxi
mat
elyf
rom 1t
o100nm,

usual
l
y10t
o50nm.

•Nano-
emul
si
onsar
ever
ysi
mil
art
omi
cro-
emul
sionst
hatar
edi
sper
¬si
ons

ofnanoscal
epar
ti
cl
esbutobt
ainedbymechani
cal
for
ceunl
i
ket
omi
cro-

emul
sionswhi
chf
ormsspont
aneousl
y.

•Mi
croemul
sionsandnanoemul
sionsar
epr
omi
singdel
i
ver
yforpoor
lywa-
t
ersol
ubl
edr
ugs.

•Mi
croemul
sionornanoemul
sionmedi
atedt
opi
cal
,tr
ansder
mal
,muco-

adhesi
veandor
aldel
i
ver
yofdr
ugsi
smor
epr
omi
singwi
thbenef
it

Secondt
opi
c:

Adv
ant
agesofTi
O2/
car
bonnanot
ubemodi
fi
ed

phot
ocat
aly
ticmembr
anesi
nthepur
if
icat
ion

ofoi
l
-in-
wat
eremul
si
ons

Accor
dingt
othel
i
ter
atur
e,f
rom t
hepoi
ntoft
hephot
ocat
a-

l
yti
cef
fi
ciency
,theopt
imal
CNTcont
entofTi
O2/
CNT

composi
tesi
sdet
ermi
nedmost
lyas1–20wt
%(Wangetal
.

;
Yuetal
. ;
Yenetal
. ;
Gaoetal
. ;

Woanetal
. ;
Vaj
daetal
. ;
Rét
ietal
. , )
,

andi
sst
rongl
ydependentont
hecont
ami
nant
sandsev
eral

sur
faceandst
ruct
ural
proper
ti
esoft
hecomposi
tecom-
ponent
s.Basedont
heobser
vedsi
gni
fi
cantbenef
ici
alef
fect

of1wt
%CNTcont
entonmembr
anef
il
tr
ati
onandt
he

wi
del
i
ter
atur
eofTi
O2/
CNTcomposi
tephot
ocat
aly
sts,

di
ff
erentCNTcont
ent
s,sur
facemodi
fi
cat
ionoft
heCNTs,

orhy
drot
her
mal
l
ysy
nthesi
zedcomposi
tesmayl
eadt
o

mor
eef
fect
iveo/
wemul
sionsepar
ati
onand/
oradv
anced

sel
f-
cleani
ngphot
ocat
aly
ticmembr
anes.Det
ail
edi
nvest
i-

gat
ionsoft
heopt
imi
sat
ionofTi
O2/
CNTr
ati
o,t
he

ut
il
izat
ionofmodi
fi
ed/
funct
ional
i
zedCNT,
andt
hei
ncor
-

por
ati
onoft
hecomposi
tesi
ntomembr
anemat
eri
alsar
e

al
sohi
ghl
ypr
omi
si
ngi
nthef
iel
dofo/
wemul
sionsepar
-

at
ion,
assi
mil
ari
nvest
igat
ionsal
readyr
esul
tedi
mpr
oved
pr
oper
ti
esi
ncaseofot
herki
ndofwat
ercont
ami
nant
s

(
Bai
etal
. ;
Esf
ahani
etal
. ;
Irf
anetal
. )
.

Addi
ti
onal
l
y,i
tmustbenot
edt
hat
,inl
ong-
ter
m ut
il
izat
ion,

CONCLUSI
ONS

Bot
hTi
O2andCNTcoat
ingsr
esul
tedi
nsi
gni
fi
cant

r
educt
ionoft
otal
resi
stancesdur
ingt
heul
tr
afi
l
trat
ionof

oi
l
-in-
wat
eremul
si
ons.Sur
pri
singl
y,t
heTi
O2/
CNTcompo-

si
temodi
fi
edmembr
aner
esul
tedi
nbyf
art
hehi
ghestf
lux

andt
her
efor
ethel
owestt
otal
resi
stance;
mor
eov
er,
the

r
ati
oofr
ever
sibl
eandi
rr
ever
sibl
eresi
stanceswasal
so

t
hemostbenef
ici
ali
nthecaseoft
hecomposi
tecov
ered

membr
ane.I
naddi
ti
on,
thecomposi
tehadi
ncr
eased
phot
ocat
aly
ticact
ivi
ty(
bot
hforoi
l
yandwat
er-
sol
ubl
e

cont
ami
nant
s),
whi
chi
sbenef
ici
alf
rom t
hepoi
ntofr
egener
-

at
ionpr
oper
ti
esoft
hecont
ami
nat
edmembr
anes.Basedon

t
hepr
esent
edr
esul
ts,
det
ail
edi
nvest
igat
ionsaboutt
heut
il
iz-

at
ionofTi
O2/
CNTmodi
fi
edmembr
anesi
no/
wemul
sio

Thi
rdt
opi
c:

Exper
iment
alst
udyonaf
ineemul
sionf
loodi
ngsy
stem t
oenhanceoi
l

r
ecov
eryf
orl
owper
meabi
l
ityr
eser
voi
rs

Numer
ousstudi
esandfi
eldappl
i
cat
iont
est
shav
eshownt
hatemul
sif
icat
ioni
san
i
mport
antmechani
sm t
o

i
mproveoi
lrecover
y.Fi
neemul
sion(
FE)wi
thsmal
ldr
opl
etscani
mpr
oveoi
lrecov
eryby
di
spl
aci
ngresidual
oil

aft
erwaterfl
oodi
ngatalowcost
.Int
hiswor
k,aser
iesofcor
edi
spl
acement
exper
imentswereconduct
edt
o

comparetheeff
ectivenessofdi
ff
erentchemi
cal
floodi
ngf
orcr
udeoi
l
.Then,
theoi
l
-
wateri
nter
faci
altension

(
IFT)
,vi
scosi
tyandr
heol
ogi
cal
proper
ti
eswer
est
udi
edt
hor
oughl
ytounder
standt
he
di
spl
acementmechani
sm

byusi
nganinter
faci
alt
ensi
omet
er,
avi
scomet
erorar
heomet
er.Fi
nal
l
y,mi
cromodel
fl
oodi
ngtest
swer eper
-

f
ormedtodemonstr
atet
hesui
tabi
l
ityandef
fect
ivenessofFEf
loodi
ngf
oroi
lrecov
ery
f
orlowper
meabil
i
ty

reser
voi
rs.Thedi
splacementr
esul
tsshowt
hatt
heoi
lrecov
eryef
fi
ciencycanr
each
16.8%aft
erwaterf
looding

bytheopt
imum FEfl
oodi
ngsy
stem.TheFEf
loodi
ngsy
stem hasv
iscoel
ast
icpr
oper
ti
es,
st
rongemulsi
fyi
ng

perf
ormanceandstabil
i
ty.Suchbehav
iorcanr
educet
heI
FTv
aluet
othemagni
tudeof
10−1mN/ m andi
mpr ove

t
hemobil
i
tyrati
o.Thedispl
acementmechani
sm ofFEenhancedoi
lrecov
ery(
EOR)i
s
t
hatemul
sif
icat
ioncan

i
mprovet
hedisplacementef
fi
ciencyandi
ncr
easet
hesweptef
fi
ciency
.Themi
cromodel
t
est
sindi
cat
et hatthe

emulsi
fi
cat
ionmechani
smsi
ncl
udeemul
sif
icat
ioncar
ryi
ng-
onandt
heper
for
mance
cont
roloft
heO/W emul-

si
on.TheFEf
loodi
ngsy
stem haspower
ful
EORpot
ent
ial
forl
owper
meabi
l
ityr
eser
voi
rs.
Concl
usi
ons

FEdi
spl
acementr
esul
tsshowt
hatchemi
cal
oil
recov
erycanr
each

10.
5%–16.
9%af
terwat
erf
loodi
ng.Theoi
lrecov
eryf
act
oroft
he1%

OP-
10+0.
25%AP-
P4sy
stem r
eached16.
2%.Thev
iscoel
ast
icFE

f
loodi
ngsy
stem exhi
bit
sast
rongemul
sif
yingper
for
manceandemul
-

si
onst
abi
l
ity
.Itr
educest
heI
FTv
aluet
otheor
derof10−1mN/
m and

t
hegoodemul
si
fi
cat
ioni
mpr
ovest
hemobi
l
ityr
ati
o.Thedi
spl
acement

mechani
sm oft
heFEf
loodi
ngsy
stem suggest
sthatemul
sif
icat
ioncan

i
mpr
ovet
hedi
spl
acementef
fi
ciencyandt
hesweepef
fi
ciency
.TheEOR

mechani
smsi
npor
ousmedi
um ar
etheemul
sif
icat
ioncar
ryi
ngpr
oper
ty

andt
hepr
ofi
l
econt
rol
per
for
manceoft
heO/
W emul
sion.TheFE

met
hodhasapr
omi
si
ngEORpot
ent
ial
forl
owper
meabi
l
ityr
eser
voi
rs.
Acknowl
edgment
s

Thi
swor
kisf
inanci
all
ysuppor
tedbyNat
ional
Sci
enceand

Technol
ogyMaj
orPr
oject(
2017ZX05009-
004)
,theSci
enceFoundat
ion

ofChi
naUni
ver
sit
yofPet
rol
eum,
Bei
j
ing(
No.2462015YJRC033)
,and

t
heNat
ional
Nat
ural
Sci
enceFoundat
ionofChi
na(
No.51774309)
.

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yan,
J.,
Kant
zas,
A.,
2007.Enhancedheav
y-oi
lrecov
erybyal
kal
i
-sur
fact
antf
loodi
ng.

I
n:SPEAnnual
Techni
cal
Conf
erenceandExhi
bit
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Anahei
m,Cal
i
fomi
a,USA,
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110738.

Br
yan,
J.,
Kant
zas,
A.,
2009.Pot
ent
ial
foral
kal
i
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fact
antf
loodi
ngi
nheav
yoi
lreser
voi
rs

t
hroughoi
l
-in-
wat
eremul
sif
icat
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Br
yan,
J.,
Mai
,A.
,Kant
zas,
A.,
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nvest
igat
ioni
ntot
hepr
ocessesr
esponsi
blef
or
heav
yoi
lrecov
erybyal
kal
i
-sur
fact
antf
loodi
ng.I
n:SPE/
DOEI
mpr
ovedOi
lRecov
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Sy
mposi
um,
Tul
sa,
Okl
ahoma,
USA,
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Chen,
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Zhao,
X.,
2015.Enhanci
ngheav
y-oi
lrecov
erybyusi
ngmi
ddl
ecar
bonal
cohol
-

enhancedwat
erf
loodi
ng,
sur
fact
antf
loodi
ng,
andf
oam f
loodi
ng.Ener
gyFuel
s29,

2153–2161.

Chen,
L.,
Zhang,
G.,
Ge,
J.,
Jiang,
P.,
Tang,
J.,
Liu,
Y.,
2013.Resear
choft
heheav
yoi
l

di
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acementmechani
sm byusi
ngal
kal
i
ne/
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fact
antf
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ngsy
stem.Col
l
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Sur
face.Phy
sicochem.Eng.Aspect
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Di
ng,
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Zhang,
G.,
Ge,
J.,
Liu,
X.,
2010.Resear
chonmechani
smsofal
kal
i
nef
loodi
ngf
or

heav
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gyFuel
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Dong,
M.,
Ma,
S.,
Liu,
Q.,
2009.Enhancedheav
yoi
lrecov
eryt
hroughi
nter
faci
ali
n-

st
abi
l
ity
:ast
udyofchemi
cal
floodi
ngf
orBr
int
nel
lheav
yoi
l
.Fuel
88,
1049–1056.
Dou,
H.,
Yang,
Y.,
2012.Fur
therunder
standi
ngonf
lui
dfl
owt
hroughmul
ti
-por
ousmedi
a

i
nlow-
per
meabi
l
ityr
eser
voi
rs.Pet
rol
.Expl
or.Dev
.39,
674–682.

Feng,
H.,
Kang,
W.,
Wu,
H.,
Li,
Z.,
Chen,
J.,
Zhou,
Q.,
2017.St
udyont
her
elat
ionshi
p

bet
weenemul
si
onst
abi
l
ityanddr
opl
etdy
nami
csofaspont
aneousemul
sionf
or

chemi
cal
enhancedoi
lrecov
ery
.J.Di
sper
sionSci
.Technol
.

Four
tht
opi
c:Techni
quesandmet
hodst
ost
udyf
unct
ional

char
act
eri
sti
csofemul
si
onsy
stems

Wi
tht
hegr
owi
ngpopul
ari
tyoft
hef
unct
ional
foodmar
ket
,bi
oact
ivei
ngr
edi
ent
sfr
om

natur
alsour
cesar
edi
scov
eredoneaf
teranot
herf
ort
hei
rabi
l
ityt
opr
omot
ebet
ter
healt
h

andpr
eventchr
oni
cdi
seases.Emul
sion,
widel
yoccur
ri
ngi
nmanyf
oodsy
stems,
has

becomeapopul
arv
ehi
clet
ofaci
l
itat
ethei
ncor
por
ati
onofbi
oact
ivecomponent
sint
o
the

f
oodsy
stem.Dependi
ngont
hedesi
gnat
edf
unct
ional
i
ty,
anemul
sioncanbedev
eloped

wi
thv
ari
ousphy
sical
andchemi
cal
proper
ti
es.Toensur
ethesuccessf
uldev
elopment
ofa

hi
gh-
qual
i
tyemul
si
on-
basedsy
stem t
oser
vet
hei
rpur
posei
nfood,
knowl
edgeoft
he

anal
yti
cal
met
hodst
hatcoul
def
fi
cient
lyev
aluat
ethei
rqual
i
typar
amet
ersi
simpor
tant
for

i
nvest
igat
orswhowor
kint
hisf
iel
d.I
nthi
swor
k,i
mpor
tantemul
sionpr
oper
ti
esar
e

ov
erv
iewed,
andt
echni
quest
hatar
ecommonl
yusedt
oassesst
hem ar
epr
ovi
ded.Di
s-

cussi
onsandr
ecommendat
ionsar
eal
soi
ncl
udedt
omakesuggest
ionsonadv
ant
ages
and

di
sadv
ant
ageswhensel
ect
ingsui
tabl
etechni
quesandmet
hodst
ochar
act
eri
zet
hese

qual
i
typar
amet
ersofemul
sionsy
stems.

Wi
tht
hegr
owi
ngpopul
ari
tyoft
hef
unct
ional
foodmar
ket
,bi
oact
ivei
ngr
edi
ent
sfr
om

natur
alsour
cesar
edi
scov
eredoneaf
teranot
herf
ort
hei
rabi
l
ityt
opr
omot
ebet
ter
healt
h

andpr
eventchr
oni
cdi
seases.Emul
sion,
widel
yoccur
ri
ngi
nmanyf
oodsy
stems,
has
becomeapopul
arv
ehi
clet
ofaci
l
itat
ethei
ncor
por
ati
onofbi
oact
ivecomponent
sint
o
the

f
oodsy
stem.Dependi
ngont
hedesi
gnat
edf
unct
ional
i
ty,
anemul
sioncanbedev
eloped

wit
hvar
iousphy
sical
andchemi
cal
proper
ti
es.Toensur
ethesuccessf
uldev
elopment
ofa

hi
gh-
qual
i
tyemul
si
on-
basedsy
stem t
oser
vet
hei
rpur
posei
nfood,
knowl
edgeoft
he

anal
yti
cal
met
hodst
hatcoul
def
fi
cient
lyev
aluat
ethei
rqual
i
typar
amet
ersi
simpor
tant
for

i
nvest
igat
orswhowor
kint
hisf
iel
d.I
nthi
swor
k,i
mpor
tantemul
sionpr
oper
ti
esar
e

ov
erv
iewed,
andt
echni
quest
hatar
ecommonl
yusedt
oassesst
hem ar
epr
ovi
ded.Di
s-

cussi
onsandr
ecommendat
ionsar
eal
soi
ncl
udedt
omakesuggest
ionsonadv
ant
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