Contents

Introduction: The Universality of Affect-

and a Review of Symbols 1

PART I. VARIATION

2. Age and Sex 9

Age, 11. Sex, 21.

2. Dialect and Language 26

British and American English, 28. Scottish English, 32. Anglo-Irish
English, 34· Southern U.S. English, 37· Russian, 41. German,
42. Dutch, 43· Sardinian, 44· Italian, 46. Romanian, 47·
Spanish, 48. Chinese, 49· Japanese, 50. Polish, 50. Syrian
Arabic, 51. Hungarian, 55· Toba Batak, 6o. Impressions and
Misimpressions, 61.

PART II. INTONATION AND GRAMMAR:

CLAUSES AND ABOVE

3· Crosscurrents
Oues from Reading, 68. Word Meanings Affected, 70. Pragmatic
vs. "Literal" Meaning, 74· Perseveration, 76. Mismatches and
Adjustments, 77· Attempts at Grammatical Explanation, 79·

4· Demarcation
Coordinate vs. Hierarchic Modifiers, 84. Other Phrasal Divisions,
86. Numerical Sequences, 87. Discontinuous Constituents, 89.
Ellipsis, 92.
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5· Questions
Yes-No Questions, 99· Wh Questions, 106. Complementary
Questions, 112. Alternative Questions, 113. Tag Questions, 115.
Reprise Questions, 133.

6. Nonquestions 144
Declaratives, 144. Imperatives, 150.

7· Dependent Clauses and Other Dependencies 171

Conditional Clauses, 172. Other Adverbial Clauses, 182. Parenthesis
and Restriction, 185. Cleft Sentences, 203. Series, 205.

PART III. INTONATION AND GRAMMAR:

BELOW THE CLAUSE

8. Accent and Morphology 213

Compounding, 215. Accent in Compounds and Phrases, 220.

9· Accent in Higher Units 224

Compounds and Phrases Again, 225. Single Domains (Just One
Accent), 228. Multiple Domains (More Than One Accent), 238. Other
"Domains," 244.

1.0. Exclamations and Interjections

Identification of Types, 249· Intonation of Types, 255. Exclamatory
Idioms in Detail, 263.

1.1.. 'Well' 300

PART IV. INTONATION AND LOGIC

1.2. Is There an Intonation of "Contrast"? 341

Profile A and the Depth of Fall, 342. Other Shapes Than Profile A,
344· Alleged Metaphors and Alleged Mistakes, 347·

1.3. Accent and Entailment 350

Ordered Entailments, 350. One Accent per Phrase?, 353· Extra
Accents and "Relevance," 357· The Psychological Reality of Left-to-
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Right Processing, 359· The Importance of Words, 361. What Segment
Owns the Focal Accent?, 362.

14· Accent and Denial

Direct and Indirect Denial, 366. Relevance of Direct and Indirect to
Accent, 367. Validity of the Distinction, 371. Direct and Indirect
Affirmation, 374· The Power Function, 375· Accents on "Unimportant"
Words, 375·

1-5. An Intonation of Factuality? 380

Factuality and Counterfactuality, 380. Conformatory and Confirmatory,
383. A Congeries of Cues, 387. Theme and Rheme, 389.

16. A Practical Case: Broadcast Prosody 392

Appendixes
A. Accent in Answers to Questions, 401. B. Tagged Imperatives, 408.

Reference Matter
Notes, 421. References Cited, 442. Index of Profiles and Contours,
455· General Index, 457·
Intonation and Its Uses