Example: Consider a table with student information:

StudentID Courses
1 Math, Physics, Chem
2 English, History

This table is not in 1NF because the "Courses" column contains a list of values.

To convert it to 1NF:

StudentID Course
1 Math
1 Physics
1 Chem
2 English
2 History

2. Second Normal Form (2NF):

Definition:

 A table is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and all non-key attributes are fully functionally
dependent on the primary key.

Requirements:

 It must be in 1NF.
 All non-key attributes must be fully functionally dependent on the primary key.

Example: Consider a table with information about courses and instructors:

CourseID Instructor InstructorEmail

1 Dr. Smith smith@email.com
2 Dr. Brown brown@email.com
3 Dr. Smith smith@email.com

This table is not in 2NF because the "InstructorEmail" attribute is dependent on the
instructor, which is part of the composite primary key.

To convert it to 2NF:

CourseID Instructor
1 Dr. Smith
2 Dr. Brown
3 Dr. Smith
 Instructor InstructorEmail
Dr. Smith smith@email.com
Dr. Brown brown@email.com

3. Third Normal Form (3NF):

Definition:

 A table is in 3NF if it is in 2NF, and there are no transitive dependencies: no non-

prime attribute is transitively dependent on any super key.

Requirements:

 It must be in 2NF.
 Eliminate transitive dependencies.

Example: Consider a table with information about students, courses, and instructors:

StudentID StudentName Instructor InstructorEmail

1 Alice Dr. Smith smith@email.com
2 Bob Dr. Brown brown@email.com

This table is not in 3NF because "InstructorEmail" is transitively dependent on the primary
key (StudentID).

To convert it to 3NF:

InstructorID
StudentID Instructor
StudentName InstructorEmail
InstructorID
11 Dr. Smith
Alice smith@email.com
1
22 Dr. Brown
Bob brown@email.com
2

In this transformed structure, "InstructorEmail" is no longer transitively dependent on the

primary key, and the table is in 3NF.