Advance Structure Unit 2 - The Fuction of Simple Past - Perfect - Pert 3

Advanced Structure English Education Study Program
CHAPTER 2
THE FUNCTIONS OF THE PAST TENSE
& THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
PRE-TEST
Direction: These questions are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see
five words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C), (D), and (E). Choose the one word or phrase
that the best complete the sentence.
1. Where …… you yesterday morning?

A. are 6. X: Sir. Luhut Binsar Panjaitan lived in
B. were Pekan Baru when he was younger.
C. was Y: Really? How long …… there?
D. be A. did he live
E. did B. had he lived
C. would he live
2. Mam Martha …… for PT. Toba Pulp D. has he lived
Lestari before she came to work for us. E. will he live
A. worked
B. has worked 7. The tourists have stayed at Danau Toba
C. will worked International Hotel Parapat …… a
D. is working week.
E. will work A. since
B. for
3. Waitress: Excuse me, sir. Would you C. at
like to drink a glass of milk? D. on
Mr. Blue: No thanks …… one. E. above
A. I just had
B. I was just having 8. X: At 9.30 a.m. …… Clara this
C. I will have morning?
D. I would have had Y: Of course
E. I've just had A. did you see
B. have you seen
4. Foreigner: How long have you …… C. had you seen
here sir? D. will you see
Jack: a week E. could you see
A. be
B. being 9. Mr. Harmoko …… the Minister 5 times
C. to be during the Orde Baru era of government
D. been
A. is
E. are
B. was
5. X: Where …… that blue shoes? C. has been
Y: In that new shoe shop in Piazza D. would be
Sijantung. E. was going to be
A. have you bought
B. would have you bought
C. did you buy
10. Charles’ uncle, who died two years ago,
D. are you buying …… abroad.
E. will you buy A. never goes
41 FBS - UNINDRA PGRI Jakarta By Selamat H. Napitupulu

B. never been A. have studied for
C. never went B. studied since
D. has never been C. will study while
E. did not ever D. are studying at
E. were studying in
11. Could you give me some advice? I ……
this sweater at Macy's two months ago. 16. The tall slim girl proclaimed herself as
Do you think I should take it back? the leader of party ……
A. buy A. today
B. bought B. tomorrow
C. will buy C. last week
D. was buying D. by the end of this month
E. have bought E. right now
12. They have carried on the discussions 17. Peter …… Tennis for five years when
…… an hour ago. he ………. at school.
A. since A. played - was
B. for B. has played - has been
C. while C. will play - will be
D. from D. is - is
E. about E. was going to be – had been
13. J.K. Rowling's "Harry Potter" books 18. When Daniel Napitupulu was at school,
…… in many countries. he …… the piano. He …… it ever
A. published since.
A. Learned - played
B. were published
B. will learn - could play
C. have been published
C. has learned - has played
D. will be published D. learned - has played
E. are going to published E. learned - played
14. Many of Dickens's novels …… in 19. Sir Napit …… an English lecturer at
monthly magazines. UNINDRA Jakarta …… 2014. They
A. published will have complete their studies at the
B. first published end of this year.
C. were first published A. has been - since
D. have been first published B. is - for
E. had been first published C. will be - at
D. is going to be - on
15. The students …… 4 years at UNINDRA E. was - while
Jakarta. They will have complete their
studies at the end of this year.
20. Sir Bloner Sinurat, the lecturer of FKIP B. writes - graduates - is published
UHN Pematangsiantar …… many C. wrote - graduated - published
linguistic books since he …… from D. had written - had graduated - had
North Sumatra University. His first published
book …… in 1990. E. would have written - has graduated
A. has written – graduated – was - has published
published

THE PAST TENSE
A. The Verb Form

The verb form that used in present perfect simple tense is past participle.
The Verbs Form

To Infinitive/ Infinitive Present Past Past
Infinitive Bare / Bare Participle Participle
Infinitive Infinitive ( V + ing)
( s/es/ies)
1 2 3 4 5 6
to present present presents presenting presented presented
to speak speak speaks speaking spoke spoken
to listen listen listens listening listened listened
to operate operate operates operating operated operated
to report report reports reporting reported reported
to explain explain explains explaining explained explained
to say say says saying said said
to tell tell tells telling told told
to run run runs running ran run
to think think thinks thinking thought thought
to study study studies studying studied studied
to carry carry carries carrying carried carried
to fix fix fixes fixing fixed fixed
to discuss discuss discusses discussing discussed discussed
to go go goes going went gone
to fly fly flies flying flied flied
B. The Positive and Negative Sentences

In positive sentence uses verb past form which functioned as predicate and
negative sentence uses ‘ did not ‘ followed with infinitive/ bare-infinitive. For all the
subjects use ‘ did ‘as a helping verb. When did not plus infinitive/ bare-infinitive
functioned as predicate and negative sentence uses ‘ did not ‘ followed with infinitive/
bare-infinitive becomes a verb phrase. Look at and study the positive and negative
sentence below:
Positive Sentences Negative Sentences
S + Verb Past Form + Obj + Adv! S + did not + Bare Infinitive + Obj + Adv!
Predicate Predicate
1 I studied English last week. I did not study English last week.
2 You visited Laura last month. You did not visit Laura last month.
3 We told an English story yesterday. We did not tell an English story yesterday.
4 They explained the cases well just now. They did not explain the cases well just now.
5 She taught structure-3 a week ago. She did not teach structure-3 a week ago.
6 He went to Medan last night. He did not go to Medan last night.
7 You and I finished the projects last year. You and I did not finish the projects last year.

8 Jack did his homework last night. Jack did not do his homework last night.
9 Martha reported the news on Metro TV a few Martha did not report the news on Metro TV a
minutes ago. few minutes ago.
10 The dog barked the people yesterday. The dog did not bark the people yesterday.
Note: The underlined verbs above are ‘ past tense Note: The underlined words in each sentence
form ‘ which functioned as predicates. above are ‘ verb phrase ‘ namely: did not +
bare infinitive, which functioned as
predicates.
C. The Interrogative Sentences: Yes or No Questions!

In forming ‘ yes or no question ‘, we move the helping verb of ‘ did ‘ in front of
the subject. Look at and study ‘ yes or no question ‘below:
Positive Sentences Interrogative Sentences
S + Verb Past Tense + Obj + Adv! Did + S + Bare Infinitive + Obj + Adv ?
Predicate Predicate
1 I studied English last week. X: Did you study English last week?
Y: No, I didn’t.
Yes, I did.
2 You visited Laura last month. X: Did you visit Laura last month?
Y: No, I didn’t.
Yes, I did.
3 We told an English story yesterday. X: Did we (you) tell an English story
yesterday?
Y: No, we didn’t.
Yes, we did.
4 They explained the cases well just now. X: Did they explain the cases well just
now?
Y: No, they didn’t
Yes, they did
5 She taught advanced structure a week ago. X: Did she teach advanced structure a week
ago?
Y: No, she didn’t
Yes, she did
6 He went to Medan last night. X: Did he go to Medan last night?
Y: No, he didn’t
Yes, he did
7 You and I finished the projects last year. X: Did you ( you and I) finish the projects
last year?
Y: No, we didn’t
Yes, we did
8 Jack did his homework last night. X: Did he (Jack ) do his homework last
night?
Y: No, he didn’t
Yes, he did
9 Martha reported the news on Metro TV a few X: Did (she) Martha report the news on
minutes ago. Metro TV a few minutes ago?
Y: No, she didn’t
Yes, she did
10 The dog barked the people yesterday. X: Did it ( the dog) bark the people
yesterday?
Y: No, it didn’t
Yes, it did
D. The Interrogative Sentences by Using Wh-Questions

Wh - Questions: what, when, where, what time, how, whom, which, who. In
interrogative sentences using wh-question, we place wh-question in front of the
subject then helping verb ‘ did ‘ put after the subject.
Wh - Questions + did + S + Bare-Infinitive + Object + Adv ?

Predicate
What I
Where You
When We
Why did They
Which Toni and
Whom Tiny Bare ( Object) Adverb?
What time She Infinitive
How long He
How many times It
Jack
did
Julia
Who Verb Past Form ( Object) Adverb?
Examples:
1. The manager conducted the meeting yesterday morning. ( object/what)
A: What did he conduct yesterday morning?
B: The meeting.
2. The seminar ran well yesterday. (adverb of manner/how)
A: How did the seminar run?
B: Well.
3. All the speakers presented their papers clearly in the seminar. (adverb of place
/where)
A: Where did they present their papers clearly?
B: In the seminar.
4. The secretary sent the order letters two weeks ago. (subject/who)
A: Who sent the order letters two week ago?
B: The secretary.
5. Sir. Selamat taught the English students, class XO advanced structure last week.
(object person/whom)
A: (To) whom did he teach structure 4 last week?
Whom did he teach structure 4 last week (to)?
Whom did he teach structure 4 last week?
B: To the English students, class YO.
6. The police investigated Jack about the case last year. (predicate or action /what)

A: What did the police do to Jack about the case last year?
B: Investigated
7. The manager interviewed some new employers at 10:00 am yesterday. (adverb
of time/ what time)
A: What time did the manager interview some new employers yesterday?
B: At 10:00 am
8. I took computer course last month because it was important. ( for reason/why)
X: Why did you take computer course last month?
Y: Because it is important.
E. Verb Be
The verb ‘ be ‘ is normally a linking verb showing existence or the condition of the
subject. It is followed by the subject compliment such as: noun, adjective, adverb. The forms of
the verb ‘ be ‘ in simple past tense such : was & were.
Subject + was/were + Noun/Adjective/Adverb + ….!

Linking Verb Subject Compliment
I was
You
We were
They
Jack & Nora Subject Compliment ( Noun/Adjective/Adverb)
She
He was
It
Julia
Brown
Look at the following examples. The underlined words or phrases is subject compliment.
While ‘ was / were ‘ is functioned as Linking Verb.
1. He was in Medan yesterday.
(‘ in Medan ‘ is adverb phrase functioned as subject compliment)
2. She was a nurse three years ago.
( ‘a nurse ‘ is noun phrase functioned as subject compliment)
3. They were late yesterday.
4. We were very angry with them last night.
( ‘ very angry ‘ is adjective phrase functioned as subject compliment)
5. The man was pale yesterday.
( ‘ pale ‘ is adjective functioned as subject compliment)
6. You were in time to the seminar last week.
( ‘ in time ‘ is adverb phrase functioned as subject compliment)
7. It was dark outside yesterday morning.
( ‘ dark‘ is adjective functioned as subject compliment)
8. It was Sunday.
( ‘ Sunday ‘ is adverb phrase functioned as subject compliment)
9. Mary was sick last month.
( ‘ sick ‘ is adjective functioned as subject compliment)
10. It was a good university ten years ago.
( ‘ a good university ‘ is noun phrase functioned as subject compliment)
F. The Past Tense In Passive-Voice
There are several reasons as to why we use the passive voice in English. In these
notes, we are going to focus on the past tense in the passive voice. Generally, we use
the passive voice when the focus is on the action and NOT on WHO or WHAT is
performing the action.
The verbs that can be used in passive voice form are ‘transitive verbs ‘. It is the
verbs which need objects after the verbs. Passive voice can be used in past tense as
the following transformation from active voices into passive voices:
Active -Voice Passive –Voice

S + P ( Past Form) + Object Doer + Adv! S + was/ were + Past Participle + by
Object Doer + Adv!
1 I sent two letters yesterday. Two letters were sent by me yesterday.
2 You visited the lady last night. The lady was visited by you last night.
3 We watched a horror last year. A horror was watched by us last year.
4 They reported the cases last week. The cases were reported by them last
week.
5 She conducted the meeting yesterday The meeting was conducted by her
morning. yesterday morning.
The Past Tense in Passive Voice Form that used in context

Examples:
A : Hi
B : Good Morning
A : Do you know if my book was found?1 I left it here at the library yesterday.
B : I’m m sorry, I haven’t heard about any missing books.2 Was the book borrowed
from our library?3
A : Yes, I burrowed it from here.4
B : What was the title of the book, and who is the author?
A : It’s called ‘English Verbs – The Complete Guide’, and its author5 is English
Reservoir.
B : Look, I’ll note it down,6 and I’ll get back to you7 as soon as I hear something. Is
that okay?
A : Sure, no problem. Thanks so much.
B : No, problem.

ANALYSIS
1. Do you know if my book was found? Here, the subject is irrelevant because we
don’t care about ‘who’ found the book, rather whether the book was found. This
is the past simple in the passive voice ‘was found’.
2. I haven’t heard about any missing books. The present perfect (active) ‘haven’t
heard’ is used because the action of ‘not hearing about any missing books’
continues until the present moment.
3. Was the book burrowed from our library? ‘Was burrowed’ is the past simple in
the passive voice. The focus is on the action of ‘burrowing the book’, therefore,
the passive voice is necessary.
4. I burrowed it from here. ‘Burrowed’ is the past simple tense (active). In the
passive it would be ‘the book was burrowed by me’.
5. It’s called ‘English Verbs – The Complete Guide’, and its author… Remember
not to confuse ‘its’ with ‘it’s’. Here, ‘it’s’ is a possessive adjective and ‘author’ is
being possessed by ‘its’, which is substituting the noun ‘English Verbs – The
Complete Guide’.
6. I’ll note it down. The future simple (active) ‘I’ll note’ (will + infinitive) is used
here to describe an instant willingness to do something. We use the future simple
for instant, positive reactions in English.
7. I’ll get back to you. Once again, the future simple (active) ‘I’ll get…’ is being
used to show an instant, positive reaction.
The Usages of the Past Tense in Passive Voice Form
No Examples The Usages

1 • Something was stolen from our garage The agent is unknown. We don’t know
last night. who or what is the agent
• some sort of creature was born.
2 • The queen was told to listen. We use the passive to emphasise the
• It was Henry who shouted at the guards. subject
3 • The earth was occupied by dinosaurs We use the passive to talk about
over sixty-five million years ago. general truths
• World war two was spread out over a
six-year period.
4 • A suitcase was found at the airport. (We We can use the passive if we want to
don’t know about the specific contents of be unclear or vague about the subject
the suitcase, as a result, we use the
passive).
• All she told me was that letters were
written.
5 • Great literature was written in the late We use the passive when the subject is
eighteenth century. irrelevant (We don’t care who or what
• The painting was sold for more than one has caused the action to be).
million euros last night.

6 • The elements of the structure were We use the passive in a more formal
put into the mix. atmosphere like a thesis or an
• The climates change issue was discussed. important piece of writing, especially
scientifically speaking
G. The Functions of Past Tense !

There are some functions of simple past tense as follows:
1. The Past Tense is used to talk about actions that happened at a specific time in the
past. You state when it happened using a time adverb such as : yesterday, last night,
last year, just now, in 2006 until 2011, in 1498, in 1976, etc.
Examples:
❖ Sir. Selamat Napitupulu taught some English courses at Putra Batam
University in 2008 until 2011.
❖ John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.
❖ My father died last year.
❖ He lived in Fiji in 1976.
❖ We crossed the Channel yesterday.
2. The Past Tense is also used to list a series of completed actions in the past or for
stories/list of events. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.
Examples:
❖ I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
Note: finished, walked & found are parallel structure (sederetan
kegiatan/tindakan/aktivitas ).
❖ He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the
others at 10:00.
Note: arrived , checked, & met are parallel structure ( sederetan
kegiatan/tindakan/aktivitas ).
❖ Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?
Note: add, pour & add are parallel structure ( sederetan
kegiatan/tindakan/aktivitas )
❖ He went to a café, sat down and lited a cigarette.
Note: went, sat & litted adalah parallel structure ( sederetan
❖ Yesterday I went to the library, met a friend for lunch, and played tennis.
Note: went , met & played are parallel structure ( sederetan
3. The Past Tense is to discuss details of news.

Examples:
I've hurt my leg. I fell off a ladder when I was painting my bedroom. I've been on
holiday. I went to Spain and Portugal.
4. The Past Tense without an adverb of time, in such cases the time may be either implied
or indicated by the context.
Examples:
❖ I learnt Hindi in Nagpur.
❖ I didn’t sleep well.

❖ Indonesia defeated Malaysia in the match.
5. The Past Tense with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A Duration is a
longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes,
all day, all year, etc.
Examples:
❖ I lived in Brazil for two years.
❖ Shauna studied Japanese for five years.
❖ They sat at the beach all day.
❖ They did not stay at the party the entire time.
❖ We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.
❖ A: How long did you wait for them?
B: We waited for one hour.
6. The Past Tense is used to express a finished habit, or terminated situation, there are
three additional possible structures, namely: ‘ used to, would, was ‘.
S + used to/ would + Bare Infinitive + …….!
S + was + Subject Complement + …….!
Examples:
❖ I used to go to Brighton when I was a child. But I don't any longer.
❖ He would call her every day when she was younger, but he doesn't now
❖ This street used to be very quiet; but nowadays it's full of traffic.
❖ This street was once very quiet, but nowadays it's full of traffic.
7. The Past Tense is to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As
in use above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression ‘ used to ‘.
Examples:
❖ She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.
❖ He didn't like tomatoes before.
❖ Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?
❖ People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.
8. The Past Tense is to talk refer to the present or future in conditions, hypotheses, and
wishes.
Examples:
❖ He could get a new job if he really tried. (conditions)
❖ If Jack was playing they would probably win. (conditions)
❖ It might be dangerous. Suppose they got lost. (hypotheses)
❖ I would always help someone who really needed help. (hypotheses)
❖ I wish it wasn’t so cold. (wishes)
In conditions, hypotheses and wishes, if we want to talk about the past, we always use the
Past Perfect,
Examples:
❖ I would have helped him if he had asked.
❖ It was very dangerous, What if you had got lost?
❖ I wish I hadn’t spent so much money last month.
9. Simple Past Tense is for ‘ The Past Real Conditional ‘ describes what you used to do
in particular real-life situations. It suggests that your habits have changed and you do not
usually do these things today.
Pattern:
✓ If /When + S + Past Tense + comma + S + Past Tense +…….
✓ S + Past Tense + if /when + S + Past Tense +…….
Examples:
❖ If I went to a friend's house for dinner, I usually took a bottle of wine or some
flowers. I don't do that anymore.
❖ When I had a day off from work, I often went to the beach. Now, I never get
time off.
❖ If the weather was nice, she often walked to work. Now, she usually drives.
❖ Jerry always helped me with my homework when he had time. But he doesn't
do that anymore.
A: What did you usually do when it rained?
B: I usually stayed at home.
10. The Past Tense is to talk about the present in a few polite expressions,
Examples:
❖ Excuse me, I was wondering if this was the train for New York.
❖ I just hoped you would be able to help me.
H. The Spelling Rules for Regular & Irregular Verbs

IRREGULAR VERBS
Irregular verbs form their past tense and past participle in a different way from
adding ‘ –ed ‘.
Bare Infinitive/ Present Past Participle Past Tense Past Participle

Base Form (Verb-ing )
sit sitting sat sat

ring ringing rang rung
come coming came come
cut cutting cut cut
We distinguish three types of irregular verbs:

a. Verbs in which all three forms are the same (e.g. cut – cut – cut )
b. Verbs in which two of the three forms are the same (e.g. sit – sat – sat )
c. Verbs in which all three forms are different (e.g. ring – rang – rung )
Below is a list of irregular verbs divided into the three types mentioned above.
Some of them can also be regular. In such cases the regular forms are also given.
Type (1) - All three forms are the same.
Bare Infinitive/ Present Past Participle Past Tense Past

Base Form (Verb-ing ) Participle
best besting best best
burst bursting burst burst
cost costing cost cost

cut cutting cut cut
hit hitting hit hit
hurt hurting hurt hurt
let letting let let
put putting put put
read reading read read
set setting set set
shut shutting shut shut
split splitting split split
spread spreading spread spread
Type (2) – Two of the forms are the same.
Bare Present Past Participle Past Tense Past Participle

Infinitive/ (Verb-ing )
Base Form
beat beating beat beaten
become becoming became become
bend bending bent bent
bleed bleeding bled bled
breed breeding bred bred
bring bringing brought brought
build building built built
burn burning burnt/burned burnt/burned
buy buying bought bought
catch catching caught bent
come coming came come
creep creeping crept crept
deal dealing dealt dealt
dig digging dug dug
dream dreaming dream/dreamed dream/dreamed
feed feeding fed fed
feel feeling felt felt
fight fighting fought fought
find finding found found
get getting got got
hang hanging hung hung
have having had had
hear hearing heard heard
hold holding held held
keep keeping kept kept
lay laying laid laid
lay laying led led
lead leading leant/leaned leant/leaned
learn learning learnt/learned learnt/learned
leap leaping leapt/leaped leapt/leaped
leave leaving left left
lend lending lent lent

light lighting lit lit
lose losing lost lost
make making made made
mean meaning meant meant
meet meeting met met
pay paying paid paid
run running ran ran
say saying said said
sell selling sold sold
send sending sent sent
shine shining shone shone
shoot shooting shot shot
sit sitting sat sat
sleep sleeping slept slept
smell smelling smelt/smelled smelt/smelled
spell spelling spelt spelt
spend spending spent spent
spit spiting spat spat
spoil spoiling spoilt/spoiled spoilt/spoiled
stand standing stood stood
stick sticking stuck stuck
sting stinging stung stung
strike striking struck struck
sweep sweeping swept swept
swing swinging swung swung
teach teaching taught taught
tell telling told told
think thinking thought thought
understand understanding understood understood
win wining won won
wind winding wound wound
Type (3) – All three forms are different.

be being was/were been
begin beginning began begun
bite biting bit bitten
blow blowing blew blown
break breaking broke broken
choose choosing chose chosen
do doing did done
draw drawing drew drawn
drink drinking drank drunk
drive driving drove driven
eat eating ate eaten
fall falling fell fallen
fly flying flew flown
forbid forbidding forbade forbidden
forget forgetting forgot forgotten
forgive forgiving forgave forgiven
freeze freezing froze frozen
give giving gave given
go going went gone
grow growing grew grown
hide hiding hid hidden
know knowing knew known
lie lying lay lain
mistake mistaking mistook mistaken
ride riding ride rode
ring ringing rang rung
rise rising rose risen
see seeing saw seen
sew sewing sewed sewn/sewed
shake shaking shook shaken
show showing showed shown
shrink shrinking shrank shrunk
sing singing sang sung
sink sinking sank sunk
speak speaking spoke spoken
spring springing sprang sprung
steal stealing stole stolen
stink stinking stank stunk
swim swimming swam swum
take taking took taken
tear tearing tore torn
throw throwing threw thrown
wake waking woke woken
wear wearing wore worn
write writing wrote written
The following verbs have an alternative past participle form (ending in “-en”), which
can only be used adjectivally.

drink drinking drunk drunken
melt melting melted molten
prove proving proved proven
shave shaving shaved shaven
shear shearing sheared shorn
sink sinking sunk sunken
strike striking struck stricken
REGULAR VERBS
The following the spelling rules of verb past, as follows:
1. Regular verbs ending in a silent ‘ e ‘ take /-d/ in the simple past and past
participle:
Example:
close - closed
2. Regular verbs ending in a vowel + ‘ y ‘ take /-ed/ in the simple past and past
participle:
Example:
• annoy- annoyed • play- played
• bray- brayed • pray- prayed
• destroy- destroyed • prey- preyed
• employ- employed • stay- stayed
• enjoy- enjoyed • stray - strayed
• fray - frayed • sway - swayed
• gray - grayed • toy - toyed
• obey- obeyed
Compared:
• fray - frayed with fry - fried
• pray - prayed with prey - preyed
• parry - parried with pry - pried.
3. Regular verbs ending in a consonant + ‘ y ‘ take /-ied/ in the simple past and
past participle (the y becomes an i followed by /-ed/ )
Example:
• apply – applied • marry – married
• bully – bullied • parry – parried
• bury – buried • pry – pried
• carry – carried • query – queried
• copy – copied • rely – relied
• cry – cried • tarry – tarried
• dry – dried • tidy – tidied
• ferry – ferried • try – tried
• fry – fried • vary – varied
• hurry- hurried • worry - worried
4. All the other regular verbs take /-ed/ in the simple past and past participle.
Example: visit - visited
5. Double the final consonant and add “–ed” if there is a single stressed vowel
before the final consonant

• ban - banned
• can - canned
• hem - hemmed
• mop - mopped
• pin - pinned
• sip - sipped
• trap- trapped
• wad - wadded
• whip - whipped
• compel- compelled
• confer- conferred
• prefer - preferred
• refer - referred
Compare
• cane - caned and can – canned
• mope - moped and mop – mopped
• pine - pined and pin – pinned
• wade - waded and wad - wadded
Also compare
• óffer - óffered and confér - conferred
• trável - tráveled and compél – compelled
6. In British English we double the last “l “even though the last vowel is not
stressed. Here are some examples:
• travel - travelled • level - levelled
• cancel - cancelled • marvel - marvelled
7. Using ‘ +t ‘ instead of ‘ +ed ‘

You may see a number of regular verbs that use +t instead of +ed. Many of these
verbs have two past forms. Both forms are correct, and have the same meaning.
Common examples include:
• burned – burnt • learned – learnt
• dreamed – dreamt • smelled – smelt
• earned – earnt • spelled – spelt
• leaped – leapt • spoiled – spoilt
• leaned – leant
Here are many rules that try to explain the differences, such as:
• American English uses the +ed form and British English uses +t.
• The +ed form is for the simple past and +t for the past participle
(perfect past).
• The +ed form is used for ongoing actions and +t for complete actions.
These are not strict rules, though. You will find exceptions to all of them.

The truth is that +t forms are an old fashioned spelling, and in fact both the +ed and
+t forms are correct. Using (or not using) each is a matter of style, and not grammar.
Beware though: the pronunciation of many past verbs may sound like +t, but only a
select few verbs still have +t as an accepted spelling.

EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1
Fill in the correct form of "was" or "were” to complete the following sentences.
Example:
The man …… a policeman ten years ago.
The man was a policeman ten years ago.
1. How many people …… at your house last weekend?
2. The book wasn´t difficult It …… easy.
3. Those …… my best jeans.
4. Dinosaurs …… prehistoric animals.
5. …… your friends at school yesterday?
6. Sandra …… not at school yesterday.
7. You …… nasty to me!
8. …… your grandparents designers.
9. John and I …… in the garden.
10. …… your parents in the restaurant? Yes, they ……
11. My grandmother …… a nurse. She wasn´t a doctor.
12. I…… thin when I was 6 years old.
13. When I …… younger, I played with teddy bears.
14. We …… away on vacation last month.
15. …… you at the cinema last night?
16. Ten years ago, I …… a baby.
17. …… the exam difficult?
18. The film …… (not) exciting. It was boring.
19. …… there many people at the party?
20. …… the girls in the park? No, they ……
21. Her name wasn´t Kate. It …… Isabel.
22. Paco wasn´t happy. He …… sad.
23. The boys at the football game? Yes, they……
24. The books …… (not) on the shelf. They were in the bookcase.
25. ……Tom at a concert? Yes, he……
EXERCISE 2
Fill in the correct form of "was" or "were” to complete the following text.
A class trip to Jerusalem
Yesterday our class (1) ……. on a trip. It (2)…….a trip to Jerusalem. At seven
o’clock we (3) ……. still at home. Our things (4) ……. ready. At half past seven we (5)
……. at school. All the pupils (6) ……. there. Our teachers (7) ……. there and the buses
(8) ……. there, too. At eight o’clock we (9) ……. on the buses on the way to Jerusalem.
We (10) ……. in Jerusalem all day. The weather (11) ……. very pleasant. It (12)
……. a long day but it (13) …….very interesting.
At six o’clock in the evening we (14) ……. back at our school. It (15) ……. a nice
class trip.

EXERCISE 3 : Supply the past tense form of the verbs in parentheses.
Example:
My darling ……….. before me last night (cry)
My darling cried before me last night
1. We …………. in our garden until all day yesterday. ( work)

2. I …………. to the radio until twelve o’clock last night. ( listen)
3. Sherly and I …………. on the telephone yesterday. ( talk)
4. He always …………. to learn English when he was at senior high school. ( want)
5. They …………. in France for many years before moving to Medan. ( live)
6. We …………. to go to Europe in June last year. ( expect)
7. The meeting …………. about two hours two days ago. ( last)
8. The man …………. his plan just now. ( change)
9. We both …………. the movies last night every much. (like)
10. She …………. almost two hours at the airport yesterday. ( wait)
11. The man …………. their house white last week. ( paint)
12. The boy …………. late for class this morning. ( arrive)
13. The women …………. TV until eleven o’clock last night. ( watch)
14. The students …………. at university last year. ( study)
15. Sir. Donal …………. a new program yesterday morning. (learn)
16. Brown …………. a meeting last night. ( conduct )
17. My uncle, Frangky …………. much beer yesterday evening. ( drink)
18. Mr. Julveris …………. a guitar in the café last night. ( play)
19. Mr. and Mrs. Selamat …………. to visit us last week, on Monday. ( come)
20. The tall big man …………. us about their plans for their new home an hour ago.
(tell)
21. The weather was warm, so we …………. on our front porch. (sit)
22. My son, James …………. you coat in the closet. ( put)
23. The meeting …………. at eight and ended at ten. ( begin)
24. His father stayed home last night and ………….some linguistic essays. ( write)
25. Her daughter …………. you on the street yesterday. ( see)
26. The man and woman …………. a lot of wine at the party last night. ( sell)
27. The boy and girl …………. much noodle last night. ( eat)
28. All the students in my class …………. many e-mails to sir. Blue last month. (send)
29. The boy …………. Dora some messages last year. ( give)
30. My children ………….a cold last night. (have)
31. Senator Jordan …………. to our club last month. ( speak)
32. The lecturer …………. many language journal last month. ( read)
33. The children …………. to the park yesterday and …………. wet when it rain. ( go-
get)
34. Miss. Dumaris …………. well yesterday, but today she feels sick again. (feel)
35. You …………. your car in the wrong place just now. (park)
EXERCISE 1 : Change the verbs in the following sentence into past tense.
Example:
Today we discuss in the room.
Yesterday we discussed in the room.

1. Yesterday, I go to the restaurant with a client.
………………………………………….………………………………………….
2. We drive around the parking lot for 20 minutes in order to find a parking space.
………………………………………….………………………………………….
3. When we arrive at the restaurant, the place is full.
………………………………………….………………………………………….
4. The waitress asks us if we have reservations.
………………………………………….………………………………………….
5. I say, " No, my secretary forgets to make them ."
………………………………………….………………………………………….
6. The waitress tells us to come back in two hours.
………………………………………….………………………………………….
7. My client and I slowly walk back to the car.
………………………………………….………………………………………….
8. Then we see a small grocery store.
………………………………………….………………………………………….
9. We stop in the grocery store and buy some sandwiches.
………………………………………….………………………………………….
10. That is better than waiting for two hours.
………………………………………….………………………………………….
EXERCISE 5
Change the following sentences from affirmative into negative. Use both the full
form and the contracted form.
Example:
You played a game last night
You did not or didn’t play a game last night
1. They ate chicken for dinner.

……………………………………………………….
2. You told me about it.
……………………………………………………….
3. He put the books on the tables.
………………………………………….…………….
4. They stayed in Mexico City.
………………………………………….…………….
5. Judy and I saw Eliot yesterday.
………………………………………….…………….
6. She planned her work well.
………………………………………….…………….
7. The meeting lasted long time.
………………………………………….…………….
8. The book cost $3.95.
………………………………………….…………….
9. The woman and her husband worked together.

………………………………………….…………….
10. They sold their home.
………………………………………….…………….
11. I sold their home.
………………………………………….…………….
12. We spoke with George about that matter.
………………………………………….…………….
13. The man came to the meeting alone.
………………………………………….…………….
14. The kid sat in the balcony.
………………………………………….…………….
15. The young men went to Balerang Bridge Batam.
………………………………………….…………….
EXERCISE 6
Change the following past tense statements into “Yes or No” questions as in the example.
Example:
They lived in California two year ago.
A: Did they live in California two year ago?
B: Yes, they did
No, they didn’t
1. She gave her a lot of presents.

………………………………………….....................
2. They stayed in Europe all summer.
………………………………………………………..
3. He told them all about her trip.
…………………………………………………………
4. We moved here in January.
…………………………………………………………
5. Terry flew to Minneapolis.
…………………………………………………………
6. The team went home after you did last night.
…………………………………………………………
7. The old man came to my dormitory.

…………………………………………………………
8. Last year we worked as maintainer in the company.
…………………………………………………………
9. The crowd waited a long time to see the Present.
…………………………………………………………
10. You passed all my examination.
………………………………………………………

EXERCISE 7
Change the following past tense statements to questions beginning with the
questions word in parentheses.
I operated a laptop (object/what)

A: What did you operate?
B: A laptop
1. Mariana arrived at ten o’clock .( what time)

…………………………………………………………………….
2. They sold their home last week. ( when)
………………………………………….…………………………
3. The meeting began at eight-thirty. (what time)
………………………………………….…………………………
4. The tickets cost three dollars. (how much)
………………………………………….…………………………
5. He paid for the car by check. (how)
………………………………………….…………………………
6. She invested ten thousand dollars in the stock market. ( where)
………………………………………….…………………………
7. They sat in the first row. (in which row)
………………………………………….…………………………
8. He spoke to them in French. (in what language)
………………………………………….…………………………
9. The meeting lasted two hours. (how long)
………………………………………….…………………………
10. It began at eight o’clock. (what time)
………………………………………….…………………………
11. The lecturer taught us English business. (what)
………………………………………….…………………………
12. Mr. Selamat educated many students last year. (whom)

………………………………………….…………………………
13. A few years ago we lived in the country. (where)
………………………………………….…………………………
14. Mr. Solihin installed hundreds computers last week (who)
………………………………………….…………………………
15. The lecturer explained all the lecturing well (how)
………………………………………….…………………………
16. The students operated the computers last night (what did+)
…………………………………………………………………….

EXERCISE 8
The following texts are simple past tense which state the past actions. Write the correct
verb past form to complete the empty lines. Use the word in the brackets.
1. A private conversation
Last week, I ………. ( go) to the theatre. I ………. ( have) a very good seat.
The play ………. ( be) very interesting. I ……………. ( not enjoy ) it. A young man
and a young woman ………. ( be) sitting behind me. They ………. ( be) talking loudly.
I ………. ( get) very angry. I ………. ( can hear ) the actors. I ………. ( turn ) round.
I ………. ( look) the man and woman angrily. They ………. ( not pay) any attention.
In the end, I ………. ( cannot bear) it. I ………. ( turn) round again. “I can’t hear a
word!” I ………. ( turn) angrily. “It’s none of your business,” the young man ……….
( say) rudely. “This is a private conversation!”
2. Breakfast or Lunch
It ………. ( was) Sunday. I never get up early on Sundays. I stay in bed until
lunch time. Last Sunday I ………. ( get) up very late. I ………. (look) out of the
window. It ………. (be) dark outside. “What a day! I thought. “It’s raining again.” Just
then, the telephone rang. It ………. ( be) my aunt Lucy. I’ve just arrived by train”, she
………. (say). “I’m coming to see you.” “But I’m still having breakfast,” I ……….
(repeat). “Dear me, she ………. ( say). “ Do you always get up so late? It’s one
o’clock.
3. Please Send Me a Card
Post card always spoils my holidays. Last summer, I ………. ( go) to Italy. I
………. ( visit) museum and sat in public gardens. A friendly waiter ………. ( teach)
me a few words of Italian. Then he ………. (lend) me a book. I ………. ( read) a few
lines, but I ………. ( not understand) a word. Every day I ………. (think) about post
card. My holiday ………. ( pass) quickly, but I ………. ( not send) any cards to my
friends. On the last day I ………. ( make) a big decision. I ………. ( get) up early and
bought thirty-seven cards. I ………. (spend) the whole day in my room, but I ………. (
not write) a single card!
EXERCISE 9 : ERROR ANALYSIS

Read the sentences and correct the mistakes in the following sentences!
1. Philip, as the biggest electronic company in Batam receive a lot of urgent orders from
abroad last month.
2. The moderator of the business meeting summarizes the main points of the last
meeting.
3. The director of the company introduces Sir. Salimuddin as a new project manager in
the company a few day ago.
4. Hundreds of customers complain to the management of the company last month.
5. Excuse me, what do you do yesterday? Well, yesterday I attend a seminar
6. Sorry, I do not see you in the meeting three days ago
7. The Prof present four papers in National Building Convention just now. They are
about Global market Corporation.
8. You know that the speakers in the seminars yesterday is ten speakers who came from
USA, Canada, Chinese, Malaysia, England, French, and Israel
9. Mr. Ferdinand explains them a few things related the regulations in Gici Business
School such as: attendance, regular meeting, and lecturing methods, so on last night.
10. Mr. Pendi attend the meeting, and then he also explain “block system program
lectures” at Gici Busines School, he focused only about it
11. How long did you conducts the meeting?

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

A. VERB FORM
The verb form that used in present perfect simple tense is past participle.
The Verbs Form

To Infinitive/ Infinitive Present Past Past
Infinitive Bare / Bare Participle Participle
Infinitive Infinitive ( V + ing)
( s/es/ies)
1 2 3 4 5 6
to present present Presents presenting presented presented
to speak speak Speaks speaking spoke spoken
to listen listen Listens listening listened listened
to operate operate operates operating operated operated
to report report Reports reporting reported reported
to explain explain explains explaining explained explained
to say say Says saying said said
to tell tell Tells telling told told
to run run Runs running ran run
to think think thinks thinking thought thought
to study study studies studying studied studied
to carry carry carries carrying carried carried
to fix fix Fixes fixing fixed fixed
to discuss discuss discusses discussing discussed discussed
to go go goes going went gone
to fly fly flies flying flied flied
B. THE PATTERNS AND EXAMPLES
Positive Sentence Negative Sentences Interrogative Sentences
S + has/have + Past S + has/have +not + Has/Have +S + Past

Participle + Object + Past Participle + Object Participle + Object +
Adverb! + Adverb! Adverb?
I have eaten the cakes. I have not eaten the X: Have you eaten the
cakes. cakes?
Y: Yes, I have.
No, I haven’t
You have had breakfast. You have not had X: Have you had
breakfast. breakfast?
Y: Yes, I have.
No, I haven’t.
We have finished the We have not finished X: Have you finished the
project. the project. project?
Y: Yes, I have.
No, I haven’t.
They have summated their They have not X: Have they summated
papers. summated their papers. their papers?
Y: Yes, they have.
No, they haven’t.
She has taken advanced She has not taken X: Has she taken advanced
structure exam. advanced structure exam. structure exam?
Y: Yes, she has.
No, she hasn’t.
He has arrived here. He has not arrived here. X: Has he arrived here?
Y: Yes, he has.
No, he hasn’t
It has barked the men. It has not barked the X: Has it barked the men?
men. Y: Yes, it has.
No, it hasn’t.
Brown has finished the Brown has not finished X: Has he finished the
project. the project. project?
Y: Yes, he has.
No, he hasn’t
Martha has understood the Martha has not X: Has she taken
cases well. understood the cases understood the cases well?
well. Y: Yes, she has.
No, she hasn’t.
Jack & Lukas have done Jack & Lukas have not X: Have Jack & Lukas
the best for the company. done the best for the (they) done the best for the
company. company?
Y: Yes, they have.
No, they haven’t.
C. After ‘ have & has ‘ appear ‘ noun/adjective/ adverb ‘ must be followed with ‘
been ‘. The function of ‘ been ‘ is a linking verb which links a subject and subject
compliment such as : noun, adjective, adverb.
Pattern : S + has/have + been + subject complements (noun, adjective, adverb)
Examples:
1. I have been here for an hour.
2. We have already done the projects for 7 months.
3. She had been there since yesterday.
4. Ms. Indah has been a teacher in Longman for 7 years
5. Sir. Hefzy has been in Australia since three years ago.
6. A: Where have you been?
7. B: I have been in Papua.

8. A: How long have you been in the office?
9. B: I have been here for an hour.
Or I have been here since an hour ago.
But when someone has not returned we use have/has gone:

A: Where is Maria? I haven’t seen her for weeks.
B: She's gone to Paris for a week. She’ll be back tomorrow.
D. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
Have/has + S + Past Participle + ( Object) + Adverb?

Positive Sentences Interrogative Sentences
I have already reported the case. A: Have I/ you already reported the case?
B: Yes, I have
No, I haven’t.
You have already explained the A: Have you already explained the problem?
problem. B: Yes, I have
No, I haven’t.
We have already been a teacher in A: Have we already been a teacher in Longman for
Longman for 7 years. 7 years?
B: Yes, we have
No, we haven’t.
They have already worked in A: Have they already worked in Panasonic
Panasonic Company since 10 year Company since 10 year ago?
ago. B: Yes, they have
No, they haven’t.
She has already informed me the A: Has she already informed me the problems?
problems. B: Yes, she has
No, she hasn’t.
He has already arrived in our hotel. A: Has He already arrived in our hotel?
B: Yes, he has
No, he hasn’t.
It has already barked some people A: Has it already barked some people here?
here. B: Yes, it has
No, it hasn’t.
Jack has already explained the case A: Has Jack already explained the case clearly?
clearly. B: Yes, she has
No, she hasn’t.
Julia has already celebrated her A: Has Julia already celebrated her birthday?
birthday. B: Yes, she has
No, she hasn’t.
E. WH - Questions
The interrogative form of simple perfect tense by using wh-question such as: “where,
when, why, what, how, etc.
Pattern
Wh- question + have/has + S + Past Participle + ( Object) + Adverb?
What I
Where You
When We
Why Have They
Which Toni and Tiny Past
Whom She Participle ( Object) Adverb?
What time He
Has It
Jack
Julia
Who has/have Past Participle ( Object) Adverb?
Examples:
1. I have lived in Batam for 15 years. (period of time)
X: How long have you lived in Batam?
Y: For 15 years / I have lived in Batam for 15 years.
2. They have worked in Panasonic Company since 10 year ago. ( starting point)
X: How long have they worked in Panasonic Company?
Y: Since 10 years ago/ They have worked in Panasonic Company since 10 year
ago.
3. Mr. Firnando has arrived in that hotel. (subject)
X: Who has arrived in that hotel?
Y: Mr. Firnando / Mr. Firnando has
4. She has done her assignments well. (object)
X: What has she done well?
Y: Her assignments / Her assignments has
5. They have performed the dancing well. ( adv of manner)
X: How have they performed the dancing?
Y: Well
6. Jack has left for USA. (adv of place)
X: Where has Jack left?
Y: For USA.
F. ‘ Be ‘ in present perfect tense is ‘ BEEN ‘ which functioned as ‘ linking verb. The

Linking Verb links the subject and subject complement in any sentences.
S + has been/have been + Subject Complement (Noun/Adjective/Adverb)

Linking Verb
I have been an university student ‘an university student is NOUN
1 for 2 years. PHRASE that functioned as subject
complement.
She has been to Paris. to Paris is ADVERB PHRASE that
2 (in my life, but now I'm in London, functioned as subject complement.
where I live).
The girl has been to school today to school is ADVERB PHRASE that

3 (but now she's back at home). functioned as subject complement.
4 They have never been to California. to school is ADVERB PHRASE that
functioned as subject complement.
5 Clara has has been ill since last ill is ADJECTIVE that functioned
week. as subject complement.
G. THE USAGES OF THE PERFECT TENSE

There are some usages of the present perfect tense as follows:
1. The present perfect tense is used to indicate the recent action with any result in
the present (focus on the result), for examples:
The secretary has typed the reports. (so the report are ready).
The lecturer has presented the paper. (so you know what he presents).
I have lost my keys. (so I can't get into my house).
She has hurt her leg. (so she can't play tennis today).
They have missed the bus. (so they will be late).
I have cooked dinner. (so you should come and eat).
2. The present perfect tense is used to express the activities which are begun in the
past time but they are still continuing up to now by using the words of ‘ for &
since ‘ in the sentences.
Since is used for starting point with a fixed time in the past (2004, April 23rd,
last year, two hours ago). The fixed time can be another action, indicated with the
past simple (since I was at school, since I arrived), for examples:
I have known the old woman since 1992.
The girl has liked chocolate since she was a child.
They have worked in Panasonic Company since 10 year ago.
The girl has liked chocolate since she was a child.
For is used with a period of time ( for 2 hours, for three years, for six months) for
examples:
Mr. Juneidi has understood how to operate a laptop for three years.
I have known Julie for ten years.
We have sold many products in his shop for 20 years.
She has had a cold for a week.
Mr. Firnando has been a teacher in Longman for 7 years.
The old man has lived in old house for 40 years.
3. The present perfect tense is also used to indicate an action repeated in an

unspecified period between the past and now by using ‘ times ‘ ( six times, several
times already, many times), frequently, etc., for examples:
They have seen that film six times
It has happened several times already.
She has visited them frequently.
We have eaten at that restaurant many times.
4. The present perfect tense is also used to indicate an action when the time is not
important, for examples:

He has read 'War and Peace'.
( the result of his reading is important)
They have declared the essential things their managements. ( the result of
their declarations are essential)
Someone has eaten my soup!
Have you seen 'Gone with the Wind'?
She's studied Japanese, Russian, and English.
5. The present perfect tense is also used to tell the ‘ life experience ’ (we don't say
when the experience happened, just sometime in the past), for examples:
I have been to Tokyo.
She has lived in Germany.
They have visited Paris three times.
We have never seen that film.
Have you ever read ' War and Peace '?
6. The present perfect tense is also used to indicate an action that the time period
referred to has not finished yet by using the adverbs such as: this month, this
week, today, in the last year, etc. , for examples:
I haven't seen her this month.
She hasn’t drunk three cups of coffee today.
This week they have not finished the projects.
I have worked hard this week.
It has rained a lot this year.
We haven't seen her today.
7. The present perfect tense can be used to with ‘ already ‘ that emphases the
activities are really done by any result, such as the following sentences , for
examples:
I have already understood the terms of management.
You have already sent the goods.
They have already interviewed many the new applicants, etc.
8. The present perfect tense can be used express actions (single action or repeated
actions) which happened at some unknown time in the past. In this case, we often
use the words already, (not) yet, ever or never along with the present perfect.
These words usually go in front of the past participle , for examples:
I've already seen that film. I don't want to see it again.
(It doesn't matter when I saw it.)
Have you ever been to Germany?
(It doesn't matter when you went — I just want to know whether you have
been there or not.)
They have eaten at that restaurant many times.
(Repeated past actions; when they ate there isn't important)
9. The present perfect tense is also used to indicate for something we have done
several times in the past and continue to do. It is the combination between
present perfect tense and past or present continuous tense, for examples:

I have played the guitar ever since I was a teenager.
He has written three books and he is working on another one.
10. The present perfect tense is also used to talk about our experience up to the
present. We often use the adverb ‘ever’ to talk about experience up to the present,
for examples:
My last birthday was the worst day I have ever had.
And we use ‘ never ‘ for the negative form:

X: Have you ever met George?
Y: Yes, but I’ve never met his wife
11. The present perfect tense is used to indicate the completed activities in the
immediate past (n the very recent past) by using ‘ just ‘, for examples:
He has just gone out.
It has just struck ten.
We have just got back from our holidays.
I have just finished my work.
12. The present perfect tense with time adverbials which refer to the recent past:
just; only just; recently, for examples:
Scientists have recently discovered a new breed of monkey.
We have just got back from our holidays.
or adverbials which include the present: ever (in questions); so far; until now;
up to now; yet (in questions and negatives), for examples:
Have you ever seen a ghost?
Where have you been up to now?
Have you finished your homework yet?
No, so far I’ve only done my history.
13. The Present Perfect Tense replaces the present perfect continuous for stative
verbs, which are generally not used in the continuous tense.
No Type of Verbs Examples

1 Verb Senses ( perception) feel; hear; see; smell; taste
2 Verbs of Opinion assume; believe; consider; doubt; feel; think)
; find ( consider); suppose.
3 Verbs of Mental States forget; imagine; know; mean; notice;
recognize; remember; understand.
4 Verbs of Emotion contain, cost, hold, measure, weigh, want,
(desires): wish, desire, feel, like, love, hate, hope,
refuse, prefer, envy, fear, dislike, hate, mind;
regret;
5 Verbs of Measurement contain, cost, hold, measure, weigh.
6 Verbs of appearing appear, look, seem.be

7 Verb of thinking think, suppose, believe, agree, consider, trust,

remember, forget, know, understand,
imagine, mean, mind.
8 Verb of having own, possess, belong to, contain, consist of,
(have/posses) be (except when used in passive)
All the above verbs are also called STATIVE VERBS. The stative verbs are
some English verbs that have stative meaning which describe states: condition or
condition that exist. When verbs have stative meaning, they are usually not used
in present perfect continuous tense, but use of present perfect tense. Other
meaning that the verbs in the list above are normally used in the present perfect
tense form because they refer to states, rather than actions or processes
Look at the following examples:
Correct Incorrect
I have known him for years. I have been knowing him for
years.
She has loved him all her life. She has been loving him all her
life.
They have had the big business for 10 years. They have been having the big
business for 10 years.
14. We do not use the present perfect with an adverbial which refers to past time
which is finished.
Correct Incorrect
I have seen that film. I have seen that film yesterday.
We have just bought a new We have just bought a new car last week.
car.
We have been to California. When we were children we have been to
California.
But we can use it to refer to a time which is not yet finished, for examples:
Have you seen Helen today?
We have bought a new car this week.

H. PERFECT TENSE vs. PAST TENSE
Present Perfect Simple Past Simple

1 Unfinished actions that started in the past
Finished actions:
and continue to the present:
• I knew Julie for ten years.
• I've known Julie for ten years
• (but then she moved away and we lost touch).
(and I still know her).
2 A finished action in someone's life (when A finished action in someone's life (when the
the person is still alive: life experience): person is dead):
• My brother has been to Mexico three • My great-grandmother went to Mexico three
times. times.
3 A finished action with a result in the
A finished action with no result in the present:
present:
• I lost my keys yesterday. It was terrible!
• I've lost my keys!
• (Now there is no result. I got new keys
• (The result is that I can't get into my
yesterday).
house now).
4 With an unfinished time word (this week, With a finished time word (last week, last
this month, today): month, yesterday):
• I've seen John this week. • I saw John last week.
There is also a difference in attitude between the two tenses, which is often an important
factor in choosing which tense to use.
• What did you do at school today?

( I use the simple past tense because the question is about activities, and the
school day is considered finished.
• What have you done at school today?
( I use the present perfect because the question is about results : « show me ».
The time at which the question is asked is considered as a continuation of the
school day)
Remember:
1. We use the past simple for past events or actions which have no connection to the
present.
2. We use the present perfect for actions which started in the past and are still happening
now OR for finished actions which have a connection to the present.
3. We CAN'T use the present perfect with a finished time word:
o NOT: I've been to the museum yesterday.

I. PASSIVE VOICE FORM IN THE PERFECT TENSE
There are several reasons as to why we use the passive voice in English. In these notes,
we are going to focus on the present perfect tense in the passive voice. Generally, we
use the passive voice when the focus is on the action and NOT on WHO or WHAT is
performing the action.
The verbs that can be used in passive voice form are ‘transitive verbs ‘. It is the verbs
which need objects after the verbs. Passive voice can be used in present perfect tense as
the following transformation from active voices into passive voices:
Active -Voice Passive –Voice

S + has/have + Past Participle + Object S + has/have+ been+ Past Participle +
Doer + Adv! by Object Doer + Adv!
1 I have cleaned the car. The car has been cleaned by me.
2 You have taken the books. The books have been taken by you.
3 We have installed many computers. Many computers have been installed
by us.
4 They have bought a new car. A new car has been bought by them.
5 She has reported the news. The news has been reported by her.
The Perfect Tense in Passive Voice Form that used in context

Examples:
A : So, what efforts have been made to make this planet a clean planet?1
B : Well, have you ever heard of a car company called Tesla?
A : No, I haven’t.2 What’s it about?3
B : Well, the owner, Elon Musk, has this electric car company named Tesla that
manufactures electric cars. It seems to be the next big thing.
A : Cool, So, do you think much has been done?4
B : It appears so. Tesla electric cars have already been bought by loads of
people5 and they’re continuing to sell!6
A : Sounds like a great first step.
B : You bet!
ANALYSIS
1. So, what efforts have been made to make this planet a clean planet? The passive
voice in the present perfect is used here ‘have been made’ to put the focus on the
‘efforts being made’.
2. No, I haven’t. The is a form of ellipsis and is very common in English. ‘No, I
haven’t’ is short for, ‘no, I haven’t heard of the car company’. We use ellipsis to
make sentences and questions shorter in order to have far less redundancy.
3. What’s it about? ‘To be about’ is a common expression to ask about something or
someone. I.e. What’s this curriculum about? I don’t know what you’re talking
about.
4. So, do you think much has been done? The passive voice in the present perfect
‘has been done’ is used because the subject is not relevant. We don’t know ‘what
has been done’.
5. Tesla electric cars have already been bought by loads of people. The passive voice
in the present perfect ‘have been bought’ is being used to emphasise the subject
‘Tesla electric cars’. In the active, this sentence would be as follows: Loads of
people have bought Tesla electric cars. ‘Tesla electric cars’ is no longer being
emphasised.
6. They’re continuing to sell! The present continuous (active) ‘they’re continuing’ is
being used because we’re talking about a temporary state, the state being, ‘Tesla
cars continuing to sell’.
The Usages of Passive Voice Form in the Perfect Tense
No Examples The Usages
1o An amazing surprise has been prepared for The agent is unknown. We don’t know
you, Maria. who or what is the agent
2 Only ”he” has been known to have all the We use the passive to emphasise the
answers. subject
3 These lands have been cultivated by We use the passive to talk about
farmers for as long as we know it. general truths
4 An interesting letter has been written by We use the passive when we are
this author. unclear or vague about the subject
5o I haven’t the slightest clue as to who or We use the passive when the subject is
what has been driven to commit such an act irrelevant
but we need to get to the bottom of all this. (We don’t care who or what has
o caused the action to be).
6o The sulphur and other liquids have been We use the passive in a more formal
poured into the mix in order to acquire the atmosphere like a thesis or an
results we were looking for. important piece of writing, especially
o scientifically speaking

EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1
Direction: Supply ‘have or has ‘ to complete the following sentences!
Example:
She ……. told the story.
She has told the story.
1. We ……. worked in our garden.

2. I……. listened to the radio until twelve o’clock.
3. Sherly and I …… talked on the telephone.
4. He ……. wanted to learn English.
5. They ……. lived in France for many years.
6. We ……. expected to go to Europe since last year.
7. The meeting ……. lasted for two hours.
8. The man ……. changed his plan.
9. We both ……. liked the movies very much.
10. She ……. waited almost for two hours at the airport.
11. The man ……. painted their house white twice.
12. The boy ……. arrived late for the class.
13. The women ……. watched TV until eleven o’clock.
14. The students ……. studied at university.
15. Sir. Donal ……. learned a new program.
EXERCISE 2
Direction: Supply ‘ since or for ‘ to complete the following sentences!
Example:
She has been an English teacher ……5 years.
She has been an English teacher for 5 years.
1. They have been in USA …… two years ago.

2. We have worked in the company …… ten years.
3. Sir. Selamat has taught English …… in 2001
4. He has known English …… two years ago.
5. Miss. Linda has been a manager …… in 2000.
6. Miss. Elvi has got married …… three years ago.
7. Sir. Ferdinand has managed the institution …… five years
8. The students have studied Business English and conversation …… two weeks.
9. They have lived in Batam …… 20 years.
10. They have discussed …… two hours ago
11. Mr. Juneidi has understood how to operate a laptop …… three years ago
12. We have been in Parapat …… this morning.
13. My uncle has been in abroad …… ten years
14. They have had a date …… five years.
15. The man, Sir.Willy has managed the business …… six month ago
16. The contractor has done the project …… an year.
17. She has gone to Italy …… a week.

18. The quests have stayed here …… two nights.
19. Sir. John Henri loved the lady, Clara …… last year
20. He has written a novel …… three months.
EXERCISE 3
Direction: Supply “past participle” form to complete the sentences by using the verb in
the brackets.
Example:
She has ……….. the cases. (clarify)
She has clarified the cases.
1. I have ………………… the cases. (report)

2. You have ………… some English songs. (sing)
3. We have ……………… the cars. (drive)
4. They have ………… for Canada. ( leave)
5. He has ……………… to the meeting. (go)
6. Jane has …………… some information for us. (bring)
7. Terry has …………… to the party. (come)
8. The team has …………… in the area. (arrive)
9. The old man has ………………… (die)
10. The manager has ………………… the problem. (explain)
11. The staffs administration have ………………… the cases. ( listen)
12. The students have ………………… some books from library. (borrow)
13. Miss. Cooper has ……………… English for 23 years. (teach)
14. Miss. Jelly has ………………… the task. (do)
15. You and I have ……………… for them. (wait)
16. My family has ………………… to Batam. (move)
17. The maids have ………………… the rooms. ( clean )
18. They have ……………… the information. (read)
19. We have ………………… the film. ( see)
20. Nery has ………………… her debt. (pay)
21. The young man has ………………… a lot of beer. (drink)
22. The merchant has ………………… many fruits. ( sell)
23. Sir. Firnando has ………………… at PT. Sonny for 2 years. ( work )
24. Mr. Donal has ………………… a new English course this town. (have)
25. Miss. Dumaris has ………………… from Nommensen University Pemataangsiantar.
(graduate)
EXERCISE 4
Direction: Supply the ‘ present perfect ‘ tense to the blanks to complete the sentences!
Example:
Sir. Hotman ………… the cases. (investigate)
Sir. Hotman has investigated the cases.
1. The students …………………………………………… present perfect. (study)
2. The Americans …………………………………………… Bali and Batam. (visit)
3. Look! Somebody …………………………………………… the window. (break)
4. He …………………………………………… his wallet. (lose)
5. She …………………………………………… to Australia. ( go)
6. Is Clara there? No. She ……………………………………… for work.( leave )
7. My brother …………………………………………… the examination. ( pass )
8. My father …………………………………………… a second hand car. ( buy )
9. The committee …………………………………………… the program. ( discuss)
10. Miss. Dumaris …………………………………………… many novels. (write)
11. The learners …………………………………………… the new lesson. ( understand)
12. The boy …………………………………………… smoking. (stop)
13. The boy …………………………………………… here. (be)
14. There ………………………………… two books on the table since yesterday. ( be )
15. Sir. Donald …………………………………………… all his past problems. ( forget)
16. Mr. Craig …………………………………………… us forever. (forget )
17. Mrs. Billy …………………………………………… many mistakes. ( make)
18. A lot of people …………………………………………… present in the party. (be)
19. The men …………………………………………… much beer. ( drink)
20. They …………………………………………… me for long. ( know )
EXERCISE 5: Simple Past Tense & Present Perfect Tense
Direction: Use the ‘ past tense or the present perfect ‘ tense to complete the sentences!
Example:
The teacher ______ all the student a few minutes ago. (watch)
The teacher watched all the students.
1. Jill ………………………………… a car two weeks ago. (buy)

2. His hair is very short. He ……………………………… a haircut. (have)
3. Last night I ………………………………… home at ten. I ………………… a bath
and then ………………………… to bed. (arrive/ (have/ go)
4. ………………………………… many museums when you were in Paris? (you visit)
5. My bicycle isn’t here anymore. Somebody ……………………………… it. (take)
6. When …………………………………………… up smoking? (you give)
7. I ……………… anything yesterday because I …………… hungry. (not eat/ not be)
8. Why ……………………………………… to play tennis last Friday? (Jim not want)
9. The car looks very clean. ……………………………………………it? (you wash)
10. Mr Clark lives in Dublin. He ………………………………… here all his life. (live)
11. Molly …………………………… in a bank for 15 years. Then she gave it up. (work)
12. Bob and Alice are married. They ………………………… married for 20 years. (get)
13. When we were on holiday, the weather ……………………………… awful. (be)
14. My grandfather died 30 years ago. I ……………………………… him. (never meet)
15. The weather …………………………… very nice recently, don’t you think? (be)
16. I don’t know Carol’s husband. I …………………………………… him. (never meet)
17. The house is very quiet. Everybody…………………………………… to bed. (go)
18. I ……………………………… Alice lately. (not see)
19. He (catch) ……………………………………………the plane at eight this morning.
20. I (read) …………………………………………… a lot of her books when I was at
school.
21. I ………………………………… any parties since I came here. ( attend, not )
22. Josua ……………………………………… there three days ago. (go)
23. Bill ……………………………………… here three days ago. (arrive)

24. Brown …………………………………… here since the 22nd. (be)
25. Try not to be absent from class again for the rest of the term. You ……………… too
many classes (miss, already). You …………… two classes just last week. (miss)
26. So far this week, I ………………………… two tests and quiz. (have )
27. Alex is an artist. He ………………………… many beautiful pictures in his lifetime.
(draw) Last week he …………………………a beautiful mountain scene. (draw)
28. Jack really needs to get in touch with you. Since this morning, he ……………………
here four times trying to reach you. He ……………………… at 9:10, 10:25, 12:15,
and 1:45. (call/ call)
29. Janet ………………………… her new blue dress only once she bought it. She
…………………………… it to her brother’s wedding last month. (wear/wear)
30. The night has ended, and it’s daylight now. The sun ………………… It
………………………… at 6:08. (rise/ rise)
31. Last January, I ………………………… snow for the first time in my life. (see)
32. Fatima ………………………… snow in her entire lifetime. (see, never)
33. I …………………………………… Greg Adams for ten years. (know)
34. A: Is Ahmed here yet?
B: Yes. He ………………………… here. (arrive, just)
A: I …………………… able to reach Mr. Chang yet. So far he ……………………
to any of my attempts to reach him. (be, not/ respond, not)
B: Oh?
A: I …………………… trying to reach him three days ago. Since then, I
………………… him twice. I …………………… him four times. And I
…………………… at least six e-mails. (start/ fax/ phone / send)
B: I guess modern communications don’t mean much if there is no one at the other
end.
EXERCISE 6
Direction: Using the words in parentheses, complete the sentences below with ‘ past
tense or perfect tense’.
1. A: Did you like the movie "Star Wars?"
B: I don't know. I (see, never) …………………………………… that movie.
2. Sam (arrive) …………………………………… in San Diego a week ago.
3. My best friend and I (know) …………………………… each other for over fifteen
years. We still get together once a week.
4. Stinson is a fantastic writer. He (write) …………………………… ten very creative
short stories in the last year. One day, he'll be as famous as Hemingway.
5. I (have, not) …………………… this much fun since I (be)………………… a kid.
6. Things (change) …………………… a great deal at Coltech, Inc. When we first
(start) …………………… working here three years ago, the company (have, only)
…………………… six employees. Since then, we (expand)
…………………………… to include more than 2000 full-time workers.
7. I (tell) ………………………… him to stay on the path while he was hiking, but he
(wander) ………………… off into the forest and (be) ……………………………
bitten by a snake.
8. Listen Donna, I don't care if you (miss) …………………………… the bus this
morning. You (be) …………………………… late to work too many times. You are
fired!
9. Sam is from Colorado, which is hundreds of miles from the coast, so he (see, never)
…………………………… the ocean. He should come with us to Miami.
10. How sad! George (dream) …………………………… of going to California before
he died, but he didn't make it. He (see, never) …………………………… the ocean.
11. In the last hundred years, traveling (become) …………………………… much easier
and very comfortable. In the 19th century, it (take) …………………………… two
or three months to cross North America by covered wagon. The trip (be)
…………………………… very rough and often dangerous. Things (change)
…………………………… a great deal in the last hundred and fifty years. Now you
can fly from New York to Los Angeles in a matter of hours.
12. Jonny, I can't believe how much you (change) …………………………… since the
last time I (see) …………………………… you. You (grow)
…………………………… at least a foot!
13. This tree (be) ………………………planted by the settlers who (find)
…………………… our city over four hundred years ago.
14. This mountain (be, never) …………………………… climbed by anyone. Several
mountaineers (try) …………………………… to reach the top, but nobody (succeed,
ever) ………………………… The climb is extremely difficult and many people (die)
…………………………… trying to reach the summit.
15. I (visit, never) …………………… Africa, but I (travel) ………………………to
South America several times. The last time I (go) …………………………… to
South America, I (visit) ……………………… Brazil and Peru. I (spend)
………………………… two weeks in the Amazon, (hike)
…………………………… for a week near Machu Picchu, and (fly)
…………………………… over the Nazca Lines.
EXERCISE 7
Direction: Using the words in parentheses, complete the sentences below with ‘ past
tense or perfect tense ‘.
Since computers were first introduced to the public in the early 1980's, technology
(change) 1 …………………………… a great deal. The first computers (be)
2
…………………………… simple machines designed for basic tasks. They (have, not) 3
……………………………much memory and they (be, not)
4
……………………………very powerful. Early computers were often quite expensive
and customers often (pay) 5……………………………thousands of dollars for machines
which actually (do) 6 …………………………… very little. Most computers (be)
7
…………………………… separate, individual machines used mostly as expensive
typewriters or for playing games.
Times (change) 8………………… Computers (become) 9…………………
powerful machines with very practical applications. Programmers (create)
10
……………………………a large selection of useful programs which do everything
from teaching foreign languages to bookkeeping. We are still playing video games, but
today's games (become) 11…………………………… faster, more exciting interactive
adventures. Many computer users (get, also) 12…………………………… on the Internet
and (begin) 13…………………………… communicating with other computer users
around the world. We (start) 14…………………………… to create international
communities online. In short, the simple, individual machines of the past (evolve)
15
…………………………… into an international World Wide Web of knowledge.
POST TEST
Direction: These questions are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence

you will see five words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C), (D), and (E).
Choose the one word or phrase that the best complete the sentence.
1. My sister ….. fox last year. “ No, they …..their teacher in Priok
A. saw ”.
B. sees A. visited
C. seeing B. had visited
D. seen C. visits
E. to see D. were visiting
E. would have visited
2. ….. Darren visit his friend
yesterday? 7. Melisa has been in London ….. the
A. did beginning of July.
B. do A. after
C. does B. at
D. is C. since
E. are D. for
E. when
3. Tim did not ….. last Friday.
A. work 8. I ….. all over the place for the wallet
B. works when I suddenly realized that she
C. to work had left it in my bedroom.
D. worked A. searched
E. working B. was searching
C. has searched
4. ….. Julia and Betty at last month's D. is searching
meeting? E. has been
A. is
B. was 9. Jane: ….. you read any good books
C. were …..?
D. are Alan : Well, yes I have, as a matter
E. am of fact.
A. Have - recently
5. I ….. my homework yet. B. Has - recently
A. have finish C. Had - recently
B. has finished D. Having - lately
C. didn’t finished E. Will - already
D. haven't finished
E. am not finish 10. They ….. in our garden until all day
yesterday.
6. “ Did you see the children when you A. worked
came home this afternoon? ” B. working
C. works

D. to work E. is visiting - see
E. are working
17. What ….. he say to you? He ….. that
11. I ….. to the radio until twelve you had do the task soon.
o’clock last night. A. did - said
A. listen B. does - say
B. is listening C. are - saying
C. will listen D. will - says
D. listened E. is he going to- will say
E. is going to listen
18. My father is on the way. He …..
12. Mr. Toni has worked in that office home yet.
…... A. haven't arrived
A. for it will open B. hasn't arrived
B. since it was opened C. didn't arrive
C. when Toni is opened D. hadn't arrived
D. after he was opened E. will not arrive
E. before Toni was opened
19. Last semester, the students in my
13. Meg and I …..on the telephone class ….. many courses, but in this
yesterday. semester they ….. only 2 courses.
A. talking A. studied - are studying
B. talks B. studies - study
C. shall talk C. is studying - study
D. will talk D. study - to study
E. talked E. to study - will study
14. Ms. Smith ….. this English class ….. 20. When I ….. to Bandung, on a bus I
a long time. ….. next to a beautiful girl. Her
A. has taught - for name is Laura. We ….. many things.
B. taught - when She is a kind girl who had shared me
C. will teach - since her experiences during she has been
D. is teaching - in TV reporter.
E. is going to teach - after A. went - sat - talked
B. go - sit - talk
15. They ….. in France for many years C. am going - is sitting - are talking
before moving to Jakarta. D. will go - will sit - will talk
A. lived E. to go - sat - talks
B. lives
C. are living 21. I am not hungry. I have ….. eaten.
D. will live A. yet
E. shall live B. now
C. just
16. When we ….. the zoo, we ….. many D. ever
kinds of animals and others flowers. E. never
A. visits - sees
B. will visit - is going to see 22. I ….. bungee jumping many times.
C. visit - saw A. have gone
D. visited - saw B. went

C. go E. for
D. am going
E. will go 27. My friends ….. a great movie on
Saturday.
23. My friends and I ….. the story A. see
twice. B. saw
A. tell C. have seen
B. told D. are seeing
C. have told E. will see
D. are telling
E. will tell 28. What have you ….. in the concert?
A. do
24. We ….. out three times this week. B. are doing
A. have eaten C. done
B. ate D. did
C. are eating E. to do
D. eat
E. will eat 29. Last night when I saw the picture of
Berlusconi, I ….. a lot.
25. I ….. a good movie for a long time. A. laughed
A. do not watch B. have laughed
B. haven’t watched C. will laugh
C. didn’t watch D. am laughing
D. will not watch E. is going to laugh
E. are not watching
30. The pituitary gland, ….. , releases
26. My brother has lived ….. 20 years in hormones to control other glands.
Papua. A. it is found below
A. from B. it found below
B. since C. found below
C. at D. find itself below
D. in E. finding
Direction: In these questions, each sentence has four underlined words or

phrases. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked (A), (B), (C),
and (D). Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in
order for the sentence to be correct.
31. All the new workers in the company have work for five days.
A B C D
32. Gladstone has be the Prime Minister of Great Britain 5 times during the reign of Queen
A B C D
Victoria.
33. In 2015 FIFA World Cup, FIFA get some corruption.

A B C D
34. My grandmother, who dies five years ago, has never been abroad.
A B C D

35. While travelling to Lake Toba, the team visit Parapat, Tongging, and Sinabung Mountain.
A B C D
36. J.K. Rowling's "Harry Potter" books have be published in many countries.
A B C D
37. The team were walking along the river when they accidently find a big cave.
A B C D
38. I have ride since I left my house this morning.

A B C D
39. Fossils show that early people are only four feet six inches tall on average.
A B C D
40. They improved their English a lot since the last seminar.
A B C D
41. Mr. Alco decided a few months ago that he committed a crime.
A B C D
42. It was very good, but I forgot many things since then.
A B C D
43. The first plant like organism probably live in the sea, perhaps three billion years ago.
A B C D
44. Monika was studying so hard when I have come to her house.
A B C D
45. Where is Miss Agustina? I don’t see her since I arrived from the airport.
A B C D
46. I could not phoned you because I was in hurry.

A B C D
47. The men lived in Pematangsiantar since 2009.

A B C D
48. She arrived in London three days ago. She is there for three days.
A B C D
49. She has not been unemployed since she go school

A B C D
50. I never known my grandmother as she died before I was born.

A B C D
====== Good Luck ======

SHN

Advance Structure Unit 2 - The Fuction of Simple Past - Perfect - Pert 3

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Advanced Structure English Education Study Program

1. Where …… you yesterday morning?

41 FBS - UNINDRA PGRI Jakarta By Selamat H. Napitupulu

42 FBS - UNINDRA PGRI Jakarta By Selamat H. Napitupulu

THE PAST TENSE

A. The Verb Form

The Verbs Form

B. The Positive and Negative Sentences

43 FBS - UNINDRA PGRI Jakarta By Selamat H. Napitupulu

C. The Interrogative Sentences: Yes or No Questions!

D. The Interrogative Sentences by Using Wh-Questions

Wh - Questions + did + S + Bare-Infinitive + Object + Adv ?

45 FBS - UNINDRA PGRI Jakarta By Selamat H. Napitupulu

Subject + was/were + Noun/Adjective/Adverb + ….!

F. The Past Tense In Passive-Voice

Active -Voice Passive –Voice

The Past Tense in Passive Voice Form that used in context

47 FBS - UNINDRA PGRI Jakarta By Selamat H. Napitupulu

The Usages of the Past Tense in Passive Voice Form

No Examples The Usages

48 FBS - UNINDRA PGRI Jakarta By Selamat H. Napitupulu

G. The Functions of Past Tense !

3. The Past Tense is to discuss details of news.

49 FBS - UNINDRA PGRI Jakarta By Selamat H. Napitupulu

H. The Spelling Rules for Regular & Irregular Verbs

Bare Infinitive/ Present Past Participle Past Tense Past Participle

sit sitting sat sat

We distinguish three types of irregular verbs:

Type (1) - All three forms are the same.

Bare Infinitive/ Present Past Participle Past Tense Past

51 FBS - UNINDRA PGRI Jakarta By Selamat H. Napitupulu

Type (2) – Two of the forms are the same.

Bare Present Past Participle Past Tense Past Participle

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Type (3) – All three forms are different.

Bare Infinitive/ Present Past Participle Past Tense Past

Bare Infinitive/ Present Past Participle Past Tense Past

The following the spelling rules of verb past, as follows:

55 FBS - UNINDRA PGRI Jakarta By Selamat H. Napitupulu

7. Using ‘ +t ‘ instead of ‘ +ed ‘

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1. We …………. in our garden until all day yesterday. ( work)

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1. They ate chicken for dinner.

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1. She gave her a lot of presents.

7. The old man came to my dormitory.

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I operated a laptop (object/what)

1. Mariana arrived at ten o’clock .( what time)

12. Mr. Selamat educated many students last year. (whom)

62 FBS - UNINDRA PGRI Jakarta By Selamat H. Napitupulu

EXERCISE 9 : ERROR ANALYSIS

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THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

The Verbs Form

B. THE PATTERNS AND EXAMPLES

Positive Sentence Negative Sentences Interrogative Sentences

S + has/have + Past S + has/have +not + Has/Have +S + Past

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But when someone has not returned we use have/has gone: