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PHYS1 CH3 WORKENERGY New
PHYS1 CH3 WORKENERGY New
xf
SOLUTION
W x F x dx
i
xf x x
1 2 1 2
f i
(kx )dx kx 2 kx
xi 2 xi xf
1 1
W kx i2 kx f2
2 2
WORK DONE BY THE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE
Divide the path into small segments s
mg mgj
s xi yj mg
W F s mg (xi yj )
j
mg (xi ) mg (yj )
0 mg y i
The total work done by the gravitational force :
W mg (y 2 y 1 )
The work done by the gravitational force does not
depend on the path; it depends only on the vertical
distance
POWER
General definition : the time rate of energy transfer.
If an external force is applied to an object and if the
work done by this force in the time interval t is W ,
then the average power expended during this interval
is defined as :
W
P
t
J/s W horsepower (hp):746 W
FY =T f fric Mg 0 ;
T f fric Mg
1
This quantity is called kinetic energy: KE = mv 2
2
1 1
Wnet mv mv 0 2 .
2
2 2
1
KE = mv 2
2
Wnet KE KE f KE i
SOLUTION
xf xf
W x F x dx x ma x dx
i i
dv dv dx dv
a v
dt dx dt dx
xf vf
dv
W mv
xi dx
dx mvdv
vi
1 1
W mv f mv i2
2
2 2
Test
Two marbles, one twice as heavy as the other, are
dropped to the ground from the roof of a building. Just
before hitting the ground, the heavier marble has
(b)
f k k n k mg
(0.15)(6.0 kg )(9.80 m / s 2 ) 8.82 N
Wfric Fk d (8.82 N )(3.0 m ) 26.5 J
1
mv f2 0 Wnet 36 J 26.5 J
2
2(36 J 26.5 J )
vf 1.8 m / s
6.0 kg
PROBLEM 4
A block of mass 1.6 kg is attached to a horizontal spring that
has a force constant of 1.0 103 N/m, as shown in the figure.
The spring is compressed 2.0 cm and is then released from
rest. Use the result of PROBLEM 2.
(a) Calculate the speed of the block as it passes through the
equilibrium position x = 0 if the surface is frictionless
SOLUTION (a)
1 2 1 2
W kx i kx f
2 2
1
(1.0 103 N / m )(2.0 10-2 m ) 0 0.20 J
2
1 2W 2(0.20 J )
W mv f2 0 ; v f 0.50 m / s
2 m 1.6 kg
PROBLEM 4
A block of mass 1.6 kg is attached to a horizontal spring that
has a force constant of 1.0 103 N/m, as shown in the figure.
The spring is compressed 2.0 cm and is then released from
rest. Use the result of PROBLEM 2.
(b) Calculate the speed of the block as it passes through the
equilibrium position if a constant frictional force of 4.0 N
retards its motion from the moment it is released.
SOLUTION
(a) v 12
FR T 1 m r
1
(0.70 m / s )2
(0.120 kg ) 0.15 N
0.40 m
PROBLEM 5
A small block with a mass of 0.120 kg is attached to a cord
passing through a hole in a frictionless, horizontal surface.
The block is originally revolving at a distance of 0.40 m from
the hole with a speed of 0.70 m/s. The cord is then pulled
from below, shortening the radius of the circle in which the
block revolves to 0.10 m. At this new distance, the speed of
the block is observed to be 2.80 m/s.
(b) What is the tension in the cord in the final situation when
the block has speed v = 2.80 m/s?
v
(b) F T m 2
2
R 2 r2
(2.80 m / s )2
(0.120 kg )
0.10 m
9.40 N
PROBLEM 5
A small block with a mass of 0.120 kg is attached to a cord
passing through a hole in a frictionless, horizontal surface.
The block is originally revolving at a distance of 0.40 m from
the hole with a speed of 0.70 m/s. The cord is then pulled
from below, shortening the radius of the circle in which the
block revolves to 0.10 m. At this new distance, the speed of
the block is observed to be 2.80 m/s.(c) How much work was
done by the person who pulled on the cord?
SOLUTION (c)
1 1
W mv 2 mv 12
2
2 2
1
(0.120 kg ) (2.80 m / s )2 (0.70 m / s )2
2
0.44 J
3 Potential Energy of a System
SOLUTION
1 1
(a) W mgh mv 22 mv 12 ; v 1 2gh v 22
2 2
v 1 2 9.80 m / s 2 15.0 m (2.80 m / s )2 30.3 m / s
(b) At the maximum height : v ’2 = 0
1 1 1
W ' mgh ' mv 2' mv 1 ; mgh ' 0 mv 12
2 2
2 2 2
v12
(30.3 m / s )2
h' 46.8 m
2g 2 9.8 m / s
PROBLEM 7
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
(b) At the bottom :
v 22 2gR
aR 2g
R R
n mg maR 2mg
n 3mg
3 25.0 kg 9.80 m / s 2 735 N
PROBLEM 8
SOLUTION
(a) Kinetic Energy Theorem
Wnet KE KE f KE i
1 1 1
mv 22 mv 12 W mgh (f FRIC d ) ; 0 mv 12 mgh (f FRIC d ) ;
2 2 1 2
mv 1 mgh
2
f 2
FRIC
d
PROBLEM 8
SOLUTION
1
mv 12 mgh
f FRIC 2
d
1
12 kg (5.0 m / s )2 12 kg 9.8 m / s 2 (1.6 m ) s in300
2 35 N
2.5 m
PROBLEM 8
SOLUTION
1 1
(b) mv '2 mv 12 W 0 (2f FRIC d ) ;
2 2
1 1 1
mv '2 mv 12 2f FRIC d 12 kg (5.0 m / s )2 2 3.5 N 1.6 m 38 J
2 2 2
2 38 J
v' 2.5 m / s
12 kg
3.2 Elastic Potential Energy
In a displacement from xl to x2 the spring does an amount
of work given by :
1 2 1 2
W kx 1 kx 2
2 2
(work done by a spring)
1 1
Wel kx 12 kx 22
2 2
1 2 1 2
Wel kx 1 kx 2
2 2
Wel U i U f U
The work done by a conservative force equals
the negative of the change in the potential energy
associated with that force
In general :
W U i U f U PE
In general : W PE i PE f PE U
xf xf
U U f U i W F x dx U f F x dx U i
xi xi
dU
dU Fx dx ; F x
dx
Example :
Potential energy : U grav mgy
dU d (mgy )
Fy mg
dy dy
1 2
Elastic potential energy : U el kx
2
dU el d 1 2
Fx ( kx ) kx
dx dy 2
NOTE :
dU dU d
Fx F i i (U )
dx dx dx
d
Gradient operator : nabla i
dx
F gradU U
dU dU dU
In 3-D space : Fx ;Fy ;Fz
dx dy dz
d d d
nabla i j k
dx dy dz
F gradU U
4.3 Nonconservative Forces
► A force is nonconservative if the work it does on an object
depends on the path taken by the object between its final
and starting points.
► Examples of nonconservative forces:
kinetic friction, air drag, propulsive forces
► The friction force transforms kinetic energy of the object
into a type of energy associated with temperature
the objects are warmer than they were before the
movement
Internal Energy is the term used for the energy
associated with an object’s temperature
Friction Depends on the Path
► The blue path is shorter
than the red path
► The work required is
less on the blue path
than on the red path
► Friction depends on the
path and so is a
nonconservative force
5 Conservation of Mechanical Energy
► Conservation in general
To say a physical quantity is conserved is to
say that the numerical value of the quantity
remains constant
► In Conservation of Energy, the total mechanical
energy remains constant
In any isolated system of objects that interact
only through conservative forces, the total
mechanical energy of the system remains
constant.
► Totalmechanical energy is the sum of the kinetic
and potential energies in the system
E i K i U i ;E f K f U f
Conservation of Energy :
Ei Ef
K i Ui K f Uf
Problem-Solving Strategy
with Conservation of Energy
► Define the system
► Select the location of zero gravitational potential
energy
Do not change this location while solving the
problem
► Determine whether or not nonconservative forces
are present
► If only conservative forces are present, apply
conservation of energy and solve for the unknown
EXAMPLE 5
A pendulum of length 2.00 m and mass 0.500 kg is
released from rest when the cord makes an angle of 30.0°
with the vertical.
Find the speed of the sphere and the tension in the cord
when the sphere is at its lowest point
v B 2.29 m / s
EXAMPLE 5
A pendulum of length 2.00 m and mass 0.500 kg is
released from rest when the cord makes an angle of 30.0°
with the vertical.
Find the speed of the sphere and the tension in the cord
when the sphere is at its lowest point
T B 6.21 N
PROBLEM 9
A glider with mass m = 0.200 kg sits on a frictionless
horizontal air track, connected to a spring with force constant
k = 5.00 N/m. You pull on the glider, stretching the spring
0.100 m, and then release it with no initial velocity. The glider
begins to move back toward its equilibrium position (x = 0).
What is its x-velocity when x = 0.080 m?
SOLUTION
PROBLEM 9
A glider with mass m = 0.200 kg sits on a frictionless
horizontal air track, connected to a spring with force constant
k = 5.00 N/m. You pull on the glider, stretching the spring
0.100 m, and then release it with no initial velocity. The glider
begins to move back toward its equilibrium position (x = 0).
What is its x-velocity when x = 0.080 m?
SOLUTION
6 Changes in Mechanical Energy for
Non-conservative Forces
► When nonconservative forces are present, the
total mechanical energy of the system is
not constant
► The work done by all nonconservative forces
acting on parts of a system equals the change in
the mechanical energy of the system
W Energy
nc
Wnc (K f U f ) (K i U i )
EXAMPLE 6
A block having a mass of 0.80 kg is given an initial velocity
1.2 m/s to the right and collides with a spring of negligible
mass and force constant 50 N/m.
(a) Assuming the surface to be frictionless, calculate
the maximum compression of the spring after the collision.
(a) E A EC
K A U A K C UC
1 1 2
mv A 0 0 kx m
2
2 2
m 0.80 kg
xm vA (1.20.80 m / s )
k 50 N / m
x m 0.15 m ,
EXAMPLE 6
A block having a mass of 0.80 kg is given an initial velocity
1.2 m/s to the right and collides with a spring of negligible
mass and force constant 50 N/m.
(b) Suppose a constant force of kinetic friction acts
between the block and the surface, with k = 0.50. If the
speed of the block at the moment it collides with the spring
is 1.2 m/s, what is the maximum compression in the
spring?
(b) f K K n K mg 0.50(0.80 kg )(9.80 m / s 2 ) 3.92 N
E f K x B 3.92x B ;
1 2 1
E E f E i (0 kx B ) ( mv A2 0) K x B
2 2
25x B2 3.92x B 0.576 0
x B 9.2 cm
PROBLEM 10
A 2.00-kg package is released on a 53.10 incline, 4.00 m from
a long spring with force constant 120 N/m that is attached
at the bottom of the incline. The coefficient of friction
between the package and the incline is k = 0.20. The mass
of the spring is negligible.
(a) What is the speed of the package just before it reaches
the spring?
SOLUTION L 1
(a) f k k n k mg cos Ugrav = 0 2
Wfriction f k L k Lmg cos
1
K 1 0 ;U 1 mgL sin ; K 2 mv 2 ;U 2 0
2 1
Wfriction K 2 U 2 (K 1 U 1 ) ; k Lmg cos mv 2 mgL sin
2
v 2gL (sin k cos ) 7.30 m / s
PROBLEM 10
A 2.00-kg package is released on a 53.10 incline, 4.00 m from
a long spring with force constant 120 N/m that is attached
at the bottom of the incline. The coefficient of friction
between the package and the incline is k = 0.20. The mass
of the spring is negligible.
(b) What is the maximum compression of the spring?
SOLUTION
1
(b) W friction
' f k (L d ) k (L d )mg cos L
K 1 0 ; U 1 mg (L d ) sin ; 2
U grav= 0 d
1 3
K 3 0 ; U 3 kd 2
2
W friction
' K 3 U 3 (K 1 U 1 ) ;
1 2
k (L d )mg cos 0 kd mg (L d ) sin 0
2
4.504 d d 4.00 0 ; d 1.06 m
2
PROBLEM 10
SOLUTION
1
(c)W ''friction f k (L d ) f k (d L y ) L
2 y
k (2L 2d y )mg cos d 4
K 1 0 ; U 1 mg (L d ) sin ; 3
U grav= 0
K 4 0 ; U 4 mg (d L y ) sin
W ''friction K 4 U 4 (K 1 U 1 ) ;
k (2L 2d y )mg cos mg (L d y ) sin mg (L d ) sin
mgy sin
2 k
y (L d ) ; y 1.32 m
tan k