By DS sir

Work, Power and energy

By
Deepak Subedi
4/1/2021 1
By DS sir
Work done Work, Power and energy

Work is said to be done when a force acting on a body displaces the body in
the direction of force. Mathematically, it is defined as the product of the
magnitude of the displacement and the component of these force in the
direction of the displacement. W = F d
Here, d is the displacement in the direction of applied force.

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Work, Power and energy
Work is scalar quantity. Thus, it is the dot product or scalar product two
vectors, force and displacement.
When a force F acts on a body and the body displaces in the direction
making an angle  with the direction of force F, then
Ԧ 𝑑Ԧ = F d Cos 
W = 𝐹.

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Work, Power and energy
Special cases:
1. When  is an acute angle ( < 90o), Cos is
positive. So, work done is positive.
2. When  is equal to 90o, W = F d Cos90o = 0.
3. When 90o<<180o, Cos is negative. So,
work is negative.
In SI system, work done is measured by unit Joule or Nm. And in
CGS system, work done is measured by unit erg or dynes-cm.
Therefore, 1 Joule = 1 N x 1 m
= 105 dynes x 100 cm
=107 ergs
The dimensional formula of work is [ML2T-2].
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Work, Power and energy
An expression to calculate the
work done by a variable force
Suppose a variable force is acting on a
body to displace it from A to B in a fixed
direction. The entire displacement AB
can be considered as a large number of
infinitesimal displacements.
Let PQ = dx be the arbitrarily chosen infinitesimally small displacement and
for such the displacement the force can be considered constant in magnitude
and direction.
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Work, Power and energy
Small amount work done in displacing the body from P to Q is
dW = F dx = PQ . PS = area of PQRS
Total work done in displacing from A to B

W =  dW =  F .dx

If the displacements are infinitesimally small,

𝑥𝐵
W = lim Σ𝐹𝑑𝑥 = ‫ 𝑥׬‬Fdx
𝑑𝑥→0 𝐴

𝐵 𝑥𝐵
Or, W = ‫ 𝐴׬‬d𝑊 = ‫ 𝑥׬‬Fdx
𝐴

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Work, Power and energy
It can be written as
𝑥𝐵
W= ‫ 𝑥׬‬Fdx
𝐴

𝑥𝐵
= ‫ 𝑥׬‬area of PQRS
𝐴

= Area of ABCDA

∴ Work done by the variable force is

equal to the area under the force curve
and the displacement axis.

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Work, Power and energy

Energy
Energy of a body is defined as the capacity of doing work. It is a scalar quantity
and has the unit of work. Energy is of various types: Mechanical energy, light
energy, sound energy, heat energy, electrical energy, chemical energy etc.

Mechanical Energy:
Mechanical energy is the energy possessed by the body due to its motion and
position or state. On the basis of motion, position or state of the body.
Mechanical energy is of two types.

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Work, Power and energy
1. Kinetic Energy: The energy possessed by any object by virtue of its
motion is called its kinetic energy. Kinetic energy of an object is given by
1 𝑝2
𝐾. 𝐸. = 𝑚𝑣2 =
2 2𝑚

Example: energy possessed by fired bullet, moving bus, wind etc.

2. Potential Energy: The energy possessed by any object by virtue of its

position or configuration is called its potential energy.

Examples: energy possessed by the body raised certain height above the
ground possess gravitational potential energy. Energy possessed by the
compressed spring or stretched rubber possess elastic potential energy.
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Work, Power and energy
Expression for the kinetic energy
Suppose a force F is applied on a body of mass m lying on a horizontal
surface. By the application of this force, the body covers a distance s and
final velocity becomes v. If a is the acceleration produced on the body, then
v2 = u2 + 2as
Or, v2 = 0 + 2as
𝑣2
Or, as =
2
The work done by the force on the body is given by
𝑣2
W = F × s = m a× s = m ×
2
This work done on the body will set the body into motion with the velocity
v from the state of rest. It is equal to kinetic energy of the body.
Therefore, K.E. = ½ mv 2
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Work, Power and energy
Work-Energy Theorem ( work done by constant force)
Suppose a body is moving on a smooth horizontal surface with a constant velocity,
u. let a constant force F acts on the body from point A and B as shown in the
figure, such that the velocity increases to v. the work done by the force is

W = F s where s is the displacement of the body.

From Newton’s second law of motion,

F = m a ; where m is the mass of the body.

Then,

W = mas
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Work, Power and energy
From the equation of motion
v2 = u2 + 2as,
Or, v2 – u2 = 2 a s
Or, a s = ½ (v2 – u2)
Work done, = m a s = m ½ (v2 – u2)
= ½ m.v2 – ½ mu2
or, W = (K.E.)f – (K.E.)i
So, the work done on moving the body by the force is equal to the
increase in its kinetic energy.

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Work, Power and energy

Principle of conservation of the energy:

Principle of conservation of the energy states that,” energy can neither
be created nor be destroyed, but it can be transformed from one form
of energy to another form of energy”

In other words, “for an isolated system, the total energy of the system
remains constant”.

So, when a body falls freely under the action of gravity, total
mechanical energy is conserved.
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Work, Power and energy

Energy conservation for a freely falling body:

Let us consider a body of mass m held at a point A at a
height h from the ground. It is allowed to fall freely under
the action of gravity alone.
Let B be the position of the body at any instant of time t
and it finally reaches to the ground point C.
At point A,
K.E of body = ½ mu2 = 0
P.E of the body = m g h
Total energy of the body
E = K.E + P.E = m g h ---------(1)
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At point B: Work, Power and energy

During the free fall, suppose the body descends

through x from A and reaches to B.
The body is at height of (h - x ) from the ground.
P.E of the body = mg (h - x)
If vB is the velocity at point B then
v2 = u2 + 2as
vB2 = 2 g x
∴ K.E of the body = ½ mvB2 = ½ m × 2 g x = m g x
Total energy of the body = K.E + P.E
= m g (h – x) + m g x
=mgh -------(2)
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Work, Power and energy
At point C
Let vC be the velocity of the falling body at point C.
Then,
vC2 = 0 + 2 g h
vC2 = 2 g h
K. = ½ m vC2 = ½ m × 2 g h = m g h
P.E = 0
Total energy of the body = K.E + P.E
=mgh+0
=mgh ------(3)
This shows that sum of P.E. and K.E of the falling
bodies remain constant.
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Work, Power and energy
• Conservative and non-conservative forces
A force is said to be conservative, if the work done by or against the force in
moving a body depends only on initial and final positions of the body and
not on the nature of the path followed. That means the amount of work
done is independent of the path followed.
Gravitational force, electrostatic force, magnetic force etc. are examples of
conservative forces.
Properties of conservative forces:
a) Work done by or against the conservative force depends only on initial
and final position of the body.
b) Work done by or against the conservative force does not depend upon
the nature of the path followed by the body.
c) Work done by or against the conservative force in moving a body in
closed path is zero.

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Work, Power and energy
• Non-conservative force:
A force is said to be non-conservative, if work done by or against the
force in moving a body from one position to another position depends
upon the path followed between the initial and final position. For
example, frictional forces are non-conservative. The work we do is also
non-conservative.
Properties of non-conservative forces
a) Work done by non-conservative force in moving a body depends on
the path followed.
b) Work done by non-conservative force in moving a body in a closed
path is not zero.

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Work, Power and energy
Collisions:
Collision between two or more particles is the interaction for a short
interval of time in which they apply relatively strong forces on each other.
In a collision physical contact of two bodies is not necessary. There are two
types of collisions:
1. Elastic collision
2. Inelastic collision

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Work, Power and energy
1. Elastic collision: The collision in which both the momentum and the kinetic
energy of the system remains conserved are called elastic collisions.
In an elastic collision all the involved forces are conservative forces. Total
energy remains conserved.
Characteristics of elastic collision
Following are the characteristics of elastic collision
a) The momentum is conserved.
b) Kinetic energy is conserved.
c) The total energy is conserved.
d) Forces involved during the interaction are conservative in nature.
e) Mechanical energy is not converted into other forms of energy.
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Work, Power and energy
An elastic collision in one dimension:
If the colliding bodies move along the same straight line before and after collision,
it is said to be one dimensional collision.
Consider two particles of masses m1 and m2, the moving with the
velocities u1 and u2 in a straight line. They collide with each other and after collision
move with the velocities v1 and v2 respectively in the same line.
The conservation of the total momentum demands that the total momentum
before the collision is the same as the total momentum after the collision, and is
expressed by the equation
m1 u1 + m2 u2 = m1 v1 + m2 v2
m1 (u1 − v1) = m2 (v2 − u1) ………..(1)
u1 u2 v1 v2
m1 m2 m1 m2 m1 m2
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Work, Power and energy

Also the kinetic energy before and after collision are equal
½ m1 u21+ ½ m2 u22 = ½ m1 v21 + ½ m2 v22
Or, ½ m1 u21+ ½ m1 v21 = ½ m2 u22 + ½ m2 v22
Or, m1 (u21 − v21) = m2 (v22 − u22)
Or, m1(u1 − v1) .(u1 + v1) = m2(v2− u2) .(v2+ u2) …….. (2)
Solving (1) and (2), we get
u1 + v1 = v2 + u2
Or, u1 − u2 = v2 − v1 ………(3)
This shows that the relative velocity of approach before the collision is equal to
relative velocity of separation after collision.
u1 u2 v1 v2
m1 m2 m1 m2 m1 m2
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Work, Power and energy
From equation (3),
v2 = u1 – u2 + v1
Substituting this value in equation (1), we get
m1 u1 + m2 u2 = m1 v1 + m2 (u1 - u2 + v1)
Or, (m1 - m2) u1 + 2m2 u2 = (m1 + m2) v1
𝑚1 −𝑚2 𝑢1 +2𝑚2 𝑢2
Or 𝑣1 = ………(4)
𝑚1 +𝑚2
Again, from equation (3),
v1 = v2 – u1 +u2
Substituting this value in equation (1), we get
m1 u1 + m2 u2 = m1 (v2 - u1 + u2) + m2 v2
Or, (m2 - m1) u2 + 2 m1 u1 = (m1 + m2 ) u2
(𝑚2 −𝑚1 )𝑢2 +2𝑚1 𝑢1
Or, 𝑣2 = -------(5)
𝑚1 +𝑚2

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Work, Power and energy

Special cases
a) When m1 = m2, then from equations (4) and (5)
v1 = u2 and v2 = u1
That is, if the bodies have equal masses, they will interchange their
velocities.
b) When u2 = 0 i.e. second body is at rest, then the equation (4) becomes
𝑚1 −𝑚2
𝑣1 = 𝑢1 …….(6)
𝑚1 +𝑚2
And equation (5) becomes
2𝑚1
𝑣2 = 𝑢 ……(7)
𝑚1 +𝑚2 1

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Work, Power and energy

c) When m1 >> m2 and u2 = 0, then equations (6) and (7) becomes

v1  u1 and v2  2u1
i.e. velocity of massive body is same but the light body acquires the
velocity which is double the initial velocity of massive body.
d) when m2 >> m1 and u2 = 0,then equation (6) and (7) gives
v1  - u1 and v2  0
i.e. the velocity of lighter body is reversed and massive body remains at
rest.

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Work, Power and energy
2. Inelastic collision: The collision in which only the momentum remains
conserved but kinetic energy does not remain conserved are called inelastic
collisions.
In an inelastic collision some or all the involved forces are non-conservative
forces. Total energy of the system remains conserved. If after the collision
two bodies stick to each other, then the collision is said to be perfectly
inelastic.
Characteristics of inelastic collision
a) The momentum is conserved.
b) Total energy is conserved.
c) Kinetic energy is not conserved.
d) Forces involved are non-conservative in nature.
e) Mechanical energy is converted into other forms of energy.
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Work, Power and energy

• Energy and momentum equation for inelastic collision.

Let us consider two bodies having masses m1 and m2 moving with velocities u1
and u2 respectively.
Suppose u1 > u2, then they will collide and after collision, they will move with
common velocity v as the collision is perfectly inelastic.
By the principle of conservation of linear momentum,
m1 u1 + m2 u2 = m1 v + m2 v = (m1 + m2) v-----(1)

u1 u2 v
m1 + m2
m1 m2 m1 m2

Before collision During collision After collision

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Work, Power and energy
𝑚1 𝑢1 +𝑚2 𝑢2
Or, 𝑣 =
𝑚1 +𝑚2
The equation (1) represents the momentum equation.
If the second body is initially at rest, i.e. u2 = 0, then we have
m1 u1 = (m1 + m2) v
𝑚1 𝑢 1
Or,𝑣 = ----(2)
𝑚1 +𝑚2
Now, total K.E. of the particle before collision is
E1 = ½ m1 u12 + ½ m2 u22 = ½ m1 u12 ……..(3)
And total K.E. after collision
E2 = ½ (m1 + m2) v2
𝑚1 2
= ½ (m1 + m2) u12
𝑚1 +𝑚2
1 𝑚12 𝑢12
= ……..(4)
2 𝑚1 +𝑚2

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Work, Power and energy
• Dividing equation (4) by (3)
1 𝑚12 𝑢12
𝐸2 2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1
= =
𝐸1 1 𝑚1 + 𝑚2
𝑚1 𝑢12
2
𝐸2 𝑚1
∴ = ………(5)
𝐸1 𝑚1 +𝑚2
This is the energy equation for inelastic collision.
𝑚1
As, m1 < m1 + m2, <1
𝑚1 +𝑚2
E1 > E 2
This shows that K.E. before collision is greater than K.E. after collision in
perfectly inelastic collision. This shows that energy gets lost during
inelastic collision.
This lost in energy is converted into heat and sound energy.
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Work, Power and energy
Coefficient of Restitution or Resilience

The ratio of relative velocity of separation after collision to the velocity of approach before
collision is called coefficient of restitution resilience. It is represented by e and it depends upon
the material of the colliding bodies.

𝑣2 − 𝑣1
𝑒=
𝑢1 − 𝑢2
For a perfectly elastic collision, u1 - u2 = v2 - v1

Therefore, e=1

For a perfectly inelastic collision,v1 = v2

Therefore e=0

For all other collisions, 0 < e < 1

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Power Work, Power and energy

Power is defined as the rate at which the work is done.

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑊
Power = =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑡
Thus power of an agent measures how fast it can do the work.
For constant force,
𝑊 Ԧ 𝑠Ԧ
𝐹.
Power, 𝑃 = = Ԧ 𝑣Ԧ
= 𝐹.
𝑡 𝑡
Hence the power of an agent can be expressed as the dot product of the
force applied and velocity of the body.
If θ is the angle between FԦ and vԦ, then
𝑊 Ԧ 𝑠Ԧ
𝐹.
𝑃= = Ԧ 𝑣Ԧ = 𝐹𝑣 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃
= 𝐹.
𝑡 𝑡
If =0o , P = F v
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Work, Power and energy

Units of power
In SI system power is measured in unit Watt (J/s) and its dimensional
formula is [ML2T-3]
Relation between watt and horsepower:
Both horse power and kilowatts are units of power.
(1kW) = (0.7 HP)
(1HP) = (1.341kW)

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Short questions: Work, Power and energy

1. A light body and a heavy body have the same momentum. Which one will have greater Kinetic energy?
Explain. [2076 'B']
2. Distinguish between conservative and non-conservative forces. [2075 'A', 2057]
3. A stationary mass suddenly explodes into two fragments; one heavy and another light. Which one has
greater kinetic energy and why? [Supp. 2074]
4. A man carrying a bucket of water is walking on a level road with a uniform velocity. Does he do any work on
the bucket while carrying it ? [2073 'D']
5. Are conservative and non-conservative forces related with the path of a force involved? Explain in
brief.[Supp. 2069]
6. How does the kinetic energy of a body change if its momentum is halved? [2069 'A']
7. What are elastic and inelastic collisions ? Give examples of each. [2068, 2054]
8. Two bodies of different masses are moving with the same kinetic energy of translation. Which one has
more momentum ? [2064]
9. "The earth moving round the sun in an orbit is acted upon by a force, hence the work must be done on the
earth by this force." Do you agree with this statement? [2063]
10. How does the K.E. of an object change if its momentum is doubled ? [2060]
11. Differentiate between conservation of kinetic energy and conservation of linear momentum.[2055]
12. In a symphon, water is lifted above its original level during its flow from one container to another. Where
does it get the needed potential energy from ? [2050]
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Numericals Work, Power and energy

1. A car of mass 1000 kg moves at a constant speed of 20m/s along a horizontal road. If a constant
frictional force of 200N is acting between the car and the road. Calculate the power developed
by the engine.(Ans: 4000W) [GIE 2075]
2. A water reservoir tank of capacity 250 m3 is situated at a height of 20 m from the water level.
What will be the power of an electric motor to be used to fill the tank in 3 hours? Efficiency of
motor is 70%. (Ans: 6613.75 watt) [2075 'B']
3. A stationary mass explodes into two parts of mass 4kg and 40kg. The initial kinetic energy of
larger mass is 10J. Find the kinetic energy of smaller mass. [2074 A] [Ans: 100J]
4. A box of mass 15 kg placed on horizontal floor is pulled by a horizontal force. What will be the
work done by the force if the coefficient of sliding friction between the box and the surface of
the floor is 0.3 and body moved at unit distance. [2074 A] [Ans: 45J]
5. An explosive of mass M placed at a point explodes into one-third and two-third parts. If the
initial kinetic energy of the smaller part is 1000 J. What will be the initial K.E. of the bigger part?
[2074 B] [Ans: 500J]
6. You throw a 20N rock vertically into the air from ground level. You observe that when it is 15m
above the ground, it is travelling at 25m/s upward. Use the work-energy theorem to find (i) its
speed as it left the ground and (ii) its maximum height. [2072'D'] [Ans: 46.25 m]
7. A 650 kw power engine of a vehicle of mass 1.5×105 kg is rising on an inclined plane of
inclination 1 in 100 with a constant speed of 60 km/hr. Find the frictional force between the
wheels
4/1/2021 of the vehicle and the plane. [2071 'C'] [Ans: 24 × 103N] 34
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Work, Power and energy
8. A stationary mass explodes into two parts of mass 4kg and 40kg. The initial kinetic
energy of larger mass is 10J. Find the velocity of the smaller mass. [Ans: 100J , 7.07 m/s ]
[2071 'D']
9. A block of weight 150N is pulled 20m along a horizontal surface at constant velocity.
Calculate the work done by the pulling force if the coefficient of Kinetic friction is 0.20 and the
pulling force makes an angle of 60° with the vertical. [Ans: 537J] [Supp. 2070]
10. A petrol engine car of mass 1500kg and efficiency 15% accelerates from rest to 37 m/s
in seconds. If one gallon of petrol produces 1.3×108J of energy when burnt, how many gallons
of petrol this car use during the acceleration? [Ans: 0.052] [Supp. 2069]
11. A 0.15 kg glider is moving to the right on a frictionaless horizontal air track with a
speed of 0.80ms–1. It has a ahead on collision with a 0.300 kg glider that is moving to the left
with a speed of 2.2 ms–1. Find the final velocity (magnitude and direction) of each glider if the
collision is elastic. (Ans: –3.2 ms–1, – 0.2ms–1) [2069 'B']
12. An airplane pilot wishes to fly due west. A wind of 80km/hr is blowing towards the
south. If the speed of the plane in still air is 320km/hr, in which direction should the pilot
head? What is the speed of the plane with respect to the ground? [Supp. 2068][Ans: 310
km/hr]
13. A stationary mass explodes into two parts of mass 4 units and 40 units respectively. If
the larger mass has an initial kinetic energy of 100J; what is the initial kinetic energy of the
smaller mass ?
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