Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
DR. CARIDAD C. LABE EDUCATION CENTER OF EXCELLENCE, INC.
High School Department
G. Mangubat St., Poblacion, Lapu-Lapu City 6015
Classroom at Home
Science 12
general physics
WORK, ENERGY,
and POWER
WHAT ’ S INSIDE?
01 02 03 04
What is What is What is What have you
work? energy? power? learned?
WHAT IS WORK?
Work is the energy transfer that takes place when
a force causes an object to move.
work done = force applied × distance moved in direction of force
W = Fd
where:
work done is measured in joules (J)
force is measured in newtons (N)
distance is measured in meters (m)
WORK: EXAMPLE QUESTION 1
A box is pushed across a floor by a constant force of 100 N.
What is the work done by the force to move the box 5 m?
100 N
W = Fd
= 100 × 5
= 500 J
If the floor is smooth, where does this energy go?
The box accelerates and gains kinetic energy.
If the floor is rough, where does the energy go?
Some or all of the energy is lost as heat and sound.
WORK DONE BY A FORCE AT AN ANGLE
The same box is now dragged by a rope,
which is raised at an angle θ to the horizontal.
F
This time, the box moves in a different direction
to the direction of the applied force.
How does this affect the work done?
Can you think of any suggestions?
CALCULATING WORK DONE AT AN ANGLE
When calculating the work done by a force acting at an angle,
it is useful to break the force down into components.
The tension in the rope can be broken down into a
horizontal and a vertical component. F
Fsinθ
The vertical component does no work since the θ
box does not move in that direction.
Fcosθ
So to calculate work done by a force at an angle:
work done = force in direction of movement × distance moved
W = Fdcosθ
WORK: EXAMPLE QUESTION 2
A toy car is pulled along by a piece of string which is at 30° to the
horizontal. Calculate the work done in pulling the toy if the
tension in the string is 10 N, and it is pulled along 5 m.
W = Fdcosθ
10 N
= 10 × 5 × cos30°
= 43.3 J
30°
5m
WHAT IS ENERGY?
Energy is the measure of the ability of an object
or a system to perform work.
There are many types of energy:
kinetic energy - energy of an object due to its speed
gravitational potential energy - energy of an object due to
position in a gravitational field
elastic potential energy - energy stored when an object is
stretched or compressed
chemical potential energy - energy stored in chemical bonds
nuclear energy - energy stored in nuclei
ENERGY TRANSFER
When work is done, energy is transferred.
That energy might be:
gravitational potential energy - e.g.
when an object changes height
within a gravitational field
kinetic energy -
e.g. when an object changes speed
light energy -
e.g. when a light bulb is switched on
heat and sound -
e.g. when a car brakes sharply
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
The law of conservation of energy states:
Energy cannot be created, or destroyed;
it can only be changed into another form.
In other words, the total energy
of a system is constant.
A bungee jumper’s gravitational potential energy
is changed into kinetic energy as they jump, and
then stored as elastic potential energy as the
bungee rope stretches.
GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY
Gravitational potential energy (GPE, Ep or Egrav)
is the energy of an object due to its position in a gravitational field.
The Ep gained by a mass is proportional to the force used to lift it,
and the distance it is lifted:
gravitational gravitational field
= mass × × height
potential energy strength
Ep = mgh
It is often talked about in terms of a change in an
object’s Ep due to a change in its height: ΔEp = mgΔh
EP: EXAMPLE QUESTION 1
A supermarket employee lifts a baked
bean tin, weighing 250 g, from the floor,
to a shelf 2 m high.
How much gravitational potential energy
does it gain? (g = 9.81 N/kg)
ΔEp = mgΔh
= 0.250 × 9.81 × 2
= 4.9 J
EP: EXAMPLE QUESTION 2
A pole vaulter of mass 80 kg jumps a
height of 5 m. What is his gravitational
potential energy at the highest point of
his jump? (g = 9.81 N/kg)
Ep = mgh
= 80 × 9.81 × 5
= 3924 J
WHAT IS KINETIC ENERGY?
Kinetic energy (KE or Ek) is the energy of an object due to its speed.
kinetic energy = ½ × mass × speed2
Ek = ½mv 2
where:
kinetic energy is measured in joules (J)
mass is measured in kilograms (kg)
speed is measured in meters per second (m/s).
DERIVING EK = ½MV 2
Consider a force F acting on an object of mass m,
initially at rest, moving it a distance s in time t.
From ’suvat ’ equations: s = ½ (u + v)t a = ( v – u) / t
Because u = 0 m/s: s = ½vt a=v/t
Newton’s 2nd law: F = ma
Substituting a = v /t: F = mv / t
Work done by force: W = Fs
W = (mv / t) × ½vt
W = ½mv2
Work done = energy transferred: Ek = ½mv2
EK AND EP
If resistive forces, such as friction and air resistance,
are ignored, Ek and Ep are related as follows:
loss of Ek = gain in Ep
loss of Ep = gain in Ek
For example, if an object of mass m is released above the
ground at height h, it will gain speed, v, as it falls.
Due to the conservation of energy, and assuming air
resistance is negligible, after falling a height of Δh:
½mv 2 = mgΔh
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY: SAMPLE QUESTION
A ball of mass 400 g is thrown upwards at a
speed of 5 ms-1. (g = 9.81 N/kg). Ek = ½mv2
= ½ × 0.4 × 52
What is the ball’s Ek as it is released? =5J
What is the ball’s maximum gain of Ep? ΔEp = Ek
=5J
What is the ball’s maximum height? Ep = mgh
h = Ep / mg
= 5 / (0.4 × 9.81)
= 1.27 m
RESISTIVE FORCES
Resistive forces are forces that act on a moving body in
the opposite direction to the direction of movement.
The main resistive force is friction, which includes drag or air resistance.
When an object such as a roller
coaster moves vertically without a
driving force, any difference
between a change in ΔEp and ΔEk
corresponds to a loss of energy to
resistive forces, or work done
against resistive forces:
W = ΔEp + ΔEk
where ΔEk is positive if ΔEp
is negative, and vice versa.
WHAT IS POWER?
Power is the rate at which work is done,
or the rate at which energy is transferred.
power = work done / time taken
P = W/t
where:
power is measured in watts (W)
work done or energy transferred is measured in joules (J)
time is measured in seconds (s).
POWER EXAMPLE QUESTION 1
A crane lifts a load of 1,500 kg a
height of 25 m at a steady rate, in
a time of 2 min.
What is the power of the crane?
P=W/t
= 367 875 / 120 W = energy transferred = ΔEp
ΔEp = mgΔh
= 3066 W = 1500 × 9.81 × 25
= 367 875 J
MOTIVE POWER
The power output of a powered object, such as an engine or
muscles, is sometimes called the motive power.
If the powered object is moving at a constant
speed at a constant height:
power = force × speed
P = Fv
At constant speed and height, the force produced by the
powered object is equal but opposite to all resistive forces
acting on the object, such as friction and air resistance.
POWER EXAMPLE QUESTION 2
What is the resistive force on a
cyclist who has leg muscles of
power 200 W each and who
reaches a top speed of 10 m/s
on a level road?
P = Fv
F=p/v
= (200 × 2) / 10
= 40 N
POWER: EFFICIENCY
Efficiency is the ratio of useful work done by a device, to
the total work done (or the ratio of useful output energy
to the total energy input).
efficiency = useful work done / total work done
efficiency = useful energy output / total energy input
Efficiency is often expressed as a percentage.
Efficiency is always less than 100%, as no device is
perfect and some energy is always lost.
For example, what is the efficiency of a 60 W
filament lamp that gives out 1 W of light?
efficiency = 1 / 60 = 0.017 = 1.7%
SANKEY DIAGRAMS
A Sankey diagram is a type of flow diagram that shows the major energy
transfers, including energy losses, through a closed system.
For instance, a Sankey diagram for a filament
lamp that is 5% efficient would look like this:
electrical energy light energy (5 W)
(100 W)
heat energy (95 W)
ASSIGNMENT
After studying through this PowerPoint
presentation, I encourage you to perform the
activity in your learning kit. Enjoy!
“ INTELLIGENCE IS THE
ABILITY TO ADAPT TO
CHANGE.“
— STEPHEN HAWKING
Have fun learning!
If you have questions, please contact:
JAYCEL MARIE MONTON
[Link]
jaycelmonton@[Link]
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