Kandahar University

Engineering faculty
Civil department
Structure Analysis I
Chapter four

Plane and Space Trusses

Lecturer: Eng. Esmatullah Masom

Date : 2023/1/ 26
Table Of Content
4.1 Assumptions for Analysis of Trusses
4.2 Arrangement of Members of Plane Trusses—Internal Stability
4.3 Equations of Condition for Plane Trusses
4.4 Static Determinacy, Indeterminacy, and Instability of Plane Trusses
4.5 Analysis of Plane Trusses by the Method of Joints
4.6 Analysis of Plane Trusses by the Method of Sections
4.7 Analysis of Compound Trusses
4.8 Complex Trusses
4.9 Space Trusses
Assignment
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Introduction
•A truss is structure of straight members connected at their ends by flexible
connections.
•If the members and load is in single plane so the truss is plane truss.
•If the truss is not divide into plane, and the member and load is applied in
three dimension so the truss is space truss, Like transmission towers.

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Introduction
•Trusses are named by original designers, are shown in Figs.

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Introduction
•Trusses are named by original designers, are shown in Figs.

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4.1 Assumptions For Analysis Of Trusses
•Three assumptions for the truss analysis:
1. All members are connected only at their ends by frictionless hinges in plane,
trusses and by frictionless ball-and-socket joints in space trusses.
2. All loads and support reactions are applied only at the joints.
3. The centroidal axis of each member coincides with the line connecting the
centers of the adjacent joints.

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4.1 Assumptions For Analysis Of Trusses
•The reason for making these assumptions is to obtain an ideal truss.
•An ideal trusses members has axial forces (Tension, compression) determined
from the analysis of truss are called the primary forces.
•If the truss is not ideal so the members has bending moment, shear forces and
axial forces which is now as secondary forces.

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4.1 Assumptions For Analysis Of Trusses

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4.2 Arrangement Of Members Of Plane
Trusses—internal Stability
➢Basic Truss Element:
•The simplest internally stable (or rigid) plane truss.
•Connecting three members at their ends by hinges to form a triangle, is called
triangular truss.
•This triangular truss is called the basic truss element.

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4.2 Arrangement Of Members Of Plane
Trusses—internal Stability
➢Simple Trusses:
•The basic truss element enlarged by attaching two new members, and one
joint is called simple truss.
•The relationship of members and joints.
𝑚 = 3 + 2 𝑗 − 3 = 2𝑗 − 3

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4.2 Arrangement Of Members Of Plane
Trusses—internal Stability
➢Compound Trusses:
•Compound trusses are constructed by connecting two or more simple trusses to
form a single rigid body.

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4.2 Arrangement Of Members Of Plane
Trusses—internal Stability
➢Internal Stability:
𝑚 < 2𝑗 − 3 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑚 ≥ 2𝑗 − 3 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

𝑚 = member
𝑗 = joint

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Example 4.1
Classify each of the plane trusses shown in Fig. 4.12 as internally stable or
unstable.

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Example 4.1
Classify each of the plane trusses shown in Fig. 4.12 as internally stable or
unstable.

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Example 4.1
Solution:
a) The truss shown in Fig. 4.12(a) contains 20 members and 12 joints.
𝑚 = 2 12 − 3 = 21 so the truss is unstable
b) The truss shown in Fig. 4.12(b) contains 21 members and 12 joints.
𝑚 = 2 12 − 3 = 21 so the truss is stable
c) The truss shown in Fig. 4.12(c) contains 25 members and 12 joints.
𝑚 = 2 12 − 3 = 21 so the truss is stable
d) The truss shown in Fig. 4.12(d) contains 23 members and 12 joints.
𝑚 = 2 12 − 3 = 21 so the truss is unstable
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4.3 Equations Of Condition For Plane Trusses
•If two trusses are connected by internal hinge to form a single (internally
unstable) truss.

➢One equation of condition:

∑𝑀𝐵𝐴𝐵 = 0 ∑𝑀𝐵𝐵𝐶 = 0

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4.3 Equations Of Condition For Plane Trusses
•If connection type is two parallel members.

➢One equation of condition:

∑𝐹𝑦𝐴𝐵 = 0 ∑𝐹𝑦𝐶𝐷 = 0

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4.3 Equations Of Condition For Plane Trusses
•If connection type is single link.

➢Two equation of condition:

∑𝐹𝑋𝐴𝐵 = 0 ∑𝐹𝑋𝐶𝐷 = 0
∑𝑀𝐵𝐴𝐵 = 0 ∑𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐷 = 0

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4.4 Static Determinacy, Indeterminacy, And
Instability Of Plane Trusses
𝑚 + 𝑟 < 2𝑗 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑠
𝑚 + 𝑟 = 2𝑗 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑠
𝑚 + 𝑟 > 2𝑗 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑠
𝑚 = member
𝑟 = reaction
𝑗 = joint
•Degree of static indeterminacy, 𝑖
𝑖 = 𝑚 + 𝑟 − 2𝑗

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Example 4.2
Classify each of the plane trusses shown in Fig. 4.15 as unstable, statically
determinate, or statically indeterminate. If the truss is statically indeterminate,
then determine the degree of static indeterminacy.

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Example 4.2

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4.5 Analysis Of Plane Trusses By The Method Of
Joints
➢Procedure for Analysis:
1. Check the truss for static determinacy and indeterminacy.
2. Identify zero-force members of the truss.
3. Determine the slopes of the inclined members.
4. Draw a free-body diagram of the whole truss.
5. Determine the reactions.
6. Select the joint for analysis that has two unknown forces.
7. Determine the unknown forces by applying the two equilibrium
equations∑𝐹𝑋 = 0 ∑𝐹𝑌 = 0.
8. Analysis each joint in the truss and fined all the internal forces.
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Example 4.3
Fined all the internal forces of truss shown in the figure below.

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Example 4.3
Solution:
•Fined the reactions:
+ → ∑𝐹𝑋 = 0 𝐴𝑥 − 120 = 0 𝐴𝑥 = 120 𝑘𝑁 →
+ ↶ ∑𝑀𝑐 = 0 − 𝐴𝑦 10.5 + 120 6 + 180 4.5 = 0 𝐴𝑦 = 145.7 𝑘𝑁↑
+ ↑∑𝐹𝑦 = 0 𝐶𝑌 − 180 + 145.7 = 0 𝐶𝑌 = 34.3 𝑘𝑁↑
•Analysis joint A:
1
+ ↑∑𝐹𝑦 = 0 145.7 + 𝐹 =0 𝐹𝐴𝐷 = −206.1 𝑘𝑁
2 𝐴𝐷
1
+ → ∑𝐹𝑋 = 0 120 − 206.1 + 𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 0 𝐹𝐴𝐵 = +25.7 𝑘𝑁
2

𝐹𝐴𝐷 = 206.1 𝑘𝑁 𝐶 𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 25.7 𝑘𝑁 (𝑇)

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Example 4.3
Solution:
•Analysis joint B:
+ ↑∑𝐹𝑦 = 0 −𝐹𝐵𝐷 = 0 𝐹𝐵𝐷 = 0
+ → ∑𝐹𝑋 = 0 − 25.7 + 𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 0 𝐹𝐵𝐶 = +25.7 𝑘𝑁 𝑜𝑟
𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 25.7 𝑘𝑁 (𝑇)

•Analysis joint C:
3
+ → ∑𝐹𝑋 = 0 − 25.7 + 𝐹𝐶𝐷 = 0 𝐹𝐶𝐷 = +42.8 𝑘𝑁
5

𝐹𝐶𝐷 = 42.8 𝑘𝑁 (𝐶)

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Example 4.3
Solution:
•Check joint D:

1 3
+ → ∑𝐹𝑋 = −120 + 206.1 − 42.8 = 0 𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘𝑠
2 5
1 4
+ ↑∑𝐹𝑦 = 206.1 − 180 + 42.8 = 0 𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘𝑠
2 5

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4.5 Analysis Of Plane Trusses By The Method Of
Joints
➢Identification of Zero-Force Members:
1. If only two noncollinear members are connected to a joint that has no
external loads or reactions applied to it, then the force in both members is
zero.
2. If three members, two of which are collinear, are connected to a joint that
has no external loads or reactions applied to it, then the force in the
member that is not collinear is zero.

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Example 4.3
Identify all zero-force members in the Fink roof truss subjected to an unbalanced
snow load, as shown in Fig. 4.18.
Solution:

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4.6 Analysis Of Plane Trusses By The Method Of
Sections
➢Procedure for Analysis:
1. Select a section that passes through as many members as possible whose
forces are desired, but not more than three members with unknown forces.
2. Although either of the two portions of the truss can be used for computing
the member forces, we should select the portion that will require the least
amount of computational effort in determining the unknown forces.
3. Draw the free-body diagram of the portion of the truss selected.
4. Determine the unknown forces by applying the three equations of
equilibrium.
5. Apply an alternative equilibrium equation, which was not used to compute
member forces, to check the calculations.
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Example 4.7
Determine the forces in members CD, DG, and GH of the truss shown in Fig.
4.22(a) by the method of sections.

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Example 4.7
Solution:

+ ↶ ∑𝑀𝐷 = 0 − 60 4 + 𝐹𝐺𝐻 3 = 0 𝐹𝐺𝐻 = 80 𝑘𝑁 (𝑇)

3
+ ↑∑𝐹𝑦 = 0 − 120 − 60 + 𝐹𝐷𝐺 = 0 𝐹𝐷𝐺 = 300 𝑘𝑁 (𝑇)
5
4
+ → ∑𝐹𝑋 = 0 − 80 − 300 − 𝐹𝐶𝐷 = 0 𝐹𝐶𝐷 = −320 𝑘𝑁 (C)
5

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4.7 Analysis Of Compound Trusses
•For the analysis of compound trusses both joint and section method is used.

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4.8 Complex Trusses
•For the analysis of complex trusses software is used.

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4.9 Space Trusses
•The simplest internally stable (or rigid) space truss can be formed by
connecting six members by four joints to form a tetrahedron, as shown in Fig.
4.28(a).
•This tetrahedron truss may be considered as the basic space truss element.

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4.9 Space Trusses
•Adding three members and one joint to basic space truss element, continuing
the same procedure the truss is called sample space truss.

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4.9 Space Trusses
•The relationship between members and joints;
𝑚 = 6 + 3 𝑗 − 4 = 3𝑗 − 6
•To fined the reaction of space truss we use six equilibrium equation;
∑𝐹𝑥 = 0 ∑𝐹𝑦 = 0 ∑𝐹𝑧 = 0
∑𝑀𝑥 = 0 ∑𝑀𝑦 = 0 ∑𝑀𝑧 = 0
•Static Determinacy, Indeterminacy, and Instability space structure;
𝑟 < 6 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦
𝑟 = 6 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦
𝑟 > 6 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦
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4.9 Space Trusses
•Static Determinacy, Indeterminacy, and Instability space truss;
𝑚 + 𝑟 < 3𝑗 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑠
𝑚 + 𝑟 = 3𝑗 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑠
𝑚 + 𝑟 > 3𝑗 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑠

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4.9 Space Trusses
➢Analysis of Member Forces:
•For the analysis of space truss the same joint and section method is used.
𝐿𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥𝐴𝐵 2 + 𝑌𝐴𝐵 2 + 𝑍𝐴𝐵 2

𝑥𝐴𝐵
𝐹𝑥𝐴𝐵 = 𝐹𝐴𝐵
𝐿𝐴𝐵
𝑦𝐴𝐵
𝐹𝑦𝐴𝐵 = 𝐹𝐴𝐵
𝐿𝐴𝐵
𝑧𝐴𝐵
𝐹𝑧𝐴𝐵 = 𝐹𝐴𝐵
𝐿𝐴𝐵

•The resultant force 𝐹𝐴𝐵 is given by;

2 2 2
𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 𝐹𝑥𝐴𝐵 + 𝐹𝑦𝐴𝐵 + 𝐹𝑧𝐴𝐵
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4.9 Space Trusses
➢Zero force members in space truss;
1. If all but one of the members connected to a joint lie in a single plane and
no external loads or reactions are applied to the joint, then the force in the
member that is not coplanar is zero.
2. If all but two of the members connected to a joint have zero force and no
external loads or reactions are applied to the joint, then unless the two
remaining members are collinear, the force in each of them is also zero.

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4.9 Space Trusses
➢Zero force members in space truss;

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Assignment
✓Example 4.11, 4.12
✓Next class

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