o)( IDE - Us •a & t

o• - .. .. ••••
ct\R DO N DIO XtD r.

."itil,1 . l'rt·i, 1
• • h•,t I J'.l!i~
l <>, Into .. 'Y 1 Ai•,- , KA Flt'~
I.'. ff• J 1 \\·,,11-, 1u...a ),•· c,4 • j1
.. ""' ' 'fl,.,u,,. ( ·1 • •·, , /- . 1 H
, I " ' ' " ll· .. aI'ilCt ltn
• "'I
, \ ttt\j 1,,,, , t0 t I'I
l< >i thrn th~h _ l
, ,,, ....l,•r• -' •~d fr r-. ,."-r M , lr11~
,. · n \\at.,, "''",.
!1
nln""'m in aJJ · . unJ,., , ,. ' " - •·r•·rar•t( H,r ..... ,i. , :j
lhun - ~u '"'" '''" ( () ' " '
,.
.
L1quidcarbon-• · \jJI' i;.1.r&n..,,'I.Jt\ . J".,.·'J""'''''' · !:,i
rva n. · ii,... 1 , f 11
f ' .1r~ hon
uto
fl--Sults in .. •rn !iuJt f,'T1 ' ,.. in J'1'r, -."'"' ii
0 1' rJ, 1
it•c ml f.1, :/
nnatton of sol,iJ .. frt'l'1in>; &
rarl111,, d1011Jr . d i . ,.,,' of.,.."'''''' ,-f f~.J , !'
'Y ( I)n, L , , j

Ba"mI . .
-
ft
·' l'I • · ,,... ' '"' ,.._.,., 1,, • II
g IJf.nJ.•de · !'1 .
a.ed food
rracti~n bt_.~;:~l'P&1n'l) by .. ; ~:" '""•~r·r tti.in flf llan.a,y .. rl
f3" 5 "., wtw,, rru1.nJ .1
" '.~ f'lt"'"
j •tef11 S, t,r(_\.ld]
I -a}-C Baking sod a INaH 1
With Jour lit111·rJtM -
)1, Ii
lt.C·l potassium h rll'n,~ C03], -
1 <lliwhiahm.w"'tt••JJM •"•
\'i
Y--,'b~t.lrtrate &sldn:l I lix1,, ...
·nguishing •
By ~of ade vic ec:a Ue ~ l &q11 ,,,,u , . Ii
1:
tif' cfo2 lS non-cornbustib:-fll?ctfingui<:Jn-.
firt fi_i,:1,tm.~ for Jomf"llt ic
,. ~res j
bustion & heav1.cr, non -supporter •- inJu striJ I applk.1hon'9 .
,o com th .
an air -
°'
1ence cuts out the fire.
to5yntheSis • Nat ural process by whj
ufarturr offood -
5, Pf10 ~bsorb carbon dioxide _ch green plants Man 'I
m pres enc e of Sunlight & hi by pl,mt, in the form
glucose.
of ~~
::.: :_~c~o~ro~~~l~,_ J~ ~- --- --· '11 .
mc ;UI SH ~~- - - - -~
~ INGUISHERS:
EXT
flflf oda acid fi re exti ngm.s 1ier -
5
u>~: a
A .,.inc
. conu cyli nde r con tain ing - NaHCO3 soln.
_ NaHC0 3 solution
_ Bottle con tain ing cone. H 2SO4.
On reaction, CO2 is libe rate d in soln. form.
Soda acid fire extlngul1her - General ftre■
on diox ide fire extin guisher - fights electrical & 01•t f'ires s1nee -
Liquid carb l'difi"es to cnve snowy dry If h fir
· b d" ·d
the liqmd car on 1ox1 e, so 1 o· - Icc, w h'1ch engu s t e e.

LTESTS FOR CA RB ON DIO XID E

USE APPLICATION
1. On passage thro ugh Lime wate r ;- turns milky.
disappears.
lime wat er On passing excess CO2 - thro ugh it, the milkiness
Ca(OHh + CO2 ➔ CaC03-.v + H20 [milky]
pears)
CaC 03 + H 20 +CO2 ➔ Ca(HC03)i [milkiness disap de tM m,
[The above test is answered also with sulphur dioxide gas
but sulpl,u rdioxi
n dioxide dots not.J
-potassium permanganate paperfrom purple to colourless, carbo ,
g-
2. On burn ing mag nes ium Magnesium burn s in carbon dioxide gas depositin
1I
ribbon in a jar of bl 'ck particles of carbon on the walls of the jar

=d
n ==
i x
o= d=
i= e ~~ ~~ ~- ~
~ :
~~~ -
~~-
~ ~~
~
-- . 2=
:~-~ _
M_ ---a..-..~ ~= --- -__ ..,. -~~ ~~ ~-~ ; l
~~ +~C
~ =
=cMbo
~ =
•
~ ~ -f')
 F. CA RB ON MO NO XID E - Intr odu ctio n,
occ urr enc e
. ,f'T RO DU CTI ON
t· g
. De Las sont - In 17i6 first prep ared carb on mon ·de by hea m -
oxi
zin( o, jde ,\;th woo d charcoal .
bon mon oxid e-
• Cruik Shank In 1800 established the basic structur
e of~
and foun d it to be a com pou nd of carbon and oxygen
Y·
, 2. OCC_URRENCE _ . e earoonmonoxicfe isaproduct cA-
Air norm ally doe s not con tam carb on ~on~XI~
· s-u of air or oxygen.
burning of carb on or its com pou nds - zn a limit
ed 1'P1Y . lete. ,.,._ 1- ....:__
:--.:. l,! - Octane [CgH1g] acar bon co~ pou nd f ound · petroL on inroII1P \.VU
:as _ exhaust fumes from cars. ~ -
rele ases carb on mon oxid e whi ch IS thus rele ase
oal ove ns _ releases CO
fr ,:!s - Burning of coal or coke in mdw
• ---~ -1 furn aces or cha rc
,uuu f . forming_ carbon dioxide. ·
In a charcoal oven, the coke bum s in a free suT7Ply O
arr
C + 0 2 ➔ CO2 + D..
• assa e thro ugh heated colt.
The carb on diox ide is redu ced to carbon mmwxide
CO + C ➔ 2CO
2
- on
[CO bums at the top of the cha~
!az g forming COiJ.
(JlJe1l

, 3. PREPARATION - Lab ora tory me tho

d
PREPARATION FROM CONC. H SO & FOR
2 4 MIC ACID [HCOOH].
Yr~FORMIC AOD

CAROO~ MO ~E
CON C.
Hi5()4

CONC.
t==:;!:==al KOH WATER

LaboratDfy preparation of carbon monoiide by action of heai on cone

.~ 4 & formic acid
Hz50 [cone.]
REACTION !H CO OH4 --- ~ CO + 1½0
REACTANTS Formic acid [HCOOH] & Cone. sulp hur ic acid
[cone. Hi-5(JJ.
PROCEDURE Cone. H 2SO4 is plac ed in the - rou nd bott om flas
k&
formic acid [HCOOH] is add ed thro ugh the this
tle fun nel
Formic acid is war med with cone. Hi5 () whi ch
4 acts as a
dehydrating agent & rem ove s a mol ecu le of wat er from formic
PURIFICATION : . The carb onm ono xide
ispa ssed thro ugh a-w ash erbo ttle ron · ·
caustic potash so_ln. ~KOH] which abso rbs any CO
COLLECTION : . Car bon monoxide 15 coll form ed.
ected by - downward disp2lacement of Wtllt1
[it is alm ost insoluble in wat er and as hea vy as
air].
SinceCOisahighlypoisonousgasitisgenerallynotpre
paredinthelalxratc.y,~withnff!Cjaalilllit
 OXIDE - P

l "", ·c
<·,,I, 111;i~~:- ·-.. __
( >.Jr l'!J rl,-.·, ·---, ~,. . ··---- ---- -- - -

Ta~itt•I,~..,
. 't (
. •l • c..1 n' Alr,u,,_, a; hi-
.~
.
"., (Va J">f ,ur [)( ,n_'lJ~ a~, a,,.
~ 1\',1tyc1
,eiLJTY try LliJ.htl I (clrl-,n Oil .
I
I
, .. ~ v
,
Y5<1/14bk ·
' ,Y-t(J)i(jp•H {'·'
. :" ,cFACTION Liqul-fit '" ti:att, . • D c,f a;r • U 41)
.I'. !.,. ~ tr1 a Ct,I,
Under high pr 11Jrk."\1 li,~uid -
.
' . ~.,
L. l-S\ure & I
<rw •~-
I~
e..,
iNG pOINT
I" ''
I,,

,-:, ~_::
- -- - --
1quid carbc:
:m rnoll( 'd ---··•~ature.
~ ebcriJsat-192',c.
~ rbon monoxide is a- h" - - - -- - - - - - - - - -
~.,n .
combines w· h
xide
1ghty p0·
isonou, gas.
:v k/'\n mono
orvv erf . . h he 1l the ha
. t:aad, int enng w1~ t. role of the pigine nt~oglobin in the red cells of the
()Uftl1g normal respzr~tum, the oxygen ta ~ an oxygen carrier.
, \o\1·th the haem oglob in to produ ce oxy-ha kene,ninto the blood strearn comu L:--
uin
• her 1 orted
to \'arioUS ttssues ~ . e the oxy-haernogtobin . og ~bin - whi~h is transp
If carbon monoXIde IS inhaled _ the haemo~ t e s - ~eleasmg orygm.
· ,table compound - carboxyl-haemoglobi glo1';m combines with it formin
haemo
ga
globin \
I
train taking up oxygen. _ n, which prevents the
1
Aperson thus dies due to lack of oxygen [as hy . .
na lS ~ extreme condition caused
. bY tack of oxygen resulting in unconsctousnesps, suffoc
·.
1

- ation or death}.
•; tS thus do~gerous to:
~-Sleep in a closed · rho n-
room with a - coalfire burning s·mceca
. . d
t,urns in a ltmtte supply of air forming - carbon monoxide
[Hence Juel if not burnt in agood supply of oxygen may lead to fermanon of- CO} .
. Stand in a garage with the engine ·of an automobile running since_
carbon monoxide is present in the - exhaust fumes.
- Smoke or be in the vicinity of smokers since the fumes of -
burning tobacco contains traces of - carbon monoxide.
Prtcautionc taken in case of- carbon monoxide poisoning;
- Avictim of carbon monoxide poisoning should be given -
artificial respiration with carbogen [mixture of 95% oxygen & 5% carbon dioxide).
litt
- Workers in factories should be made to wear a gas mask made of hopc.a
[mixture of 50% Mn02, 30% CuO, 13% CoO, 7o/o ~g20] which oxidizes -
carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide even at- ordinary temperatures.
 -~-~~-~~~- -~ONOXIDE - Chemical properties, t~~~~-~•es
,j 1 · CHEMIC:A PROPERTi.. s
. , ~ COMO.USTIBI-LITY- - ==-
... - --
. -- . - .-
. --- -:-:-:
.t/:--a-p~al;c;:;bl:
-: ue:iflnj";:;,
mc;j]-. ---
Combustible [,e. hums 111 mr w, l
Non-supporter of combustion.
2. STABILITY Docsnotundergothennaldecomposition - atanytempcraturcs.
1 _ -;J;;;.:-:N
::-:A 1t~o~l~
~T~U~R~E=---:---i_:N~e~u~tr~a:_ itt~n~u~s·~ - - - - - - - - - -- -~
Chomlcal reactions
1

Reactants Reaction Equation

NON-METALS 1
I

· Oxygen [air] ! Bums in oxygen Carbon dioxide

1
2C0+02
liberating heat.
I
ZnO
Hydrogen ' Two volumes of H , C0+2H2 ~ CH30H Methyl alcohol
2
reacts with one volume 4so c
0

of carbon monoxide
METALS
• Nickel Reacts with heated Ni+ 4CO Nickel carbonyl.
metals forming carbonyls.
COMPOUNDS
Steam Reacts with steam Carbon dioxide
at 450°C in the and hydrogen
presence of a_catalyst
• Ammoniacal CO is absorbed in a CuCl +CO+ 2H20 ➔ CuCI.C0.2H20 Addition product
copper [I] soln. of ammoniacal
I •
chloride cuprous chloride
l 1 REDUCING
Reduces heated ZnO + CO ~ Zn + CO2 Metal &
i'
i: REACTIONS
metallic oxides to Fe20 3 + 3CO ~ 2Fe + 3C02 carbon dioxide
:Ir:-,l _ _ _ _ _ ____,__ __ _ _ _ _ [Reaction used in the metallurgy of iron]
metals --iu
...J..__ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. . _ __ _ _ _

1
.2. TESTS
I'·:-- - - - - - - - -- - - - . - - - - - - - ----------------..
I'

11 • On passage directly No effect on - lime water

'
through lime water [CO+ Lime water ➔ No milkiness]
. On ignition followed On ignition carbon monoxide burns with a pale blue
• I
by passage of residual flame forming carbon- dioxide which on passage
Ii gas through lime water through lime water turns it milky.
Il
I I
2CO + 0 2 ➔ 2COi CO2 + Ca(OH)i ➔ CaC03~ + H20
;, 3. USES
11 :------------- - . - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
. As a fuel It is combustible & releases large amount of heat.
. In the extraction of - Reduces heated metallic oxides e.g. iron [III] oxide to iron.
metals from their ores Fe20 3 + 3CO--➔ 2Fe + 3C02
. In the preparation of - Methyl alcohol [CH30H]
 "CTIVITl[l9 & DE"1
Carbon • ON&TttA.,
ai lta • ION
or tho now lat 911 Ml Cohlpou
At P
r 1 Lit ilorh,I • ,h Uh 1-11~,.
,,1 l"~s l~, l''P I,11n11w
I,, . ,,
.1'f ,i•·
• ,
O
ii W'tl
ddle 8

.
I l d1ff
thoo1 Ct1
"d•
•rnl1tr11 I II
, Y abue
I
ri" 1I. ,')' ' ,11 di I fl'n •nl physical l'r opl'rlll'
:.it ,,,., l'rt•nt l'X,lrnpJ
I
1 11
\i 1'.i~ ·, 1, ,t tin• prnpl'rtil'S surl 9 l1ut Rarnl'l'!i·t' -diJm
· " 11 l , J7aphit,• nMI ,-tc
! ,11•
! ,. 11 ,11 1!·
' • • ·r .
. \t'l' d ii l'll'llt.
" l ns l ·I l'l.tric. •- Ctil(•tninl pror<•rtu•,
l
. , ,
of allotrorH~-
1 , I''' ' ,1 · :-- • • uc Wrrn I . .
i .t 11,,t r'. I. th,ll the d1ffL'l'L'nre in ph . a rondurtiv1ty of the - .
,,1 • ,nf. f l ys,cal pr
I "' ,1,,1~'~ L' n,odl' 1s o s ructurl"'S nnd lJ' ~1pertk•s is du . . . ,
-- .,ill ·,,~ 111 ,J~ using clny dough/ I tscussmg the d 1' (( c lo H1c•1r d1ffnf'nt structurr>41. i
1 • / 1 ,,1,dt · .. . ot ler lllol , l'rC'nn•s. ,
1 ~~ 1.11~ 1 ,c cIL1ss1f1cilhon of crystal!' cculilr models
i .- ,~ 11
. ,1 ·1'~~,1 II ,tropes on l11c basis of the·
, . me and
amorphous nat
·
f
1
I
i ,i-l ' A l f d' Ir crystal!' ure o carbon '
I ,,\' i111i11!-i, 1it-. ·t of the uses o · 1amond
• '
graphit
e, coke
tne and amorphous t urc.·
na
l
1
3
I 11,1 11,~ti ~1 o
' ~ i1'~ .. tin'T the preparation
j d.
of CO f
2 rom marbl /
, I
coa, soot from the lit tu •-. ~I-.,..
era re~ ma.ca I a.:l.
;
1t :.l;on by - upwar_c isplacement of air e Na2C03 and dil. HCI & showing
1\'11
.c(1Jl1:l hysical properties of CO2 With its · 1
1~ ·ni;P • t h sarnplealon 'th•itsfireextinguishingprnnorties.
~l11''' s many nnpor ant c emical react· gw1
. 5i,ow f I ions such a . It . "r· -
et1z MgO to orm meta. carbonates. Action ~- reactmg with basic oxides such
0 0
,, Na2 ;er milky and on passing excess CO th ~ l~me water: - showing that it turns
1,01e ~~ng Fuel, if not burnt in a good SU
111
r
o: nulkmess disappears.
Nla ditional cooking methods in villagpp Y . oxygen may lead to the formation of
cO,(tr_a. industries as a reducing agent ~s using cow dung or wood).
·Jlg 1t 111 · - m metallurgy of ·
us1 •• g why we should not stand behind . iron.
: f~pla~ Government's efforts to spread th a running engine of a vehicle.
l)iSCusslflg e use of LPG even to remote areas of the country.
'. I ' gested Learning Refs o~rces
, ~g 15 of structures o Diamond and Graphit S
Mode ttl / R 8 flask d Ii tube this e. • ample of Graphite as an electrode.
: woulff bo e · · ' e very ' tie funnel, jar. Dil. HO, marble pieces/ N~C0 3
~,nonstrations & Discussions - B~ the Teacher
. [)iscUSsion - of the allotropes_ of carbon including its difference in physical properties due to
ilS strUcture can be shown using - molecular models .
.♦----
t':--~- ------~

Diamond Graphite Graphite electrodes Fullerene

, Demonstration - of the preparation of carbon dioxide from calcium cabonate & dil. HO & its
method of collection. Properties of carbon dioxide maybe discussed with the help of charts.
' Discussion - on the ]J<Jisanous nature of CO & its fonnation when a fuel is burnt in insufficient air.

_~ 7 \ ,,
 EXERCISE
Carbon & Its compounds
/
1 · Ditfr~ntiJ tt' l't.·twt'\'n the t\\' ll br,m chrs of chemistry - organic r hemi~try & inorganic
chrmi~try with ~uitJblt' e, ampl('s.
~ St .itt- h~,w c.1rl".1n Ol'Curs in the free state and in the combined state.
'I..~ . Dcfint? tht? term 'aJlotropy'. Give a reason why carbon exhibits allotropy .
.4. ~ .une two crystalline and fo ur amorphous allotropes of carbon. .
5· Compare the structure of the crystal of diamond & graphite with sp.ecial reference to the
th
reason for diamond being the hardest natural substance while graphite one of e softest
Comrare the electrical & thermal conductivity of the two crystalline allotropes of carbon.
6 · ~\-~th reference to the structure of the two crystalline allotropes of carbon, state why diamond
15 mert or unreactive while graphite is comparably more reactive.

/ State the reasons for a] Use of diamond - as an item of jewellery.

b) Use of graphite - i) as a lubricant for heated machine parts, ii] as a lining for crucibles
used in manufacture of high grade steel iii] as an electrode in electroplating.
8. State in brief the transformation of vegetable matter to different types of coal varying in 1
carbon content. State two uses each of a] coal b] coke c] lampblack or soot
1: ' \~'ood charcoal - an amorphous allotrope of carbon reduces heated metallic oxides to metals'.
Give a balanced equation to support the statement.
10. Carbon dioxide occurs both in the free state and in the combined state.
State three methods how carbon dioxide is added to the atmosphere.
J.l· In the laboratory preparation of carbon dioxide by action of a dilute acid on a metallic
carbonate give - a] A balanced equation for the preparation b] A reason for i] use of a washer
bottle containing cone. H2S04 in the preparation ii] Not collecting the prepared gas over
water iii] Not using dilute sulphuric acid as a reactant in the preparation.
J-,.2 How would you prove experimentally that a] Car.bon dioxide does not support combustion
b] Is slightly acidic in nature.
13. Starting from carbon dioxide how would you obtain a] A weak acid b] A fertilizer
c] A highly poisonous gas d) Black particles of carbon. [Give balanced equations for the same)
14. State how you would convert carbon dioxide to a metallic carbonate using a basic oxide
e.g. sodium oxide. [Give a balanced equation)
15. ' When carbon dioxide is bubbled into lime water, the lime water turns milky and when
bubbled in excess the milkiness disappears'. Give balanced equations to support the statement.
16. Explain the term 'dry ice'. State its application. Give three reasons why carbon dioxide finds
application in fire extinguishers.
¢ ]sing a magnesium ribbon, how would you prove that a given gas jar contains carbon dioxide.
18. State the function of cone. sulphuric acid in the laboratory preparation of carbon monoxide
from oxalic acid.
!1' Give reasons why carbon monoxide is considered a highly poisonous gas. State why it is
, dangerous i) To sleep in a closed room with a fuel burning ii] To be in the vicinity of smokers.
~ Convert carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide using two different methods.
I µ(state how carbon monoxide finds application in iJ The metal1urgy of iron ii] Preparation of
______
1 I an alcohol. [Give balanced equations for the same]
.-
 OB JE CT IVE TY PE QU ~S TIO NB
•
f Ca rbo n & It■ compound ■ 25 m~u~,
1
~.,fTlc
lh<' follo wing : f5J /
'J,1 l. /\ r ryi- tl1lli1w nllotropr of rnrhon built up
from a hrxagonJI unit. I I

.
,, /\n .-,lllltropt.' of carbon UAl'd for the manufacture of coke
,.. /\l1 nmorphou s allotrope of carbon which float
s on wat(•r. I
J,
/\11 ncid formed whr n carbon dioxide is dissolved
in water under pressure.
t
111r ~ast.•ous prod uct obtained when carbon monoxide
is pac,scd over heated iron (llll oxide.
5,
state men t given below: (5)
u·Z select the ~orrect answ er .from A, B, C, D & E for each /
C: Carb ogen D: Urea E: Lam pbla ck
ft.: Anth racit e B: Diam ond
bori ng drills.
1. An allot rope of carb on used as a tip for deep
ent.
2. The type of coal with the high est carb on cont
kero sene oil in a limi ted supp ly of air.
3. An allot rope of carb on, obta ined by burn ing
diox ide.
4. A nitro geno us fertilizer obta ined from carb on
carb on mon oxid e pois onin g.
5. A com poun d whic h finds use for a victim of
ersions: [In one or two steps] [SJ
Q.3 Give a balanced equation for the following conv
1. Cok e to wate r gas.
e acid.
Calc ium bica rbon ate to calci um nitra te usin g a dilut
2.
um bica rbon ate.
Lim e wate r [soln. of calci um hydr oxid e] to calci
3.
Carb on diox ide to carbon.
4.
A metallic oxide to calcium carbonate.
5.
with the correct word from the bracket. [SJ
Q.4 Com plete the statements by filling the blan ks
ue to light and is a good cond ucto r of heat
1. The crystal of _ _ [diam ond/ graphite] is opaq
re is used in mak ing - - - - - -
2. A graphite-clay mixt ure bake d at high temp eratu
[lub rican ts/ refractory crucibles]
incre ased by pass ing
3. Ads orpt ion capa city of woo d char coal is
temp eratu res.
[carbon diox ide/ steam] over woo d charcoal, at high
is the Chem istry of carb on com poun ds
4. _ _ _ _ _ _ [org anic /inor gani c] Chem istry
main ly of 'Car bon' , 'Hyd roge n' & 'Oxy gen' .
to give _ _ _ _ [sod ium carbonate/
5. Sodi um oxid e combines with carb on dioxide
sodi um bicarbonate].
[5]
Q.5 Give reasons for the follo wing :
1. Diam ond & grap hite are allotropic modifica
tions of carbon.
ne of a vehicle.
2. It is dang erou s to stan d behi nd a runn ing engi
pota ssium perm anga nate pape r, help s in
3. Both CO2 & SO2 turn lime wate r milky. Moist
disti ngui shin g the two gases.
4. Carb on mon oxid e and not carb on dioxide is a
5. Llme water finds application for testing both carbon
high ly pois onou s gas.
dioxide & carbon monoxide gas individually. r
~~ ii ).
J