•Why wave Model?

•Gives quantitative measure

•MM fiber pulse broadening.
•SM fiber pulse broadening.
•How velocity of E & H field pattern is related to wave-length.
•Phase velocity Vp= w/β
•Group velocity Vg=δw/δβ

•Co-Ordinate System of Optical Fiber.

• a= Radius of core.
• n1= Refractive index of core.
• n2= Refractive index of cladding.
• z= propagation Direction.
• ε0= Free space permittivity.
• ε1= Permittivity of core = ε0 (n1)2
• ε2= Permittivity of cladding = ε0 (n2)2
• μ=μ0= Free space permittivity.
Maxwell’s equations.

(Taking curl of both side we get)

Six essential components.

Ez & Hz are longitudinal
which are independent
component
Analytical expression for transverse components.
Solve wave equations for Ez & Hz.

To solve the above wave equation we use separation of variable

technique.

Put the value of Z and ϕ in the wave equation and we get the equation which is govern to R .
 2

Behavior of Bessel’s Functions

Case:- 1 (q= Real)

Case:- 2 (q= Imaginary)

 Field inside Core

β0n2= β2<β<β1 =β0n1

β /β0= neff
n2<neff <n1

Field inside Cladding

Core Cladding

(r=a, in core cladding interface)

This is the characteristics

equation of hybrid model.

Consider the function We know

 Examples:
ν=0
Two essential quantities to designate a mode TE0mTE01,TE02,TE03…..
1. Index of ν. TM0mTM01,TM02,TM03…..
2. Maxima in redial direction ν≠0
Heνm HE11, HE12,HE21….
TE01 mode:

Intensity Pattern

Field Distribution
TE02 mode:

Field Distribution Intensity Pattern

This equation a, c n1,

n2 all are constant.

Vα ώ (So V is known as normalize frequency)

 β0n2= β2<β<β1 =β0n1
β /β0= neff
n2<neff <n1
b- V Diagram
Example
Lowest order mode

First set of Higher order modes

Property of weakly guiding fiber

Linearly polarized field

1 In weakly guiding medium has intensity variation in r direction.

2 In b-v diagram modes are separately drawn in a group.

3practical fiber’s mode always designated as LP mode.
4
LP11 mode degeneracy
b-V diagram for LP modes