Specialized Scientific Programs

Civil & Environmental Engineering

Wastewater Treatment
WW1

By
Dr. Amr Abdel Kader
Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 1
BASICS

•WHAT IS WASTEWATER?
•WHY IT IS ENVIRONM. UNFRIENDLY?
•WASTEWATER COMPOSITION?
•WHAT ARE WASTEWATER SOURCES?
•WHY WE NEED TO TREAT IT?
•WASTWATER CHARACHTERISTICS?
•WHAT ARE THE TWO BASIC EQUATIONS OF
WASTEWATER TREATMENTS?
COMPOSITION OF WW

• 99.9 WATER + 0.1 SOLIDS

• TS = 100 THEN;
• TSS = 30
• SETLEABLES = 15 (ORGANIC = 10 AND
INORGANIC = 5)
• NON SETLEABLES = 15 (ORGANIC = 10 AND
INORGANIC = 5)
• TDS = 70
• ORGANIC = 30
• INORGANIC = 40
• TOTAL ORGANIC = 50
• TOTAL INORGANIC = 50
REMEMBER!

•ORGANICS + O2
STABLE ORG. MATTER + CO2 + H2O
•ORGANICS (WITHOUT O2)
STABLE ORG. MATTER + CO2 + H2O
 Solids Analysis
TS Total Solids

Filtration
filtrate retained matter

TDS Total Dissolved Solids

TSS Total Suspended Solids

ignition

FSS Fixed S.S.

VSS Volatile S.S.

 Oxygen Demand
• It is a measure of the amount of “reduced”
organic and inorganic matter in a water
• Relates to oxygen consumption in a river or lake
as a result of a pollution discharge
• Measured in several ways
– BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand
– COD - Chemical Oxygen Demand
– ThOD - Theoretical Oxygen Demand
 BOD with dilution
When BOD>8mg/L

DO i - DO f
BOD t =
 Vs 
 
 Vb 

Where
BODt = biochemical oxygen demand at t days, [mg/L]
DOi = initial dissolved oxygen in the sample bottle, [mg/L]
DOf = final dissolved oxygen in the sample bottle, [mg/L]
Vb = sample bottle volume, usually 300 or 250 mL, [mL]
Vs = sample volume, [mL]
 BOD - Oxygen Consumption

y
NBOD
or

BOD
(mg/L) CBOD

Time
L=oxidizable carbonaceous material remaining to be oxidized

BODt  yt = Lo − Lt
TERMINOLOGIES TO BE
REMEMBERED!
•BOD 5, 20
•COD
•TS = TSS + TDS = TVS + TFS
•TSS = TVSS + TFSS
•TDS = TVDS + TFDS
•TVS = TVSS + TVDS
•TFS = TFSS + TFDS
•MLSS, MLVSS
 WASTEWATER TREATMENT
ENVIRONMENT
• TEMP., PH, NO TOXIC…
• WHAT BACTERIA CAN EAT.
• IS FOOD CONCENTRATION MATTERS!!!!! ….FOOD TO
MICROORGANISMS RATIO.
• IS TIME IMPORTATNT? WHAT TIME? HRT OR SLUDGE
AGE..?
• NUTRIENTS MATTERS? ORGANIC:N:P = 100 : 5 : 1
• AERATE AND MIX WITH NO SETTLING,….. SETTLE
WITH NO AERATE AND MIX!!!! DON’T MIX
PROCESSES!!!

Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 11

 WASTEWATER TREATMENT
ENVIRONMENT
• SOLIDS SEPARATE FIRST BY EASY MEANS..

• GIVE AEROBIC BACTERIA AIR AND

PREVENT AIR FROM ANAEROBIC BACTERIA

• HOW U GIVE AIR TO AEROBIC ANAEROBES

(CASCADES, MECHANICAL (SA,
DIFFUSERS), NATURALLY).

Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 12

 WASTEWATER TREATMENTS

•PRE-TREATMENT (SCREEN, GRIT REMOVAL)

•PRIMARY TREATMENT (PLAIN SETTLING OR

DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION)

•SECONDARY TREATMENT

•TERTIARY TREATMENT
Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 13
 WASTEWATER TREATMENTS

•PRETREATMENT
•SCREEN; MECHANICAL AND MANUAL
•GRIT REMOVAL
•OIL AND GREASE
•PRE-AERATION
•EQUALIZATION
•HEAVY METALS SEPARATION

Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 14

 WASTEWATER TREATMENTS
PRIMARY
•PHYSICAL; FLOTATION, SEDIMENTATION

•CHEMICAL; NEUTRALIZATION, COAGULATION

Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 15

 WASTEWATER TREATMENTS
• SECONDARY
• DISSOLVED ORGANIC REMOVAL
• SUSPENDED GROWTH
• ACTIVATED SLUDGE, OXIDATION DITCH,
AERATED LAGOON, PONDS, UASB,
ANAEROBIC POND
• ATTACHED GROWTH
• TRICKLING FILTER, RBC, FLUDIZED BED,
UAFFR AERATED LAGOON
• SUSPENDED SOLIDS REMOVAL
• SETTLING; PLAIN OR CHEMICALLY
Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 16
 WASTEWATER TREATMENTS

•TERTIARY
•FILTRATION
•COAGULATION AND SEDIMENTATION
•CARBON ADSORPTION
•MEMBRANE
•MICROSTRAINER
•POLISHING PONDS
•WEEDS

Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 17

 WASTE WATER TREATMENT

•Primary Treatment (Physical Treatment)

Physical treatment depends only on the physical characteristics of impurities

that present in waste water to be treated. So, its efficiency is small.

•Secondary Treatment (Biological Treatment)

Secondary treatment depends on the biological characteristics of

microorganisms that present in waste water to be treated such as bacteria that
helps in the removal of organic matters.

•Tertiary Treatment (Polishing)

In case of required an effluent with very good characteristics, tertiary treatment has
been done. It can remove salts, odor, taste and the rest of organic matter using for
example (Activated Carbon Filter, Dynasand Filter.…etc).

Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 18

Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 19
Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 20
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 PURPOSE OF
PRIMARY TREATMENT

Removal of

• Large and big floating particles.

• (40 to 60 %) of SS and (25 to 35 %) of BOD.

• Sand, gravel, silt…..etc.

• Oil and grease.

Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 22
 Purpose of
Preliminary Treatment Units

Deceleration Chamber

Decreasing velocity of flow before the screen to prevent the

escaping of particles from the screening opens.

Approach channel

Transmission of waste water from deceleration chamber to screen

at aerated condition and with suitable velocity that helps in
avoid anaerobic reaction between units.

Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 23

 head loss

n
ree
d V1 d'

Sc
10 cm V2
Plan L

By pass
From approch channel

To GRC
Elevation
Coarse Screen
Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 24
 Grit
Motor

Screew pump
d
Proportional weir

Elevation Scrapper chain

Hopper
L

From screen Efflent

Plan
Grit
Grit Removal Chamber
Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 25
 Screen
It's used to remove big and strange impurities from waste
water, such as (paper – wood – plastics - …..), to protect the
down stream equipment against damage.

Skimming Tank

Removal of oil, grease and most of float matters.

Grit removal chamber (GRC)

Removal of particles has size more than 0.2 mm, such as (sand,
gravel, grit …..etc), to:
Protect down stream mechanical equipment.
Reduce conduit clogging.
Prevent interface with other treatment.
Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 26
Improve sludge quality.
Dr Amr Abdelkader
San 419 27
Screw Pump
 Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 28
Preliminary Treatment
 Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 29
DECCELERATION CHAMBER AND SCREEN
 Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 30
Force mains and deceleration chamber
Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 31
Screens
 Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 32
Mechanical Screens
Dr Amr Abdelkader
San 419 33
Screening
 Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 34
Screening Disposal
 Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 35
MECHANICAL SCREEN
GRITDrREMOVAL
Amr Abdelkader CHAMBER
San 419 36
 Purpose of
Primary Sedimentation Tank

•Removal of 40 to 60 % of SS

•Removal of 25 to 35 % of BOD

•Removal of Oil and Grease

Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 37

PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION TANK (Rectangular)
Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 38
PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION
Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419TANK (Circular) 39
 Wastewater Treatment Calculation
Qav = Pop * (av. SF)
Peak factor (PF) = (18 + (Pop)0.5)/(4 + (Pop)0.5), (Pop in thousand).
Minimum factor (MF) = 0.2 * (Pop)1/6, (Pop in thousand).
SF = sewage flow = 0.8 to 0.9 from average water consumption.

Design Criteria of Preliminary Treatment Units

1.Deceleration chamber
Qd = Qmax = PF * Qav
RT = 1 to 3 min.
n ≥ 1 (take 1 at first)
Vol = n LBd
SA = n LB
XA = n Bd
L = (2 to 4) * B
d=1–2m
Velocity = 0.6 to 1.5 m/s
Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 40
2. Approach channel

Open channel flow (manning)

Qav = Pop * (av. SF)
Qd = Qmax = PF * Qav
n ≥ 1 (take 1 at first)
XA = n Bd
V = 0.6 to 1.5 m/s
Assume Vmax = 1.5 m/s
B = 2dmax (best section)
Get (B,dmax) at Qmax
Assume (1/n) = 60
Assume Vmin = 0.6 m/s
Qmin = Vmin * Amin = 0.6 * Bdmin
Then get (dmin)
From manning get Smin
Vmin = (1/n) R(2/3)Smin(1/2)
R = Area / wetted perimeter = Bdmin / (B+2dmin)
Assume (1/n) = 60
After that you can get dmax at Vmax from manning also. Fix the slope.

Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 41

Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 42
3. Screen

Types of screen
Coarse screen. Space between bars (5 – 10 cm)
Medium screen. Space between bars (2 – 5 cm)
Fine screen. width of opening = (0.08 – 0.24 cm), circular plate),
length of opening = (0.64 – 5.1 cm)

Reasons for using fine screen

When the PST is over loaded.
With certain types of industrial waste water.
When the PST isn't used.
When there is no secondary treatment.

Disposal of the screening (screened material)

Sanitary land fills.
Incineration.
Grinding and return to the head works of the plant.
Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 43
Design of coarse screen

The velocity before the bar screen (V1) ≥ 0.6 m/s

The velocity between the bar screen (V2) ≤ 1.5 m/sec
Where V1 = Qmax / (nBd')
Where V2 = Qmax / (nNSd')
h loss through the screen = 1.4 (V22 – V12)/2g
h loss ≤ 10 cm (at the beginning of working)
h loss ≤ 30 cm (before cleaning)
Qd = Qmax = PF * Qav
Qav = Pop * (av. SF)
n ≥ 2 (take 2 at first) + by pass
Anet in inclined plane = 2 to 3 (approach channel area)
Anet in inclined plane = n (N S L) m2
Where,
N = no. of spacing in one screen = no of bars – 1
S = spacing between bars = according to screen type (coarse – medium)
L = d' / sinθ
d' = d (of approach channel + 5 to 10cm)
θ = 30 – 60o (manual screen)
Screen bar diameter (Ø) = 1.3 – 1.6 – 1.9 cm
The screen width = B = (N + 1)*Ø + N * S
Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 44
Example:
For average flowrate 20,000 m3/d and PF=1.5
Design
1- Deacceleration chamber.
2- Approach channel (1/n = 60).
3- Coarse Screen (S=5cm, Ø = 1.3 cm).

Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 45

Deacceleration chamber

Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 46

Approach channel

Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 47

Coarse Screen

Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 48

4. Grit Removal Chamber

Methods used to control velocity of the chamber

•Use parabola cross section area.

•Use rectangular cross section with proportional weir at the end of the
chamber.
Design data of rectangular type

Qd = Qmax.
Horizontal velocity = 0.25 to 0.35 m/s
R T = 45 to 90 sec (take 60)
SLR = 1000 to 2500 m3/m2/d (take 1200)
n≥2
L = 15 to 20 m B ≤ d

Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 49

Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 50
Design Criteria of Primary Sedimentation Tank
Purpose

Removal of 40 to 60 % of SS
Removal of 25 to 35 % of BOD

Design data

Retention time = T = 1.5 to 2.5 hr (in case of flowed with secondary

treatment), = 2 to 4 hr (in case of no secondary treatment
appearance)
SLR = 30 to 45 m3/m2/d
HLOW = 150 to 600 m3/m2/d
d = 3 to 5 m
B = 2 to 3 d
L = 4 to 5 B
L ≤ 50 m
Ø ≤ 35 m Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 51
Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 52
 Factors affecting efficiency of
sedimentation process

1. Shape and size of solids.

2. Specific gravity of suspended solids.
3. Temperature.
4. Velocity of flow.
5. Retention time.
6. Efficiency of pervious treatment.
7. Sludge removal method.
8. Scum removal method.
9. Surface loading rate.
10.Viscosity of sewage.
11.Specific gravity of sewage.
12.Inlet and outlet arrangement.
Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 53
Example

Design the following treatment units for a sewage treatment

plant:

•GRC (conventional with proportional weir).

•PST (rectangular)

Given the following data:

•Average sewage flow is 17,280 m3/d

•SLR of GRC = 1200 m3/m2/d
•SLR of PST = 30 m3/m2/d
Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 54
Solution
Assume PF = 1.5 So, Qmax = 1.5 * 17,280 = 25,920 m3/d

Design of GRC

RT = 45 – 90 sec = 60 sec = Vol./Q

SLR = 1000 – 2500 = 1200 m3/m2/d = 50 m3/m2/hr = Q/SA
V = 0.25 – 0.35 = 0.3 m/s = 1080 m/hr = Q/XA
RT*V = L = 18 m
nBL = 36 B = SA = 25,920/1200 = 21.6 m
B = 0.6 m
Vol. = 18 m3
d = 0.85 m

Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 55

Design of PST

Qd = 1080 m3/hr
Assume R.T = 3 hrs
Volume = 3 * 1080 = 3240 m3 = nLBd
Assume SLR = 30 m3/m2/d = 1.25 m3/m2/hr
SA = 1080/1.25 = 864 m2 = n LB
d = 3240/864 = 3.75 m
Assume B = 2d = 7.5 m
Assume L = 4B = 30 m
n = 4 tanks
The important checks
RT = 3375 / 1080 = 3.125 hr
SLR = (1080 / 900) *24 = 28.8 m3/m2/d (safe but waste)
Vf = (1080/ 112.5*60) = 0.16 m/min
HLOW = (1080/30) * 24 = 864 m3/m/d
Take Lw = 55 m, HLOW = 471 m3/m/d (ok)
Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 56
Dr Amr Abdelkader San 419 57