CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ BIOLOGY: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK

English Language
Skills answers
Chapter 1
Exercise 1.1 Exercise 1.2
1 P M K X A F H R A Z E O P V W 3 ii The organism does not have feathers.
N S O O T T Z H F X X R S D Z iii The organism fertilises externally.
X V O V W M L L P F F G D U D
U Q Y O E Y X R B P I A S X N
iv The adult organism does not have gills.
D R R Y N M O Q A I T N E H U
C G E B N J E I S W J I N G T Exercise 1.3
H W W S E E Z N H J P S S K R 4 Aves
K S J E P O S Q T O R M I U I
5 Beaks, feathers, lay eggs
O G N U X I E R D X A O T K T
D K J O Q N R P K P D N I S I
6 homeothermic
D O X Q B C T A D V J F V Z O 7 internal
R E P R O D U C T I O N I Z N
M B J W Q I P B P I F Q T B N Exercise 1.4
T K V I L O E Z M H O L Y B T
8 Allium sativum is more commonly known as
H H G E X C R E T I O N A R G
garlic and is a member of the plantae kingdom.
2 The seeds of garlic are displayed externally
Definition Word
and this characteristic places garlic into the
spermatophyta phylum. Garlic belongs to the
a living thing organism liliopsida class and the asparagales order. The
an action by an organism or part of next level in the classification of garlic is the
an organism causing a change of movement Alliaceae family. The binomial name of garlic
position or place is Allium sativum, which means that the genus
the chemical reactions in cells that name is Allium and the species is sativum.
break down nutrient molecules and respiration 9 Learner answers should include the correct
release energy for metabolism kingdom, genus, species.
the ability to detect and respond
to changes in the internal or sensitivity
external environment
a permanent increase in size and
growth
dry mass
the processes that make more of
reproduction
the same kind of organism
the removal of the waste products
of metabolism and substances in excretion
excess of requirements
taking in materials for energy,
nutrition
growth and development

1 Cambridge IGCSE™ Biology – Broderick & Chadwick © Cambridge University Press 2022
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ BIOLOGY: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK

Chapter 2
Exercise 2.1 Exercise 2.3
1 a large vacuole 4 a organ
b cell membrane b cells
c cell wall c organs; system
d cytoplasm d cell
e nucleus e cells
f chloroplast f a tissue; cells
2 g tissue
Plant cell only Plant cell and animal cell h organ
large vacuole cell membrane 5 a a membrane
b a cell wall
chloroplast nucleus
c a nucleus
chloroplast cytoplasm
d a chloroplast
cell wall
e an organ

Exercise 2.2
3 a The plant cell and the animal cell both
contain a nucleus.
b The root hair cell has a large vacuole,
however the motor neurone does not.
c The ciliated cell has small hairs to trap
mucus, but the muscle cell does not.
d The red blood cell does not contain a
nucleus, but the motor neurone does.
e For example (make sure learners’
sentences follow one of these patterns):
The animal cell and the plant cell both
contain cytoplasm.
The plant cell contains chloroplasts, but
the animal cell does not.

2 Cambridge IGCSE™ Biology – Broderick & Chadwick © Cambridge University Press 2022
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ BIOLOGY: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK

Chapter 3
Exercise 3.1 Exercise 3.3
1 a diffusion 5 In general, the graph shows the change in the
b osmosis potato’s mass over time. Specifically, it can be
observed that after 2 minutes, the mass of the
c water potential
potato started to decrease. It decreased from
d active transport 3.6 g to 2.5 g in 8 minutes.
2 a Diffusion involves the random movement 6 For example:
of particles.
The mass of the potato has changed because
b Osmosis is the movement of water the concentration of water inside the potato
molecules through a partially permeable was higher than the concentration of water in
membrane. the salt solution. This caused water to move
c Active transport requires energy. from the higher concentration to the lower
concentration through the partially permeable
Exercise 3.2 membrane of the potato cells by osmosis.
3 higher; into; diffuse; partially
4 This example answer is structured in the
same way as the paragraph in question 3.
Learners might have structured their
answers differently:
The concentration of oxygen molecules is lower
outside the cell than inside. This will cause
the molecules of oxygen to move out of the
cell. The oxygen molecules will diffuse across
the membrane. The membrane of the cell is
partially permeable to allow diffusion to take
place.

3 Cambridge IGCSE™ Biology – Broderick & Chadwick © Cambridge University Press 2022
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ BIOLOGY: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK

Chapter 4
Exercise 4.1 Exercise 4.3
1 a A/protein/that/acts/as/a/biological/ 5 a A–2; B–4; C–3; D–8; E–1; F–7; G–6; H–5
catalyst. b cut; add; record; collect; dissolve
enzyme
6 a The necessary equipment was collected,
b A/single/particle/of/an/element. including our safety spectacles.
atom
b The food was cut up into very small pieces.
c Two/or/more/atoms/joined/together.
c The food was dissolved in water in a
molecule
test-tube.
d Chemical/reactions/that/take/place/in/
d Benedict’s solution was added to the
the/body.
test-tube.
metabolism
e The test-tube was strongly heated in a
e A/useful/substance/that/makes/up/80%/of/
water-bath.
the/body.
water f The solution was observed to see if the
colour turned orange–red, showing
f A/molecule/that/contains/carbon/
glucose was present.
hydrogen/and/oxygen.
carbohydrate g A results chart was drawn.
h The results were recorded in the
Exercise 4.2 results table.
2 a 7 a i glucose (This is the answer learners
Prefix/
Type of sugar Example are most likely to know. Other simple
Meaning
sugars they may have heard of are
mono-/one monosaccharide glucose fructose and galactose.)
sucrose ii Benedict’s solution; test-tubes
di-/two disaccharide and
maltose iii being heated
cellulose iv Learner answers should suggest that
poly-/many polysaccharide the solution in one of the test-tubes
and starch
has remained a blue colour and does
b polysaccharides; many not contain simple sugars. They
3 simple; carbon; Twelve; oxygen should also describe the solution in
4 simple; monosaccharide; plants, blood; energy the other test-tube as being
orange–red or brick–red. This shows
that there were simple sugars present
in the food sample.
v blue; orange–red.
b i Step 1 shows two test-tubes. The
solution in one of the test-tubes
contains protein but the solution in
the other does not. There is also a
bottle of biuret reagent, which is used
to test for the presence of protein.
ii Step 2 shows biuret reagent being
added to the two test-tubes.
iii Step 3 shows that the solution in one
of the test-tubes has remained a blue
colour, while the other has turned to a
mauve/purple colour.
iv protein; biuret; blue; mauve/purple

4 Cambridge IGCSE™ Biology – Broderick & Chadwick © Cambridge University Press 2022
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ BIOLOGY: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK
Chapter 5
Exercise 5.1
1 catalysts; speed up; substrate; complementary;
product; temperature; optimum; denatured
Exercise 5.2
2 a The optimum temperature is 40 °C.
b The enzyme begins to denature at 40 °C.
c The enzyme is completely denatured at
56 °C.
d The rate of reaction decreases because the
enzyme is denatured and not able to carry
out reactions.
e The molecules have more kinetic energy
when they are heated and heat energy is
transferred to them.
5 Cambridge IGCSE™ Biology – Broderick & Chadwick © Cambridge University Press 2022
Exercise 5.3
3 catalase; protease; lipase; isomerase; pectinase
4 a hydrogen peroxide
b oxygen and water
5 fatty acids and glycerol
6 The enzymes might be denatured by higher
temperatures used when washing some clothes.
This causes them to lose their shape and not
bind to the substrates available.
7 Enzymes are used commercially in
many different ways, such as in creating
washing powder.
Clothing, such as leather, is softened by using
a specific protease.
8 Learner answers should include an example of
an enzyme with use of a phrase: such as, for
instance, including.
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ BIOLOGY: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK

Chapter 6
Exercise 6.1 Exercise 6.4
1 Organic; Inorganic 12 a factory (given)
2 Organic substances Inorganic substances b absorb
carbohydrates carbon dioxide
c release
d simple
glucose magnesium
e transport
proteins oxygen
f guard
starch water g vessel
3 a not active h limit
b not dependent 13 Learners’ answers should:
c not perfect • explain what the key word means
• be followed by an example of a sentence
Exercise 6.2 using the word in a biological context.
4 Examples are given below.
point a To guard means to protect and control
gradient something, such as a building. Guard cells
intersect in the stoma control how much carbon
dioxide is allowed to enter the leaf.
b A vessel is a hollow container. A plant has
x-axis hollow xylem vessels that transport water
and minerals up the stem.
line curve c To absorb means to take in or soak up
something. The roots absorb water from
origin y-axis
the soil.
5 less steep; decreasing d When something is released, it is
6 horizontal; constant allowed to escape from where it is being
held. Some of the oxygen produced by
7 Any answer between 0.05% and 0.07%
photosynthesis is released by the leaf
is acceptable.
through the stomata.
8 carbon dioxide
e To transport means to move something
from one place to another. Water,
Exercise 6.3 minerals and sugars are transported
9 has yellow leaves and dying leaves (or has around the plant to where they need to be.
dying leaves and yellow leaves) / nitrates
f When something has reached its limit, it
10 has yellow leaves with dead spots / it is cannot increase. There is a limit to how
deficient in potassium much photosynthesis can happen at any
11 Plant D has yellow lower leaves. Therefore, it one time.
is deficient in magnesium. g Simple means to be uncomplicated.
Glucose is a simple sugar as it is made of
a single element and cannot be broken
down into smaller sugars.

6 Cambridge IGCSE™ Biology – Broderick & Chadwick © Cambridge University Press 2022
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ BIOLOGY: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK

Chapter 7
Exercise 7.1 Exercise 7.4
1 less; fewer; more; less; more; fewer; less; 6 a mouth
more; fewer b oesophagus
c stomach
Exercise 7.2
d small intestine
2 carbohydrates; fats; proteins; fatty acids;
amino acids; glycerol; lipase; protease; e large intestine
carbohydrase; glucose f anus
3 Nutrient Digestive Product
g rectum
enzyme h pancreas
carbohydrates amylase simple sugars i liver
fats/lipids lipase fatty acids and 7 Learner answers should include many of the
glycerol following points in the story:
proteins protease amino acids • organs listed in order: mouth;
oesophagus; stomach; small intestine;
4 These answers follow the same pattern as the pancreas; liver/gall bladder; large
example given in the question: intestine; rectum; anus
a Fats/lipids are broken down by lipase to • enzymes: amylase breaks down starch into
produce fatty acids and glycerol. simple sugars; lipase breaks down lipids/
b Proteins are broken down into amino fats into fatty acids and glycerol; protease
acids by protease. breaks down proteins into amino acids
• role of the pancreas: secretes enzymes
Exercise 7.3 • role of the liver: gall bladder secretes bile
5 a Ingestion which emulsifies and neutralises the acidic
b digestion juices (chime) released from the stomach
c absorbed into the small intestine.
d assimilated
e egested
f contract
g Deamination

7 Cambridge IGCSE™ Biology – Broderick & Chadwick © Cambridge University Press 2022
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ BIOLOGY: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK

Chapter 8
Exercise 8.1 Exercise 8.3
1 X V V A S C U L A R S O 4 For each example, the answer should be
Y B E R I A C I S B W N a conditional sentence similar to the one
L H S Z E W E G V A W E shown below:
E A S X V B R N R W A D
a If the temperature is too high, the plant
M A E G E U T I R B T I
will lose water faster and wilt.
E V L B T B U N D L E R
J U S E F M M L O O R E b If the wind speed is fast, the plant will
M I N E R A L A R T U C lose water faster and wilt.
P R L B O O M E R S T T c If the humidity is very low, most plants
R E N U T R I E N T S I will lose water at a faster rate.
V C Q C V G W A T G U O
P H L O E M W T U O D N

2 Xylem Phloem Both vessels

one direction nutrients vascular
water sieve bundle
lignin mineral

Exercise 8.2
3 Learners’ answers to these questions should
use two or more sentences to describe the key
word. The answer should include a description
of the structure and this should be linked to
how it helps that vessel to function properly.
Examples include:
a The xylem is a hollow vessel made up of
dead cells. Consequently, water can be
transported in one direction towards the
leaves where it is needed. Xylem vessels
contain lignin, which is strong, so it helps
to keep the stem upright.
b The phloem is made up of living cells and
contains sieve plates, so nutrients are able
to pass through towards the many parts
of the plant where they are needed. The
structure of phloem allows for nutrients
to be transported in both directions.

8 Cambridge IGCSE™ Biology – Broderick & Chadwick © Cambridge University Press 2022
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ BIOLOGY: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK

Chapter 9
Exercise 9.1 Exercise 9.4
1 four × ‘this’ should be circled, the following 10 a describe
should be underlined: network, circulatory b describe
system (accept system); system; oxygen; blood
c explain
delivers the oxygen to the cells that need it,
and then returns to the heart again d explain
2 a lungs e describe
b body f describe
c oxygen g explain
d circulatory system h describe
e heart 11 An example of a sensible sentence would be:
The heart rate is increasing from 72 beats
3 a to lungs
per minute to 96 beats per minute because
b to body the heart is beginning to pump blood faster
c from lungs around the body.
d left atrium (This matches description f with explanation c.
e right ventricle Other descriptions and explanations learners
can match are a–d and g–h.)
Exercise 9.2
4 a smoking
b obesity
c diet
d stress
e genetics
5 a avoid smoking
b make some changes to
6 exercises
7 a shouldn’t
b ought to
c isn’t
d is good

Exercise 9.3
8 a thick
b smooth
c very small
d thin
e lumen
f muscles
9 away; towards or to; into; to; out; away;
towards or to

9 Cambridge IGCSE™ Biology – Broderick & Chadwick © Cambridge University Press 2022
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ BIOLOGY: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK

Chapter 10
Exercise 10.1 Exercise 10.3
1 A F A R U V U B I D D H D Z I 5 a body
D I S E A S E S Y P E I E M L b pathogens
N T B W S K B X D A F F M J U
B E R B K I K M O S E U O F C
c defence
J A G A W Z B Y B S N Y W W N d soldiers
W Z I I N R L L I I C Z J E R 6 a phagocytes
T Z H U T S Y E T V E I G G M
T D C B V N M Y N E S O O E A
b Phagocytes are non-specific and will
E V I T C A A I A E H A M R Q
attack any type of pathogen that they
N S S O C N I M S T H O Y E A come across.
T O N G B A W T A S R M T A B c Learner answers should be along the lines
A R E L O H C P A Y I Y R R P of antigens being comparable to the flag /
V A C C I N A T I O N B F S L uniform / markings of the enemy.
A N T I B I O T I C S G L W A
d Any sensible set of analogies. Struggling
M Z X Z Y W Y A D Z I Z O E A
learners can search this on the internet
2 a Transmissible diseases: Diseases that and find analogies such as: immune
can be transferred from one person system = bank security, government
to another. building, school pastoral team.
b Active immunity: This type of immunity 7 Any sensible sentence but the following ones
is the direct response of the body to are examples:
a pathogen. Antibiotics are taken when I have a bacterial
c Passive immunity: This type of immunity infection in my body.
requires ready-made antibodies from Antibodies recognise antigens on the outside
another source. of pathogens to begin an immune response.
d Antibodies: These have a complementary Symptoms like vomiting and nausea tell me
shape to antigens. that my body is not well.
e Antigens: These are usually found on the Effects are things that are caused by
outside of pathogens. something else happening.
f Antibiotics: Medication taken to slow
down the growth of bacteria.

Exercise 10.2
3 a Vibrio cholerae
b the gut
c diarrhoea, vomiting, nausea, painful
stomach cramps, dehydration
d Learner answers should be full sentences
that include the provision of safe
drinking water and the provision of
proper sanitation.
4 a effects
b affect
c affect
d effect
e effect

10 Cambridge IGCSE™ Biology – Broderick & Chadwick © Cambridge University Press 2022
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ BIOLOGY: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK

Chapter 11
Exercise 11.1 Exercise 11.4
1 a reactant 6 a Oxygen is passed towards the lungs down
b reactants the trachea.
c reactions b The bronchus divides into bronchioles as
d product it enters the lungs.
e products c Gas exchange takes place at the alveoli.
f equation 7
Singular term Plural term
reactions; equation; reactants; products;
reactant; product lung lungs
2 a glucose; oxygen alveolus alveoli
b carbon dioxide; water
bronchus bronchi
c energy
d glucose + oxygen ➞ carbon dioxide + bronchiole bronchioles
water

Exercise 11.2 Exercise 11.5

8 contract; downwards; contract; upwards;
3 Verb Noun Past participle increases; into
as adjective
9 Part of the breathing system What happens
contract contraction contracted
to this part
link linking linked
diaphragm relaxes
divide division divided
external intercostal muscles relax
concentrate concentration concentrated
rib cage drops down
transmit transmission transmitted
thorax volume decreases
produce production produced
pressure in the lungs higher
4 a produced compared to outside
b division the body
c contraction 10 Learner answers should be a paragraph
d concentration similar to the following, using the key words
e linked from the table in each sentence:
f transmission The muscles of the diaphragm relax, which
pulls the diaphragm upwards. The external
Exercise 11.3 intercostal muscles relax and pull the rib cage
5 downwards. This decreases the volume of the
Similarities Differences
thorax and air rushes out of the lungs. The air
Both use Aerobic respiration produces rushes out because the pressure in the lungs is
glucose as a carbon dioxide and water, higher than that outside the body.
reactant. whereas anaerobic respiration
produces lactic acid.
Both release Aerobic respiration releases large
energy. amounts of energy, whereas
anaerobic respiration releases
small amounts of energy.
Both break Aerobic respiration requires
down food oxygen as a reactant, while
substances anaerobic respiration does not
to release require oxygen.
the energy.

11 Cambridge IGCSE™ Biology – Broderick & Chadwick © Cambridge University Press 2022
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ BIOLOGY: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK

Chapter 12
Exercise 12.1 Exercise 12.2
1 nose; ear; eye; tongue; skin 5 From left to right: sensory neurone; motor
2 a eye neurone; relay neurone
b nose 6 a The electrical reaction is carried
to the central nervous system by a
c tongue
sensory neurone.
d skin
The electrical impulse is carried
e ear to the central nervous system by a
3 Sense organ Stimuli detected sensory neurone.
b The electrical impulse is supported by a
a eye vision, light relay neuron across the spinal cord.
b ear hearing, balance The electrical impulse is carried by a relay
c nose smell, chemical neurone across the spinal cord.
d tongue taste, chemical
c The electrical impulse is then carried away
from the central nervous system along a
e skin touch, pain, temperature relay neurone.
4 a hears; touches; hears; smell; rubs; see; The electrical impulse is then carried away
smell; taste from the central nervous system along a
motor neurone.
b He hears his alarm clock (ring at
6.15 a.m.) – ears d The motor neurone throws the electrical
impulse to an effector.
He touches the snooze button – skin
The motor neurone carries the electrical
He hears someone (outside his room) –
impulse to an effector.
ears
e An organ is a muscle or gland that carries
Marcus can smell something (delicious) –
out the response to the stimulus.
nose
An effector is a muscle or gland that
He rubs his sleepy eyes – skin
carries out the response to the stimulus.
He can see his mother (with a plate of
f A reflex action is a voluntary response to
pancakes and a glass of juice) – eyes
a stimulus.
They smell amazing – nose
A reflex action is an involuntary response
He can taste blueberries and syrup (in the to a stimulus.
pancakes, wonderful!) – tongue
g The plural of stimulus is stimuluses.
The plural of stimulus is stimuli.
7 Reflex Stimulus Response Survival
action value
knee jerk tendon upper leg
stretched thigh supports
by muscles body
tapping contract weight
kneecap when
walking
swallowing food muscle food
makes above cannot
contact trachea enter
with contracts trachea
trachea

12 Cambridge IGCSE™ Biology – Broderick & Chadwick © Cambridge University Press 2022
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ BIOLOGY: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK

Chapter 12 continued
Exercise 12.3 12 a In the nervous system, the impulse travels
quickly but in the endocrine system it
8 glands; hormones; thyroxine; adrenal; heart;
travels slowly.
males; testosterone; facial hair
b The nervous system is made up of
9 Feature Nervous Endocrine neurones, while the endocrine system is
system system made up of secretory cells.
consists of neurones secretory cells c In the endocrine system, information
information electrical hormones is transmitted by hormones, whereas in
transmitted by impulses the nervous system it is transmitted by
electrical impulses.
message sent nerve fibres blood vessels
along d In the nervous system, the message is sent
speed at which quickly slowly along nerve fibres, while in the endocrine
impulse travels system the message is sent along
blood vessels.
length of time short longer amount
the effect amount of time e In the endocrine system, the effect lasts
lasts for of time for a short amount of time but in the
nervous system it lasts for a longer
10 a quickly amount of time.
b involuntarily
c selectively
d fast
11 a rapidly
b efficiently
c with more difficulty
d rapidly

13 Cambridge IGCSE™ Biology – Broderick & Chadwick © Cambridge University Press 2022
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ BIOLOGY: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK

Chapter 13
Exercise 13.1 6 Possible answers include:
1 excretion / kidneys / ureter / urethra / nephron a Shivering begins. This is the rapid
/ deamination / filtration / reabsorption contraction of muscles.
/ homeostasis / insulin / glucagon / b Metabolism increases. This releases
hypothalamus / vasodilation more energy.
2 Possible answers include: c Hair becomes erect. This traps an
a The liver does not have nephrons but the insulating layer of air at the skin surface.
kidney does. d Capillaries near to the surface of the
b Some toxins are excreted in the urine but skin become narrower. This reduces the
some are excreted via sweat glands. amount of heat lost.
c The liver and lungs are both involved e Sweat glands produce less sweat.
in excretion. This prevents evaporation.
d When doing sport, you should drink more
water than usual.
Exercise 13.3
7 Statement Number on Name of
3 a The ureter carries urine from the kidney
to the bladder, but the urethra carries diagram organ(s)
urine out of the body. Carbon dioxide 1 mouth/
produced during lungs
b Glucose is in the blood, but glucagon is
respiration is
produced by the pancreas.
excreted here.
c Vasodilation is the widening of the
Bile pigments 4 liver
blood vessels, but vasoconstriction is the produced here are
narrowing of the blood vessels. excreted in faeces.
Urea (proteins that 3 kidneys
Exercise 13.2 have been broken
4 a rapid into smaller pieces)
b increases excreted by this
organ is passed out
c erect in the urine.
d narrower Excess water and 2 kidneys
e less salts are removed by
5 Possible answers include: this organ.

b Metabolism increases, which releases
more energy.
c Hair becomes erect, which traps an
insulating layer of air at the skin surface.
d Capillaries near to the surface of the
skin become narrower, which reduces the
amount of heat lost.
e Sweat glands produce less sweat, which
prevents evaporation.
8 a The liver produces bile pigments, which
are excreted in the faeces.
b The kidneys excrete urea, which is passed
out in the urine.
c The kidneys remove excess water
and salts.

14 Cambridge IGCSE™ Biology – Broderick & Chadwick © Cambridge University Press 2022
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ BIOLOGY: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK

Chapter 14
Exercise 14.1 Exercise 14.2
1 R S I I W A P V W Y K E G Y O 3 Part of Function
Q E E C V I B H S I U V L W F the plant
G W P T W I I A S E X U A L F
stigma platform for pollen to land on
V U X R E I I Q B D E S G I S
D Q G R O M G A I V B E G H P stamen the male part of the flower that
O I H V N D A K T N N I X D R is made up of the anther and
Z Y G O T E U G J E R G Y S I the filament
K D C Q D P L C T O H Z N R N petal brightly coloured and scented to
F L T B L W Q I T H F M F F G attract insects
G Z T S B M C K M I L C X V N
M O T Z L A I O A S O D V T K
sepal green part of the plant and
protects the flower
R K I K L Q M Q F V X N H M N
E P V L A C I T N E D I U I G style main stalk that holds the stigma
P F Y W C L R H G T A V X I O in place
S D L S K N P R J Z O H M U V ovary hollow chamber from which the
2 Any similar sentences to those in the ovules develop
table below. ovule female gamete found inside
the ovary
Sexual Asexual anther contains pollen grains and located
Key word
reproduction reproduction at the end of the filament
Producing Producing filament long stalk that holds the anther
Reproduction offspring from offspring from in place
two parents one parent
A type of 4 Learner answers should contain sentences
reproduction similar to the ones below. Learners should
that produces have used appropriate linking words to make
Asexual the sentences flow from one to another.
genetically
identical First, the pollen that is released from an
offspring anther lands on the stigma. Then pollination
Offspring
The product of The product of occurs. We know that the male and female
reproduction reproduction gametes are haploid, which means that they
Offspring are Offspring are contain half the number of chromosomes.
Genetically not genetically genetically Next, a pollen tube is formed down the style,
identical identical which delivers the male gamete to the female
Not gamete in the ovule. After this, the pollen tube
Required for
Gametes required for finds a gap in the micropyle at the bottom
reproduction
reproduction of the style. As a result of this, fertilisation
Example of happens as the male and female gametes
Sperm are able to fuse together. Finally, the zygote
a gamete
Example of develops into an embryo and then a seed.
Ovum
a gamete
Formed when
a sperm and
Zygote
an ovum fuse
together

15 Cambridge IGCSE™ Biology – Broderick & Chadwick © Cambridge University Press 2022
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ BIOLOGY: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK

Chapter 14 continued
Exercise 14.3 6 Any sensible answer, such as:
5 a An insect-pollinated flower has large, a Sexual reproduction fuses a male and
colourful petals, however a wind- female gamete together.
pollinated flower has small / no petals. b Gametes are required for
b An insect-pollinated flower has nectaries, sexual reproduction.
but a wind-pollinated flower does not c Wind-pollinated flowers can catch pollen
have any nectaries. being carried by the wind.
c An insect-pollinated flower has anthers d The stigma is where the pollen needs to
inside the flower, whereas a wind- land before fertilisation.
pollinated flower has anthers dangling
outside the flower.
d An insect-pollinated flower often has a
strong scent, however a wind-pollinated
flower has no scent.
e An insect-pollinated flower has a stigma
inside the flower, whereas a wind-
pollinated flower has a large, feathery
stigma outside the flower.
f An insect-pollinated flower has sticky or
spiky pollen grains, but a wind-pollinated
flower has smooth, light pollen grains.
g An insect-pollinated flower makes quite
large quantities of pollen, however a
wind-pollinated flower makes very large
quantities of pollen.

16 Cambridge IGCSE™ Biology – Broderick & Chadwick © Cambridge University Press 2022
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ BIOLOGY: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK

Chapter 15
Exercise 15.1 3 Key word Meaning
1 Feature of Sperm or Function in sex cell ovum female sex cell
sex cell ovum (egg sperm male sex cell
cells)
fertilise fusing a sperm and an ovum
nucleus both contains
(egg cell)
the genetic
information in the oviduct tube that travels from the ovaries
chromosomes to the uterus
tail sperm supports the ovaries the place where the ovum
sperm cell when (egg cell) matures before release
swimming towards ciliated cells that contain small hairs to
the ovum (egg cell) cells sweep the ovum (egg cell) along
head sperm is streamlined to ovulation the monthly release of an ovum
reduce resistance (egg cell) into the oviduct
when travelling
peristalsis the contraction and relaxation
membrane ovum prevents too of muscles to move the ovum
many sperm from (egg cell) along the oviduct
penetrating the
egg at one time 4 ovaries; oviduct; ovum
middle sperm contains many
piece/body mitochondria to Exercise 15.2
power the tail 5 a males – grow, begin, become,
2 a swimming, travelling, penetrating, develop, broadens
powering females – begin, become, develop
b Any sensible learner answers; possible b i nipples; ii oestrogen; iii hair; iv armpits;
examples provided below. v testes
• My mother goes swimming in 6 a oestrogen; ovaries
the pool. b produce testosterone in the testes
• I like travelling to hot places. 7 Women Men
• My sunglasses reduce the light
penetrating my eyes. breasts/nipples/vagina chest broadens /
become larger muscles develop /
• The battery is powering my phone.
voice deepens
hips begin to widen penis grows larger
armpit hair/pubic hair facial hair/armpit hair/
develops pubic hair develops

8 a … larger breasts/larger vagina/wider hips.

b … in men causes physical changes like
a broader chest, facial hair, armpit hair,
pubic hair and a larger penis.

Exercise 15.3
9 release; reach; fuse; divides; forms; moves;
sink; forms; supports

17 Cambridge IGCSE™ Biology – Broderick & Chadwick © Cambridge University Press 2022
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ BIOLOGY: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK

Chapter 16
Exercise 16.1 Exercise 16.3
1 chromatid / chromosome / allele / genotype / 7 brown; blue; blue
phenotype / homologous / centromere / 8 a the same
diploid / haploid / gene
b different
2 string; genetic; unit; characteristics
c they have two different alleles for the
3 a specific same gene
b different 9 a heterozygous
c you can see it b homozygous
d Any sensible learner answers such as: eye c heterozygous
colour; hair colour; presence of freckles;
d homozygous
ear lobe length; hair type
e homozygous
e allele
f heterozygous
4 a Coloured dyes are used to observe the
chromosomes in research. 10 a blue eyes
b Centro means ‘the centre’ and the b Heather is homozygous for blue eyes.
centromere is located at a central meeting c brown eyes
point of the chromatids. d The daughter has brown eyes so must
c The physical characteristic that is shown have at least one allele for brown
in an organism. otherwise she would have blue eyes.

Exercise 16.2 Exercise 16.4

5 a must 11 a A and B
b will b and c
c will Alleles Phenotype
6 a two AA or AO blood group A
b two
BB or BO blood group B
c they separate
OO blood group O
d the daughter cells
e four AB blood group AB
12 a
mother
B O
A AB AO
father
A AB AO

b could; could; will not

c Learner sentences should be similar
to this:
The offspring have a 50% chance of
having the AB blood group. This is
because the alleles for blood groups A and
B are codominant. This creates a third
phenotype, which is blood group AB.

18 Cambridge IGCSE™ Biology – Broderick & Chadwick © Cambridge University Press 2022
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ BIOLOGY: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK

Chapter 17
Exercise 17.1 5 For example:
1 a continuous a Birds have long, thin beaks so that they
can find food in small spaces.
b mutation
b Polar bears are camouflaged from
c adaptive
predators because they have white fur.
d xerophyte
c Giraffes have long necks in order that they
e hydrophyte can reach food in trees.
f selection d Flying birds can fly easily as they have
2 Learner answers may vary depending on light bones.
what they find (using the internet or reference
books). Learner answers should have the Exercise 17.3
name of the scientist + simple past verb form 6 a For example:
+ the idea or theory. Examples are provided
big/strong teeth; strong legs/strong
below.
muscles; camouflaged colour;
a Morgan confirmed the Mendelian laws sensitive whiskers
of inheritance.
b Learner answers should use sentences that
b Lamarck proposed that some forms of life
link an observation to an explanation.
were spontaneously generated.
A sample answer is provided below:
c Wallace suggested the theory of evolution
The lion is well adapted to its
with Darwin.
environment as it has many features that
d Darwin published On the Origin allow it to hunt prey efficiently. The lion
of Species. has strong muscles in its legs so that it can
e Mendel discovered the basic laws of catch prey easily. The lion can rip and
genetic inheritance. tear prey easily because it has big, strong
teeth. The lion is able to camouflage itself
Exercise 17.2 from other animals with its golden fur.
3 Lions also have whiskers for detecting and
Key word/ Definition
sensing what is around them.
term
theory a system of ideas and c Learner answers should describe how
principles used to the lion population might decrease if
explain something they could not catch as many prey. The
adapt answer should also link this to the specific
adjust to new conditions
features. For example:
characteristic a particular feature of a thing
The lion population would decrease.
or an organism
Lions would not be able to catch as many
variation having a range of different prey if they did not have big, strong legs
features and characteristics
for running fast. They would not be able
environment the conditions in which a to rip and tear prey if they did not have
species may live big, strong teeth. They would not be
4 a pale (peppered) moth able to catch their prey if they were not
camouflaged. They would be less able
b Because they were not able to camouflage
to navigate their environment without
themselves against the darker trees, they
sensitive whiskers.
were too visible to predators.
c pollution from the nearby factory

19 Cambridge IGCSE™ Biology – Broderick & Chadwick © Cambridge University Press 2022
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ BIOLOGY: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK

Chapter 18
Exercise 18.1 Exercise 18.2
1 environment; ecology; habitat; population; 3 The boxes should be labelled in the
community; ecosystem; energy; food chain; following order from left to right: plants
food web are the producer; grasshopper is the
2 primary consumer; flycatcher is the
Word Definition secondary consumer
the area where an 4 plant; Sun; primary; grasshopper; consumer
habitat
organism lives
5 a one producer
the number of organisms of the
population same species living together in
b four primary consumers
the same area at the same time c caterpillar; grasshopper; iguana; squirrel
a network of food chains d secondary
connected together to 6 a increase
food web
show the flow of energy in
that ecosystem b would increase
shows the flow of energy from c If the population; population;
food chain would increase
one organism to the next
the study of organisms and d If the population of ocelots decreased,
ecology then the population of squirrels
their environment
would increase.
all of the organisms of different
community species that occupy the OR:
same habitat If the population of ocelots increased,
then the population of squirrels
this is required for organisms to
energy
grow healthily
would decrease.
an area that contains all
ecosystem of the organisms and
Exercise 18.3
their environment 7 burning; increase; increased; species
the surroundings of 8 a the population is increasing at a faster rate
environment
an organism b the population is increasing rapidly
9 Any three sensible statements from the
paragraph, reworded to be shorter and more
concise – examples in square brackets:
The human population has increased to over
7 billion people in recent years and most of
this growth has taken place during the past
200–300 years. [The human population has
increased rapidly over the past 200–300 years
and is now over 7 billion people.]
People have been getting immunised – which
protects against disease – and so fewer people
die from diseases that would have killed years
before. [Diseases are killing fewer people
because of immunisation.]
The diets of people have also improved and
this is contributing to people living much
longer. [People are living longer due to
improved diet.]

20 Cambridge IGCSE™ Biology – Broderick & Chadwick © Cambridge University Press 2022
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ BIOLOGY: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK

Chapter 19
Exercise 19.1 Exercise 19.2
1 M U O Q C Y R W Y N Q H I N G 4 a The South China tiger is one of the
O N O I T C N I T X E B Z N W world’s most endangered animals.
N D C H Q X I V N D I G I Q D b Three species of tiger are already extinct.
O N E E M A F L H O Z D O B P
c If tigers become extinct, it affects
C E X R F W F J D J E S K W J
the ecosystem.
U K C Z E C Q I M E H I T H P
L V Z W M G V W R H K H X F R d Hunting by humans is one of the main
T W J O P E N B P S R G C E U dangers to tigers.
U I B D R W U A A W O N E I U 5 a turtles, eggs, seabeds, sponges, sources,
R B Y S N A W D D Y X H V Q J turtles, humans
E U I P I K N P F N H C I M C
b It’s (it is) estimated that there are only
D T Y M R A M W K I E U T X D
Y U K B U X M L F B X N P Z B
8000 turtles left on Earth.
V K M P W T A P W L D Y A U Z c nest, nest
Z I G L O O J B Y X B H C L C d Learners research suitable facts and
2 a If humans add pollutants to water, it kills present them with the correct plural or
the plants that live there. possessive. For example:
In Japan, hawksbill turtle shells are
b If mining destroys soil and vegetation, it
known as bekko.
destroys the habitat.
OR:
c If humans remove live corals from coral The hawksbill turtle uses its beak as a
reefs, it damages the entire habitat. feeding tool.
d If humans cut down trees to make paper,
it releases large amounts of carbon Exercise 19.3
dioxide. (Accept any other valid point 6 a Causes of Effects of
such as: destroy habitats for animals,
climate change climate change
destroy plant life etc.)
carbon dioxide weather patterns
3 Learners’ answers may vary but should use the
released into change
first conditional as in these examples. atmosphere
a If trees are only cut to 1 m, they greenhouse gases more frequent
will regrow. trap heat energy in flooding and
b If you replace trees that are cut down with atmosphere hurricanes
new ones, you will conserve forests. methane released polar ice caps melt
c If government regulations are enforced, by cattle
it will stop people cutting down as increases in Earth’s sea levels rise
many trees. overall temperature
d If education is improved, people will cut
b Any sensible sentences that use suitable
down fewer trees.
linkers. For example:
The heat energy is trapped in the
atmosphere by greenhouse gases.
Weather patterns are changing and the
polar ice caps are melting because of the
increase in the Earth’s temperature.
Owing to the combustion of fossil fuels,
more carbon dioxide is being released into
the atmosphere.

21 Cambridge IGCSE™ Biology – Broderick & Chadwick © Cambridge University Press 2022
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ BIOLOGY: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK

Chapter 19 continued
c Any sensible sentences that use suitable
linkers. For example:
Hurricanes and flooding from heavy
rainfall are caused by extreme climates.
Owing to water evaporating from fertile
areas, deserts are formed.
Rising sea levels and flooding are due to
polar ice caps melting.

Exercise 19.4
7 Any sensible sentences that use the second
conditional (If…would…). For example:
If we cut down fewer forests and trees, they
would take in more of the carbon dioxide
from the atmosphere.
If we replanted forests, they would stop water
evaporating from fertile areas.

22 Cambridge IGCSE™ Biology – Broderick & Chadwick © Cambridge University Press 2022
 CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ BIOLOGY: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK

Chapter 20
Exercise 20.1 Exercise 20.3
1 a recombinant plasmid 5 a on, in, of, for
b restriction enzymes b i from
c biotechnology ii from
d pectinase iii into, with
e biofuel iv in
f fermenter v in
g DNA ligase c i restriction enzyme
2 Learners’ word searches should contain all of ii DNA ligase
the key words. iii cheap, fast, produces large amounts
3 a an of insulin
b a
c a
d a, the
e an, the

Exercise 20.2
4 a Then / Next / After that / Secondly, 100 g
of orange was divided into two beakers.
b Then / Next / After that / Thirdly, 2 ml of
pectinase was added to beaker A.
c Then / Next / After that, 2 ml of water was
added to beaker B.
d Then / Next / After that, both beakers
were stirred with a glass rod.
e Then / Next / After that, the beakers were
covered with plastic wrap.
f Then / Next / After that, the beakers were
incubated at 40 °C for 20 minutes.
g Then / Next / After that, two funnels were
lined with the filter paper.
h Then / Next / After that, each funnel was
placed over a measuring cylinder and the
pulp from each beaker was added.
i Finally, the volume of juice obtained from
each sample of orange pulp was recorded
every five minutes.

23 Cambridge IGCSE™ Biology – Broderick & Chadwick © Cambridge University Press 2022