IGCSE Chemistry ELSWB Answers

CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ CHEMISTRY: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK
English Language
Skills answers
Chapter 1
Exercise 1.1
1 a
Physical state Volume Density Shape Fluidity
solid has a fixed volume high has a definite shape does not flow
liquid has a fixed volume moderate does not have a definite generally
to high shape – takes the shape flows easily
of the container
gas does not have a fixed low does not have a definite flows easily
volume – expands to shape – takes the shape
fill the container and of the container
can be compressed
b i higher
ii lower
iii fixed; expands
iv fluid; more
v compressed; pressure
2 a
gas
condensation or
Evaporation and
evaporation or
condensation take
liquefaction
vaporisation
place over a range

of temperatures; boiling
increasing temperature
takes place at a specific

temperature known as
the boiling point.
liquid
Melting: a pure substance
solidification
freezing or
melts suddenly at a particular

temperature.
melting
Freezing: the reverse takes

place sharply at the same
temperature known as the
freezing point.
solid
1 Cambridge IGCSE™ Chemistry – Harwood & Chadwick © Cambridge University Press 2022
Chapter 1 continued
b Possible titles include: Exercise 1.4
Changes in physical state / The effect of 8 Diffusion
temperature on the physical state (of a • is the process occurring when the particles
substance) / Changes in physical state of a substance spread and mix
with increasing (rising) temperature • is a random process that can only take
3 Verb Noun – name Noun – place in fluids (liquids and gases)
of process product of • is much faster in gases
process • is faster at higher temperatures.
to condense condensation condensate 9 a dilute/concentrated; dissolved/
to evaporate evaporation vapour undissolved; soluble/insoluble
to crystallise crystallisation crystals b i solution; solute; solvent
to precipitate precipitation precipitate ii solute; solution; saturated
to solidify solidification solid
Exercise 1.2
4 a so
b so
c because
d because
e which suggests that
5 a 1–D; 2–A; 3–B; 4–C
b ii A word used to describe a liquid
that has a low boiling point and
evaporates easily.
iii The process which is the reverse
of melting and can also be called
solidification.
iv The process which turns a liquid into
a gas below its boiling point.
Exercise 1.3
6 a random; irregular; able; can
b irregular; able; collide
7 a i vibrate; strongly; melting point;
energy; move; melts; liquid
ii temperature; gain; faster; evaporation;
boiling point; bubbles; boils
b lose energy; move around more slowly;
forces between particles; freezing point;
fixed positions; turns into a solid
Chapter 2
Exercise 2.1 Exercise 2.2
1 a molecule; element; atom; compound 2 a
b Term Definition nucleus

mixture two or more chemical
substances physically
mixed together
proton
compound a chemical substance
made from two or more
elements chemically electron
bonded together
molecule a particle made up of more
than one atom chemically
bonded together b protons and neutrons; 7
element a chemical ‘building block’ c The electrical charge on the nucleus is
of all matter that cannot positive because it contains protons
be broken down into which are positive and neutrons that
simpler substances have no charge.
atom the smallest particle of an d It must lose at least one electron.
element that can take part The reason for this is that it will then have
in a chemical reaction more protons than electrons and so will
be positively charged.
c B = element; C = mixture; D = compound
e first shell (energy level) = 2; second shell
(energy level) = 8
3 x = 31
y = 15
4 1 2 3 4 5 6
F E B A C D
Exercise 2.3
5 Order of sentence fragments: b, d, f, e, a, c, g.
Chapter 2 continued
Exercise 2.4
6 tri-oxygen
7 a 4; 2
b 2
c i
Prefix Meaning of the prefix Example Explanation of example
mono- one of something carbon monoxide the molecule contains one
oxygen atom
di- or bi- two of something diatomic a molecule containing two atoms
tri- three of something sulfur trioxide the molecule contains three
oxygen atoms
tetra- four of something tetrachloromethane the molecule contains four
chlorine atoms
penta- five of something phosphorus the molecule contains five
pentoxide oxygen atoms
ii nitrogen dioxide; vanadium pentoxide; phosphorus trioxide

d Prefix Meaning of the prefix Example Explanation of example
non- not having a particular nature non-metal an element that is not a metal
or property
un- not having a particular nature unstable a substance that breaks down
or property very easily
in- not having a particular nature insoluble a substance that is not soluble
or property (does not dissolve)
ir- not having a particular nature irregular having an arrangement that is
or property not organised
sub- under or smaller than subatomic particles particles smaller than an atom
iso- same isotope atoms of the same element with
different nucleon numbers
Chapter 3
1 transfer; from; to; metal; lose; positive; forces; 8 a conduct
between; opposite; sharing; between; in; b transparent
non-metals; two
c shiny
2
d appearance
+ –
e slippery
f tetrahedrally
Na O H g three-dimensional
h hexagonally
i two-dimensional
When an ionic bond A shared pair of j layered
is made, electrons electrons makes a
are transferred covalent bond. 9 a Both; covalent bonds; giant
from one atom b but; colourless and transparent
to another. c but; is soft and slippery
3 a There are two covalent bonds between the d but; does (conduct)
atoms in an oxygen molecule.
e Here is an example answer: Diamond is a
b The bonds in oxygen and carbon dioxide very hard transparent solid that does not
molecules are covalent bonds. conduct electricity, but graphite is a dark
c All the atoms in these two molecules grey, slippery and opaque solid that does
have a share of eight electrons in their (conduct electricity).
outer shell. 10 Order of statements
Exercise 3.2 1 A 2 C 3 E 4 D 5 B 6 G 7 F
4 a are; contains; are; lost; negatively
b consists; is; electrons; positive
c are; consist; protons; 18; negative;
is; moves
5 a electrostatic; hold
b form; regular
c attraction; are; require
d Six; surround
Exercise 3.3
6 molecule; share; overlap; centre; single; eight;
stable; noble
7 a with; to
b in
c of; in
d to
e between
f throughout
g within/in; between
Chapter 4
1 Elements Name of Formula
4 a nucleus; electrons; protons; nuclei;
present compound nucleus; proton
potassium and potassium KBr2 b electrons; power; combining; electrons;
bromine bromide formula; formulae; valencies
zinc and sulfur zinc sulfide ZnS
Exercise 4.3
barium and barium chloride BaCl2 5
chlorine Definition Term
magnesium and magnesium Mg3N2 a change in which new chemical

nitrogen nitride substances are produced reaction
sulfur and sulfur trioxide SO3 the substances that react reactants
oxygen together in a chemical reaction
nitrogen and nitrogen dioxide NO2 the chemicals available in reagents

oxygen a laboratory
the substance formed in product
2 Elements present Name of Formula a chemical reaction
compound a change in which the physical
sodium, hydrogen, sodium NaHCO3 substances remain the same – change
carbon and oxygen hydrogen no new substances are formed
carbonate
zinc, sulfur and zinc sulfate ZnSO4 6 a physical change
oxygen b chemical reaction
magnesium, carbon magnesium MgCO3 c chemical reaction
and oxygen carbonate
d chemical reaction
copper, carbon and copper CuCO3
e physical change
oxygen carbonate
7 a zinc + hydrochloric acid → zinc chloride +
sodium, hydrogen sodium NaH2PO4
hydrogen
phosphorus and dihydrogen
oxygen phosphate b carbon dioxide + water → glucose +
oxygen
3 Elements present Name of Formula 8 a i methane + oxygen → carbon dioxide
compound + water
nitrogen and ammonia NH3 ii reactants: C = 1 / H = 4 / O = 4
hydrogen products: C = 1 / H = 4 / O = 4
potassium, hydrogen potassium KOH The numbers of each type of atom
and oxygen hydroxide are the same on both sides of
the equation.
magnesium and magnesium MgO
oxygen oxide iii CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
hydrogen and water H2O
oxygen
nitrogen, hydrogen ammonium NH4Cl
and chlorine chloride
nitrogen, hydrogen ammonium NH4NO3
and oxygen nitrate
copper, sulfur and copper CuSO4
oxygen sulfate
Chapter 5
Exercise 5.1
1 a i twice ii double iii less iv half v four times
b twice; double; twenty-four; third; relative
Exercise 5.2
2 a percentage of nitrogen (%) = (mass of nitrogen × 100) / relative formula mass
b percentage of nitrogen (%) = (28 × 100) / 80 = 35%
every 100 g of ammonium nitrate contains 35 g
Exercise 5.3
3
Chemical term Definition
mass number a carbon-12 atom is given a mass of exactly 12
the standard for measuring the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an
relative atomic mass atom; also called the nucleon number
relative atomic mass, Ar the sum of all the relative atomic masses for the atoms in
a molecule; use only for covalent substances
isotopes atoms of the same element with different nucleon
numbers; they have different numbers of neutrons
relative molecular the average mass of an atom of an element, using a scale
(or formula) mass, Mr where an atom of carbon-12 has a mass of exactly 12
4 a isotopes; isotopes b Use a balance to measure out 1.0 g of

b atoms; atoms; isotopes sodium chloride and then add the solid to
the water in the beaker. ✓
Exercise 5.4 Measure 50 cm3 of distilled water in a
5 a One mole of a substance has a mass equal measuring cylinder and pour it into a
to the molecular (or formula) mass of the beaker. ✓
substance in grams. Carry on adding small portions of salt to
b Avogadro’s constant is the number the solution until no more dissolves. ✓
of atoms, molecules or characteristic Stir the mixture with a glass rod until all
particles in one mole of a substance. the salt has dissolved. ✓
c One mole of a substance contains 6.02 c 1 Take a 100 cm3 measuring cylinder.
× 1023 (Avogadro’s constant) atoms, Fill it approximately half full with
molecules or other characteristic particles. distilled water.
d Avogadro’s constant = 6.02 × 1023 atoms, 2 Use a balance to carefully measure out
molecules or other characteristic particles. 1.0 g of copper sulfate.
3 Use a small filter funnel to pour the
6 one; two; two solid into the measuring cylinder.
2 × 24 = 48 g + 32 g → 80 g 4 Wash out any remaining solid on the
0.80 g of magnesium oxide filter funnel with a little distilled water.
7 Carry out the exercise to familiarise yourself 5 Shake the cylinder gently until all the
with the mathematical expressions. solid has dissolved.
6 With gentle shaking, add more distilled
Exercise 5.5 water to the solution, until the level of
8 a solute; solvent; soluble; insoluble; the solution is exactly at the 100 cm3
dilute; concentrated mark on the neck of the cylinder.
Chapter 6
Exercise 6.1
1 a i to split c is carried out; are connected; becomes;
ii to electrolyse reach; are discharged; splits; move; is
switched on; move; occurs; lose; are oxidised
iii to discharge
d i move; are discharged; gain electrons;
iv to decompose
are gained; is formed; 2e–
b to split and to decompose
ii move; are discharged; lose; are lost;
is formed; Br2
Exercise 6.2 battery

2 a electrons repelled into electrons attracted
wire from negative to positive terminal
terminal – +
A
ammeter
solid light
bulb
b i Solid Appearance of solid Test result Conductor or insulator

A shiny, light grey rod bulb lit up and current conductor
recorded
B hard brown rod bulb did not light up and insulator
no current recorded
C black rod bulb lit up and current conductor
recorded
D yellow block bulb did not light up and insulator
no current recorded
E red–brown strip bulb lit up and current conductor
recorded
ii C
iii A and E
iv B
v D
Chapter 6 continued
Exercise 6.3
3 a 1–C; 2–A; 3–D; 4–B
b i As
ii Therefore
iii As
iv Therefore
v As
Exercise 6.4
4 a i elements
ii compound; produces
iii oxygen; water
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
iv opposite
b Across Down
1 elements 2 electrolytic cell
3 negative 4 battery
6 water 5 decompose
9 two 7 electrolyte
10 redox 8 ions
12 graphite 11 hydrogen
15 electroplating 13 oxidation
18 oxygen 14 copper
16 lead
17 anode
Chapter 7
Exercise 7.1 5 a i M = making (bonds)
1 a i different; to ii B = breaking (bonds)
ii between iii EXO = exothermic
iii different; from iv ENDO = endothermic
iv same; as b enthalpy change of reaction =
b The major feature of a chemical change, 2736 – 3462 = -726 kJ / mol
or reaction, is that new substances are break; covalent; releases; released; –;
made during the reaction. exothermic; formed; used; broken
Many reactions, but not all, are difficult 6 a i Key points:
to reverse.
• the products have higher energy
During a chemical reaction, energy can be than the reactants, so the reaction
given out or taken in. Most reactions give is endothermic
out energy.
• ∆H arrow is pointing upwards, so
value is positive
Exercise 7.2
• activation energy (Ea) is needed
2 a Given that; chemical reaction
for the reaction to take place
b Since; physical change
ii The product’s energy level would be
c For this reason; chemical reaction below that of the reactants and the
d Given that; physical change ∆H arrow would point downwards.
e For this reason; chemical reaction b i Bond energy is the energy needed to
3 a exothermic break one mole of the bonds.
b endothermic ii The heat of combustion is the energy
given out when one mole of the
Exercise 7.3 substance is completely burned.
4 a vertical; products; progress; horizontal iii Activation energy is the minimum
energy needed for the reaction to
b
take place.
i exothermic reaction
reactants products
Energy / kJ
Energy / kJ
heat heat
given taken
out in
products reactants
progress of reaction progress of reaction
ii endothermic reaction
products
Energy / kJ
heat heat
given taken
out in
products reactants
action progress of reaction
Chapter 8
1 a Hydrogen and oxygen take part in an 2 a K H T I M E I W Z K V S I R
explosive reaction that can be used to R C T N E X P L O S I V E E

power rockets. S R O E M J P L X R Y C H A
b Photosynthesis is a reaction that takes U I E N M T N E J U H A V C
place in the leaves of green plants. R N D A C P J E W B P T A T
c Copper carbonate is green coloured F C K E C E E J E W C A R I
and is stable at room temperature but A R N B C T N R J S M L I O
decomposes quickly when heated with a C E S P F R A T A B I Y A N
Bunsen burner, producing a black powder. E A O R A U E N R T O S B R
OR A S E O S Q E A T A U T L A
Copper carbonate is coloured green R E S D T E W Y S Y T R E T
and is stable at room temperature but E S L U H B I T Z E J I E E
decomposes quickly when heated with a A I O C T T Y M F Y S S O F
Bunsen burner, producing a black powder. A S W T P R E S S U R E F N
d The metal zinc reacts with copper sulfate

b concentration; surface area; pressure;
solution and the blue colour of the
temperature; catalyst
solution fades.
OR Exercise 8.3
The metal zinc reacts with blue copper 3 a concentrated; more concentrated; least
sulfate solution and the colour of the concentrated
solution fades.
b high; higher; highest
e The vigorous reaction between calcium
c largest; smallest; lowest; greater; greatest
carbonate and dilute hydrochloric acid
produces a large volume of gas. 4 a fastest; slowest
b greater; increases
c smaller; closer; more; increases
d faster; more; higher
Chapter 8 continued
Exercise 8.4
5 a horizontal axis origin curve slope change points plateau gradient dependent variable
tangent point flattens out trend best-fit line straight line outlier measure independent
variable vertical axis
Terms (word or Definition

combination of words
horizontal axis The x-axis of the graph; the axis along which the independent variable (the
variable you change) is plotted
vertical axis The y-axis of the graph; the axis along which the dependent variable (the
variable you measure) is plotted
outlier An anomalous point that does not fit close to the curve or straight line of
the graph; the line of the graph should not include this point
origin The point 0,0 of the graph
The slope or gradient The rate of change shown by the graph; the steepness of the curve shows
of the graph how quickly the reaction is taking place
tangent A straight line drawn at a point on the curve of the graph, used to work out
the rate of reaction at that time
best-fit line The line drawn that passes through or as close to as many points as
possible; this can show the overall trend in the results
plateau The part of the graph where the curve flattens out, showing no further
reaction
b i At B, the gradient has decreased. This

shows that less product is formed in a
given time. The reaction is slower here.
ii At C, the gradient is very small. This
shows that only a small amount of
product is being formed. The reaction is
slowing down.
iii At D, the graph has flattened. This shows
that no more product is being formed.
The reaction has stopped.
Exercise 8.5
6 a effects c effect 7 a effect
b affects d affects; effect iv / iii / i / ii / v
A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the
rate of a chemical reaction without being
used up during the reaction. The catalyst
is chemically unchanged at the end of
the reaction.
b biological; catalysts; affect; faster;
milder; without
Chapter 9
Exercise 9.1 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 a anhydrous making something A D F G E B C
absorb water (n)
aqueous dried (water has been Exercise 9.3
lost or removed) (adj) 4 a might
dehydrated making something b should
lose water (n)
c will; will
hydration containing no water
(adj)
d will
dehydration made of or containing
e will
water (adj) f will
b decomposition; split up; simpler; 5 a In general, a decrease in pressure will
decomposes; reverse; dehydration; move the equilibrium position to the
dehydrated; anhydrous; dehydration side of the reaction that has the higher
number of moles. This side will occupy a
c dehydrated; crystallised; carried out; added;
higher volume.
reversed; combined; used
b In general, a decrease in temperature
Exercise 9.2 will move an equilibrium position in the
direction of the exothermic reaction.
2 a Label Position on There will be more ammonia in the
diagram equilibrium mixture.
reaction vessel H
condenser F
iron catalyst B
liquid ammonia D
recycled nitrogen and C

hydrogen gases
temperature of about 450 °C G
mixture of nitrogen and A

hydrogen gases enters
pressure of 20 000 kPa E
b i S nitrogen
T iron catalyst
U compressed
V The hydrogen and nitrogen are
mixed in a ratio of 3:1.
W condensed
X recycled
Y ammonia
Z hydrogen
ii 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
S V U T Z W X Y
Chapter 10
1 a oxidised; reduced 6 a In the blast furnace, iron(III) oxide
b An oxidising agent is a substance that (usually in the form of hematite) is
will give (add) oxygen to another element reduced to iron metal by the reducing
or compound. agent (carbon monoxide). However,
in this process the carbon monoxide is
2
oxidised to carbon dioxide. This is a redox
reduction
reaction as one substance loses oxygen
while another gains it.
iron oxide + carbon monoxide → iron + carbon dioxide b In the extraction of aluminium the
aluminium ions (Al3+) present in the
oxidation electrolyte gain electrons to form
neutral aluminium atoms. This is a
reduction reaction.
Exercise 10.2
3 a Oxidation is the loss of electrons.
b Reduction is the gain of electrons.
c An oxidising agent is a substance which
will remove electrons from an atom,
molecule or ion.
d A reducing agent is a substance that will
give electrons to an atom, molecule or ion.
Exercise 10.3
4 a This is a reduction as electrons are gained
as chlorine atoms become chloride ions.
b This is a reduction as electrons are lost as
iodide ions become iodine atoms.
c
reduction
chlorine + potassium iodide → potassium chloride + iodine
oxidation
5 Compound Oxidation Formula of

number of metal ion
metal present present
copper(II) sulfate +2 Cu2+
iron(III) oxide +3 Fe3+
cobalt(II) chloride +2 Co2+
copper(I) oxide +1 Cu+
Chapter 11
Exercise 11.1
1 a An acid is a substance that gives a
solution with a pH less than 7 when
dissolved in water.
b An acid is a solution that reacts with an
alkali to give a salt and water only.
c An acid dissolves in water to give a
solution that contains an excess of
hydrogen ions.
2 • All bases neutralise acids.
• Bases include metal oxides and
hydroxides.
• Alkalis are soluble bases.
• Not all bases are alkalis.
3 Acids: ions; lower; red; neutralised; only
Bases: hydroxides; insoluble
Alkalis: dissolve; excess; ions; higher; red
Exercise 11.2
4 less acidic; the least acidic
B<C<A
the least
more alkaline; the least
X>Y=Z
more concentrated
Exercise 11.3
5 strong; covalent; completely; chloride; weak;
some; less; lower; higher; more
6 Statement True / False
A sulfuric acid solution is less False
corrosive than a solution of
ethanoic acid.
A hydrochloric acid solution will True
conduct electricity better than
an ethanoic acid solution.
An ethanoic acid solution will False
produce carbon dioxide gas at
a faster rate than a hydrochloric
acid solution when reacted with
calcium carbonate.
Chapter 12
1 a i on 3 a i 0.1 mol / dm3 = nought (or zero) point
ii of one moles per decimetre cubed (or
iii on cubic decimetre)
b i consist of ii 0.5 mol / dm3 = nought (or zero) point
five moles per decimetre cubed (or
ii results in cubic decimetre)
iii depends on iii 20 g / dm3 = twenty grams per
iv dependent on decimetre cubed (or cubic decimetre)
v depends on iv 0.2 mol per 200 cm3 = 1 mol / dm3 =
c i The acidity of a solution depends on one mole per decimetre cubed (or
the concentration of hydrogen ions cubic decimetre)
present. b i the amount of substance
ii Adding an alkali to an acid results ii the volume of the solution
in the formation of a salt and iii Student exercise
water only.
4 a burette; acid; volume; pipette
iii Salts are ionic compounds consisting
of a positive metal ion and a negative b indicator; colour; end point
non-metal ion. c evaporated; filtered
Exercise 12.2
2 a i A measuring cylinder was used to add
25 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid to a
beaker.
ii Then some solid magnesium
carbonate was added to the acid in
the beaker.
iii The reaction mixture was stirred with
a glass rod.
iv More solid was carefully added to
the acid in small amounts so that
the mixture did not froth out of
the beaker.
v Further solid was added until there
was no more fizzing and some solid
was left in the bottom of the beaker.
b The mixture was stirred and filtered to
remove the excess solid. The filtrate was
then put in an evaporating basin and
heated. It was heated until crystals formed
at the edges of the solution. The Bunsen
burner was removed and the solution left
to cool slowly. After a time the crystals
were filtered off and dried between pieces
of filter paper.
Chapter 13 T O I O H E G R O U P S O C
L A N O I T I S N A R T A T
Exercise 13.1 N E E L A T N O Z I R O H G
O I G H N O L S N E R H A N
1 a hydrogen
B A O E A Z E D N N R R L E
b halogen
L L R O A O S O O H O L O O
c non-metal E K D I T T T I N H E L G O
d vertical; groups I A Y T E S N R M S N E E N
e noble gases I L H R H E S E E E R L N T
f horizontal; period L I L T O S N P T L O E E A
g transition I N E R R A O M A P I U R T
h elements L E N E O G E E L N P I S I
R V E R T I C A L E D N L M
E P R L N G S T N E M E L E
Exercise 13.2
2 a Statement True False
The first attempts to make a table of the elements placed them in order of increasing ✓
atomic mass.
The sequence of the elements is the same, whether it is based on their proton number or ✓
their atomic mass.
The sequence of the elements is split into rows, based on the electron shells being filled in ✓
their atoms.
The splitting of the sequence of elements gives us a table consisting of horizontal groups ✓
and vertical periods.
Usually, as you move down a group in the Periodic Table, the number of electrons in the ✓
outer shell of the atoms is the same.
The first row of the table only has two elements in it, because the first electron shell can ✓
only hold two electrons.
All the elements in Group VII of the table have eight electrons in their outer shell. ✓
b i continuous
ii two-dimensional
iii electronic configuration
iv group
v period
vi outer shell
vii energy level
Chapter 13 continued
3 a 1 the melting A 5 The chart A
point
2 the melting C 6 the melting B
points points
3 the C 7 The C
elements melting
points
4 the proton C 8 the highest C
number values
b the; a; the; the; the; a; the
Exercise 13.3
4 a Sodium is a highly reactive metal in
Group I. It reacts vigorously with
cold water.
b Transition elements form a block in the
middle of the Periodic Table. They are
especially useful, strong metals.
c Fluorine is the most reactive of the
elements in Group VII. It can react
explosively, and it will displace other
halogens from compounds.
d Atoms of the elements get smaller as
we move across a period in the table.
As they get smaller the elements
concerned become less metallic.
e The elements of Group I are very reactive,
and their reactivity increases as we go
down the group.
5 Pronoun What the reference is
number referring to
1 metals
2 metals
3 alkali metals
4 non-metals
5 transition from metals to
non-metals
6 a metal or non-metal
7 copper
Chapter 14
Exercise 14.1 4 a This gave a colourless solution.
The solution was acidified with dilute
1 a A R E A C T I V E
B M A L L E A B L E
nitric acid and then barium nitrate
C E L E C T R O D E S
solution added. A white precipitate
D R U B I D I U M was formed, showing that the salt was
E C O N D U C T a sulfate.
F E L E C T R O L Y S I S
b The white zinc salt was dissolved in
G D U C T I L E
H M O N O X I D E
distilled water to give a colourless
I S O N O R O U S
solution. Dilute sodium hydroxide
solution was added and a white
b 1 Reduction is the removal of oxygen precipitate was formed. This white
from a compound. precipitate redissolved on addition of an
2 Reduction is the gain of electrons by excess of sodium hydroxide solution.
an atom, ion or molecule. This is the positive test for zinc ions.
c regular; lattice; lose; stronger; between;
positive; conduct; heat; metallic; ductile Exercise 14.3
5 a Gap Gap
Exercise 14.2 1 brass 8 lattice
2 1 2 3 4 5 2 copper 9 metallic
C A E D B 3 carbon 10 electricity
3 4 transition 11 ductile
Key word Meaning
5 stainless 12 positive
dilute a solution of a substance in a
hydrochloric large amount of water (noun) 6 chromium 13 delocalised
acid 7 molten 14 slide
fizzing bubbles of gas forming (noun / b i Mild steel is used for making car
-ing form)
bodies because it is easy to shape
dissolves the solid disappears forming a without breaking.
solution (verb)
ii Solder is used for joining metals
precipitate a solid suddenly formed by together because it has a low
mixing two solutions or passing melting point.
a gas into a solution (noun)
iii Stainless steel is used for making
clear transparent and can be seen surgical instruments and cutlery
through (adjective)
because it is resistant to rusting.
colourless has no colour (adjective) iv Brass is used for making decorative
milky cloudy white in colour objects because it is hard and
(adjective) gold coloured.
Chapter 15
Exercise 15.1
1 Property Alkali metals Transition
metals
hardness soft hard
melting low high

point
density low density high density
colour of white often coloured

solid salts
reactivity highly reactive moderately
reactive
2 a
Element Reaction with water Reaction with air
lithium reacts steadily tarnishes slowly to
2Li + 2H2O → 2LiOH + H2 give a layer of oxide
sodium reacts strongly tarnishes quickly to

give a layer of oxide increasing reactivity
2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2
potassium reacts violently tarnishes very

quickly to give a
2K + 2H2O → 2KOH + H2 layer of oxide
b i brilliantly
6 One possible set of sentences:
ii explosively
Hypothesis
iii slowly
If one metal is more reactive than another,
iv strongly it will displace the less reactive one from
solution. If we test different combinations of
Exercise 15.2 metals and salt solutions we should see which
3 a i further; greater; lower; more/less reactions take place.
reactive Predictions
ii more reactive; greater; further; We/I think that magnesium should displace
lower; less both zinc and copper from its salts. I/
b Correct answer: iii We expect to see zinc displace copper
from solution but that it will not displace
Exercise 15.3 magnesium. I/We think that copper will not
4 a is placed displace either zinc or magnesium.
b is held
Exercise 15.4
c is bubbled
7 a i When magnesium is placed in
d is passed copper(II) sulfate solution the
a–ii, b–iv, c–i, d–iii blue colour of the solution fades,
5 a more; will; less suggesting that magnesium is more
reactive than copper.
b will
ii There is no observed reaction when
c should
copper is placed in magnesium sulfate
solution, which means that copper is
less reactive than magnesium.
iii There is a reaction when magnesium
is placed in iron(II) sulfate solution.
This means that magnesium is more
reactive than iron.
b i copper < iron < magnesium
ii Iron reacted with copper sulfate
solution, but it did not displace
magnesium from solution. This means
that iron is more reactive than copper,
but is less reactive than magnesium.
Copper did not react with either iron
sulfate or magnesium sulfate.
This suggests that it is the least
reactive of these three metals / it is less
reactive than iron or magnesium.
Magnesium reacts with both copper
sulfate and iron sulfate solutions.
This means that it is more reactive
than iron or copper.
Therefore, we can conclude that
magnesium is the most reactive of
these metals, and copper is the least
reactive of the three.
Chapter 16
Exercise 16.1 c Stainless steel is an alloy of iron that is
resistant to rusting. This metal contains
1 a Key word 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 iron that has been mixed with another
Definition C F E G D A H B transition metal that does not corrode
easily in order to improve the resistance
b i limestone, iron ore, coke to rusting.
ii molten iron, slag, waste gas
iii tapped off (a process, not a
chemical substance)
Exercise 16.2
2 a A B A U X I T E
B C R Y O L I T E
C R E D U C T I O N
D M O L T E N
E N E G A T I V E
F O X Y G E N
G G R A P H I T E
b Al2O3
Exercise 16.3
3 light; good; alloys; metals; low; corrosion;
recycling; expensive; large
4 a air (oxygen) and water
b i paint, plastic or oil
ii Iron objects are covered with plastic,
or by painting, to produce a barrier
so that air and water cannot get to the
surface of the iron.
5 a Blocks of a metal that is more reactive
than iron are attached to the iron or steel
object in order to prevent rusting. The
blocks of metal react with the air and
water in preference to the iron object.
b Coating an object with a complete layer
of zinc (galvanising) provides a total
covering for the object that acts as a
barrier preventing water and air from
coming into contact with the iron.
If the zinc layer is broken by scratching or
wear, the zinc still protects by sacrificial
protection as it is more reactive than iron.
The zinc corrodes rather than the iron.
Chapter 17
Exercise 17.1 4 a i photosynthesis ii combustion
1 a pie chart b Possible answers include:
nitrogen 78% i The process in the first picture is
called photosynthesis. It is a reaction
oxygen 21% taking place in the green leaves of
plants in which energy from the Sun
is used to convert carbon dioxide and
argon 0.90% water into glucose.
other noble ii The process in the second picture
gases 0.06% is called combustion. It is a type of
carbon dioxide reaction in which wood and fossil
0.04% fuels are burnt to produce energy.
b i nitrogen
ii oxygen Exercise 17.3
iii xenon 5 a ozone and chlorine
iv helium b Harmful organisms such as bacteria
v neon are killed. Harmful organisms could
spread disease.
vi oxygen
c screens and sand filters
vii argon
d Attach some chemicals to themselves,
2 a i ✗
removing them from the water.
An indicator that turns yellow in
alkaline solution is methyl orange. 6 a break down d precipitator
ii ✓ b pesticide e reservoir
iii ✗ c absorb
In clean dry air, carbon dioxide is the 7 a 2, 1, 4, 3
only greenhouse gas.
b A–4; B–2; C–1; D–3
iv ✓
c i Three-quarters of our world is
v ✗
covered in water.
The only gaseous compound in clean
dry air is carbon dioxide. ii only 2.5% of water on Earth is
fresh water
b A ‘The noble gases in the air’ = ii
iii competition for this water is growing
B ‘Methyl orange as an indicator’ = i
iv The increase in human population
C ‘Carbon dioxide’ = iii means that competition for this water
c i The discovery of the noble gases by is growing and underground sources
William Ramsay was remarkable as are being used up.
these gases are very unreactive. d The importance of water ✓
ii Carbon dioxide and methane are the because the key word at the end of the
main greenhouse gases present in first sentence of the introduction is ‘water’
the air.
8 Possible answer:
An important step in cleaning water for
Exercise 17.2 domestic use is filtration through sand/carbon.
3 global warming Using sand filters out some solid particles
ozone layer that would make the water unpleasant to
sulfur dioxide drink while the carbon removes some harmful
photochemical smog chemicals. Together this filtration is a key step
carbon dioxide in producing clean water for domestic use.
climate change
Chapter 18
Exercise 18.1
1 a i ethane
ii propane
iii hexane
iv octane
b i CH4
ii C3H8
iii C4H10
iv C5H12
c CnH2n+2
2
Hydrocarbons are ... ... is methane, CH4.
The simplest ... butane.

hydrocarbon ...
The major source of ... because they

hydrocarbons ... only contain
carbon–carbon
single bonds.
Alkanes are ... compounds that
saturated contain carbon and
hydrocarbons ... hydrogen only.
The fourth member ... is the fossil fuel
of the alkanes is ... petroleum.
Exercise 18.2
3 a Compound Prefix Number of carbon Suffix Homologous series
atoms in chain
hexane hex- 6 -ane alkanes
butene but- 4 -ene alkenes
ethanol eth- 2 -ol alcohols
pentanol pent- 5 -ol alcohols
ethanoic acid eth- 2 -oic acid carboxylic acids
b i methanol CH3OH c i Unlike alkanes containing carbon

ii ethene C2H4 and hydrogen atoms, alcohol and
iii ethanoic acid CH3COOH carboxylic acid molecules also contain
oxygen atoms.
Exercise 18.3 ii Pentene molecules contain a carbon–
carbon double bond as well as
4 a i A–2
carbon–carbon single bonds.
ii C–1
iii Carbon can exist in the form of
iii B–3 graphite. In addition, it can exist
b i In addition; also in other structural forms such
ii as well as as diamond.
iii In addition; also
iv Furthermore; and
Chapter 19
Exercise 19.1 5
H O M O L O G O U S F R
1 A C A R B O N P R O E A V C T F I U S
B S A T U R A T E D L F N E T H E N E N N T
C D E C A N E V A O G P H W E H G C R
D A L K A N E S
P K M L O I A J S L T U
E B I T U M E N
E J E A L K A N E E I C
F C O V A L E N T
T O R H Y G P R E Z O T
G E T H A N O L
H I S O M E R I S M N U
H A L K E N E S
A H S D E R L X N D A R
2 a Because both the skeleton and a N R Y C R N O E O I L A

hydrocarbon molecule have a chain of
O B S A T U R A T E D L
repeating units to which other structures
are attached. L X V L C O V A L E N T
i Each
A homologous H ethanol
ii Each
B covalent I functional
iii Both
C methane J structural
iv Each
D alkane K isomerism
v Both
E single L polymer
b i Both
F saturated M monomer
ii Each
G ethene
iii both
iv whereas Exercise 19.3
v Whereas 6 a butanol; C4H9OH
c i Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons b propanoic acid; C2H5COOH
whereas alkenes are unsaturated. 7 a i Despite
ii Both ethane and propane are alkanes ii Although
even though they contain different
iii However
numbers of carbon atoms.
iv Whereas
d a functional group / e.g. –COOH
b i An addition reaction produces just
3 ethene; water; colourless; unsaturated;
one product, whereas a substitution
reaction; orange
reaction will produce two products.
The reaction of steam and ethene
Exercise 19.2 gives just one product and so is an
4 a butane addition reaction.
b three ii Non-renewable resources have a finite
c C4H10 / CH3CH(CH3)CH3 lifetime and will eventually be used
d compounds; same; structures; isomerism up. However, renewable resources can
be replaced by newly grown materials.
e but-2-ene
Chapter 20
1 a A refinery gas 3 Monomer Polymer
B petrol (gasoline)
ethene CH2=CH2 poly(ethene)
C paraffin (kerosene)
propene CH2=CHCH3 poly(propene)
D diesel oil
styrene CH2=CHC6H5 poly(styrene)
E lubricating oil
chloroethene CH2=CHCl poly(chloroethene)
b A
4 Addition; polymers; broken; Poly(ethene);
c E
Fatty acids; monomers; natural; artificial;
2 a decane → octane + ethene biodegradable
b Decane Ethene
(a liquid) (a gas) Exercise 20.3
Hydrocarbon alkane alkene Possible answers:
series 5 a In conclusion, while valuable minerals
Saturated or saturated unsaturated are obtainable by mining the ocean
unsaturated? floor, the potential ecological damage
Reacts with no yes to the seabed must also be taken into
bromine serious consideration.
water? Yes/No b Therefore, in order to prevent the further
Boiling point above below loss of environmentally important
above/ rainforest habitats, we must impose
below room greater control on the clearing of forest
temperature areas for townships and ranching.
c long-; shorter; alkane; short 6 In conclusion, there are issues to be resolved
d i Consequently in developing hydrogen as a fuel. These
ii Therefore include finding methods for safe storage and
the development of an extensive infrastructure
iii Because for distribution. However, with its high energy
iv so output, its use as an environmentally clean
v because fuel needs to be exploited.
vi Consequently 7 Here are some ideas for the different sections
e i The alkali metals all react with of your answer:
oxygen and water vapour in the air. Introduction
Consequently, the alkali metals must Statements as to how significant plastics have
be stored under oil. become and the essential problems.
ii Because litmus changes colour in acid Advantages – the usefulness of polymers
and alkaline solutions, it can be used (one or two main examples)
as an acid–base indicator. Include ideas about how the introduction
iii Alkanes and alkenes react differently of plastics has positively affected our lives –
with bromine water, so bromine lightweight materials / durability and freedom
water can be used as a test to from corrosion / ease of shaping, moulding
distinguish them. and shaping objects / mass production
Disadvantages of the use of polymers
iv The electronic configurations of noble
(e.g. waste disposal, plastic in the oceans)
gas atoms are very stable. Therefore,
the noble gases exist as single atoms Problems of waste disposal / non-biodegradable
and are very unreactive. products that are consuming resources / impact
of waste on land and in the oceans
Conclusion
Give your own summary and opinion.
Chapter 21
Exercise 21.1
1 a
Verb -ing form Noun – name of Noun – product of
process process
to condense condensing condensation the condensate
to separate separating separation
to distil distilling distillation the distillate
to filter filtering filtration the filtrate
to precipitate precipitating precipitation the precipitate
to neutralise neutralising neutralisation
to calculate calculating calculation
to titrate titrating titration the titre
to oxidise oxidising oxidation
to reduce reducing reduction
to purify purifying purification
b precipitation; precipitate b i Carl Bosch is the person with

filtration; filtered; filtrate whom Fritz Haber worked on
c separating; purifying; Filtering; developing the industrial process for
precipitating; titrating; distilling making ammonia.
ii A volumetric pipette is the apparatus
Exercise 21.2 with which to measure out an accurate
2 The following is one suggested description. volume of solution.
You should check you have the same ideas iii In an acid–alkali titration the
even though your sentences will be different. end point is the point at which the
The seawater is heated in the flask. The boiling indicator just changes colour.
point of water is much lower than that of salt. iv Group VII of the Periodic Table is the
When the temperature reaches its boiling group in which we find the halogens
point, the water boils. The boiling point of such as chlorine.
salt is much higher so it remains in the flask. v The boiling point of a liquid is the
The water vapour passes from the flask into temperature at which it turns into
the condenser. Cold water flows through the a gas.
outer jacket of the condenser. The water
vi Barium nitrate solution is the reagent
vapour cools down and condenses back to a
with which we test for a sulfate.
liquid in the condenser. The pure water flows
from the condenser into the flask. Pure water
is the distillate.
Exercise 21.3
4 a time and solubility in the solvent
3 a i by
b No, none of the spots present in the
ii in (by could also be used)
samples are at the same distance up
iii to the paper.
iv in 5 a B
v at b A
vi with c B
d A
e B
All these choices give correct advice.
6 6 allowed solvent to rise up the paper
7 followed how the solvent rose up the paper
and how the spots separated
8 removed the paper from the solvent before
the front reached the top of the paper
9 carefully hung the paper to dry
10 analysed and measured the distances moved
by the spot
7 Method to include the following points:
• Choice of solvent – try dissolving the two
samples of saffron to get a concentrated
solution of the yellow colour.
• Dissolve and concentrate the two samples
of saffron.
• Prepare chromatography paper – with
pencil baseline.
• Carefully spot the two samples in position
on the baseline.
• Assemble beaker and shallow layer
of solvent.
• Place chromatogram in the solvent chosen
and allow solvent to rise up the paper.
• Stop the separation before solvent
overruns the top of the paper.
• Remove paper and dry carefully / analyse
spots to see if the two samples move the
same distance or not.
Chapter 22
Exercise 22.1 iv one litre of water must be carefully
evaporated to dryness / use an
1 a i The pH can be measured using
evaporating basin that has first been
universal indicator paper – this would
weighed / evaporate the water in
give an approximate value. A more
batches in this basin / be careful not
accurate value can be found using an
to let any water spray out / when all
electronic pH meter.
the water has been evaporated, weigh
ii by using a flame test / a nichrome wire the evaporating basin again to find
is dipped in the water sample and the mass of the dry residue
then held on a strong Bunsen burner
flame / a yellow colour to the flame Exercise 22.2
indicates the presence of sodium ions.
2 a C/D/B/A
iii the flame test gives a quick and clear
b First of all, heat up the nichrome wire in a
indication of the presence of certain
hot Bunsen flame.
metal ions / restricted to those metals
that give a distinctive colour to Then dip the wire into concentrated
the flame hydrochloric acid.
precipitation tests are available for Next, dip the wire into a pile of crystals
various metals that have insoluble of the sample being tested.
and coloured hydroxides / but also for Finally, hold the wire in the hot Bunsen
zinc and aluminium that give white flame and note the colour produced by
hydroxide precipitates / these tests are the sample.
more involved than the flame test
Exercise 22.3
3 a i 4
ii 4
iii the solutions being used
iv the halogen solution used
v the observation seen
vi no change
Test solution KCl solution KBr solution KI solution
chlorine water Solution turns brown Solution turns brown
bromine water No change Solution turns brown
iodine water No change No change
b iodine → bromine → chlorine
c i Concluding paragraph 1:
sentences D / F / B
Concluding paragraph 2:
sentences E / A / C
ii In conclusion, study of the Periodic
Table shows that the reactivity of
the elements in a group in the table
does vary as we go down the group.
However, it is clear from looking at
Groups I and VII that the direction of
the trend varies depending on whether
the elements are metals or non-metals.
Therefore, it is important to keep the
distinction between metals and non-
metals in mind when describing trends
in the table.
Exercise 22.4
4 a Step 1: First of all, dissolve a sample of
magnalium in dilute hydrochloric acid to
obtain a colourless solution.
Step 2: Split the solution into portions
and add sodium hydroxide solution
dropwise to both samples. Observe the
precipitate formed.
Step 3: Finally, add further drops of
sodium hydroxide to the samples and
observe whether the precipitate redissolves
or not.
b Al3+ and Mg2+
c precipitate A: magnesium hydroxide
precipitate B: aluminium hydroxide
d Take the solution and add a few drops of
dilute nitric acid. Then add silver nitrate
solution dropwise to the solution and
observe whether a precipitate is formed.
The formation of a white precipitate
shows that chloride ions (Cl-)
were present.

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CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ CHEMISTRY: ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS WORKBOOK

place over a range

takes place at a specific

melts suddenly at a particular

Freezing: the reverse takes

b Term Definition nucleus

ii nitrogen dioxide; vanadium pentoxide; phosphorus trioxide

magnesium and magnesium Mg3N2 a change in which new chemical

nitrogen and nitrogen dioxide NO2 the chemicals available in reagents

4 a isotopes; isotopes b Use a balance to measure out 1.0 g of

Exercise 6.2 battery

b i Solid Appearance of solid Test result Conductor or insulator

progress of reaction progress of reaction

action progress of reaction

explosive reaction that can be used to R C T N E X P L O S I V E E

b Photosynthesis is a reaction that takes U I E N M T N E J U H A V C

place in the leaves of green plants. R N D A C P J E W B P T A T

c Copper carbonate is green coloured F C K E C E E J E W C A R I

and is stable at room temperature but A R N B C T N R J S M L I O

decomposes quickly when heated with a C E S P F R A T A B I Y A N

Bunsen burner, producing a black powder. E A O R A U E N R T O S B R

Copper carbonate is coloured green R E S D T E W Y S Y T R E T

and is stable at room temperature but E S L U H B I T Z E J I E E

decomposes quickly when heated with a A I O C T T Y M F Y S S O F

Bunsen burner, producing a black powder. A S W T P R E S S U R E F N

d The metal zinc reacts with copper sulfate

Terms (word or Definition

b i At B, the gradient has decreased. This

recycled nitrogen and C

mixture of nitrogen and A

chlorine + potassium iodide → potassium chloride + iodine

5 Compound Oxidation Formula of

melting low high

colour of white often coloured

sodium reacts strongly tarnishes quickly to

potassium reacts violently tarnishes very

The simplest ... butane.

The major source of ... because they

b i methanol CH3OH c i Unlike alkanes containing carbon

2 a Because both the skeleton and a N R Y C R N O E O I L A

b precipitation; precipitate b i Carl Bosch is the person with

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