z C AREER INSTITUTE
IT JEE || MEDICAL || +1, +2
BIOLOGY EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATION
(1) (1). Increase in aldosterone levels cause an increase in
sodium reabsorption is DCT. It is secreted by outer
layer of adrenal gland. When aldosterone is present in
the blood, all the Na+ in the filtrate are reabsorbed.
Retaining Na+ raises the osmotic pressure of the blood
and reduces the water loss from the body.
(2) (3). The only correct match given is DCT (Distal
Convoluted Tubule), part of a renal tubule which helps
in the secretion of H+ and K+ ions.
The other corrected matches are :
(i) Henle’s loop - Helps in maintaining high osmolarity
of medulla.
(ii) Podocytes - Interstitial fluid.
(iii) JGA - Regulate the glomerular filtration rate.
(3) (2). ADH facilitates water reabsorption from the latter
parts of the tubule, thereby preventing diuresis.
Osmoreceptors in the body are activated by changes
is blood volume, body fluid volume and ionic
concentration. An excessive loss of fluid from the
body can activate this receptors which stimulate the
hypothalamus to release ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
or vasopressin.
(4) (3). Proximal convoluted tubule acts as a major site for the
selective reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, water
and different ions such as hydrogen ions, bicarbonate
ions, potassium ions, etc. The cells of PCT have
numerous microvilli which increases the surface area
available for reabsorption. Mostly 65% of
reabsorption takes place within the PCT only.
(5) (1). Malfunctioning of kidneys can lead to accumulation of
urea in blood, a condition called uremia, which is
highly harmful and may lead to kidney failure. In such
patients, urea can be removed by a process called
haemodialysis.
(6) (2). The main component of ornithine cycle are arginine,
ornithine (produced by the atria of heart) and
citrulline. Ornithine cycle or urea cycle or Krebs-
Henseleit cycle was discovered by Hans Krebs and
Kurt Henseleit. It takes place in liver cells.
(7) (3). ANF (Atrial Natriuretic Factor) causes vasodilation
(dilation of blood vessels) thereby, decreasing the
blood pressure.
(8) (2). Hepatic vein in mammals is the blood vessel that
normally carries the maximum amount of urea in the
body.
(9) (1). Out of the options given, descending limb of Henle’s
loop is permeable to water, i.e. water gets reabsorbed
here due to increasing osmolarity of interstitial fluid,
but it is impermeable to salts, i.e. sodium and other
electrolytes.
While the other given option can be corrected as:
(i) Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) - It reabsorbs
nearly all essential nutrients, electrolytes and water.
(ii) Ascending Limb of Loop of Henle : It is
impermeable to water, but permeable to K+ , Cl–, Na+
and partially permeable to urea.
1
SOLUTIONS
(iii) Distal Convoluted Tubule (DTC) : It is responsible
for reabsorption of water, sodium and secretion of
hydrogen and potassium.
(10) (1). The regulation of RBC production is accompanied by
the hormone erythropoietin, which is secreted by the
juxtaglomerular cells of kidney. This hormone
circulates to the red bone marrow, where it increases
stem cell mitosis and speeds the development of RBC.
(11) (4). Glycosuria is the presence of high amount of sugar in
the urine. It occurs in diabetes mellitus.
(12) (4). Volume of urine is regulated by aldosterone and ADH.
ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) is the hormone which
stimulates the reabsorption of water through the Distal
Convoluted Tubule (DCT) of nephron and the
aldosterone, secreted from adrenal cortex, increases
the reabsorption of sodium ions and water by releasing
the potassium ions in the collecting duct and DCT.
(13) (3). The maximum amount of electrolytes and water (70-
80%) from the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in the
proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron. The
reabsorbed materials mainly include glucose, amino
acids, vitamins, hormones, sodium, potassium,
chlorides, phosphates, bicarbonates, most of water,
some urea, etc.
(14) (3). The correct categorisation of animals according to the
type of nitrogenous waste they give out is:
(i) Ammonotelic (excrete ammonia) - aquatic amphibia,
(ii) Ureotelic (excrete urea}- frogs and humans.
(iii) Uricotelic (excrete uric acid) - pigeons, lizards and
cockroach.
(15) (1). A fall in Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) activates
the juxtaglomerular cells to release renin. The
decrease in glomerular filtration rate or renal blood
pressure occurs as a result of increased absorption of
NaCl in ascending limb or loop of Henle.
(16) (3). Insects such as cockroaches excretes uric acid as the
chief nitrogenous excretory product.
(17) (1). Malpighian tubules are the excretory organs of insects.
These are unbranched tubules lying almost freely in
the haemocoel of insects and open into the alimentary
canal. The main function of these tubules is to absorb
nitrogenous waste product.
(18) (1).
(19) (1). Juxtaglomerular complex or juxtaglomerular apparatus
is made up of:
(i) Granular juxtaglomerular cells in the afferent arteriole.
(ii) Macula densa cells of Distal Convoluted Tubule
(DCT).
(iii) Agranular polkissen or lacis cells situated in between
the above two.
(20) (1). Among the given options the ketone bodies are
acetoacetic acid, acetone and -hydroxybutyric acid.
Due to low insulin levels in the body, instead of sugar
breakdown of protein takes place. This results in the
formation of harmful and toxic ketones in our body.
(21) (4). Podocytes or visceral epithelial cells are the cells
found in the Bowman's capsule of the nephron in the
kidney.
z C AREER INSTITUTE
IT JEE || MEDICAL || +1, +2
BIOLOGY EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATION
These cells are wrapped around the capillaries of
glomerular creating minute pores (site pores) for the
filtration of blood into the Bowman's capsule.
(22) (1). Among the given options convoluted tubules are not a
part of renal pyramid. Convoluted tubule is the highly
convoluted segment of nephron in the renal labyrinth
of the kidney. It is made up of the proximal tubule
leading from the Bowman's capsule to the descending
limb of Henle's loop and the distal tubule leading from
the ascending limb of Henle's loop to a collecting
tubule.
(23) (3). Reabsorption of water from distal parts of the tubules
is facilitated by hormone vasopressin.
Dialysis fluid contains all the constituents as in plasma
except the nitrogeneous wastes.
(24) (4). When someone drinks lot of water, which is not
required by body, the osmolarity of the blood will
decrease. The decrease in osmolarity will inhibit the
release of ADH.
(25) (1). Physiologically, urea is produced by action of enzyme
arginase. Urea cycle takes place in liver cells where
this enzyme splits arginine into urea and ornithine
with the elimination of a water molecule.
(26) (4). The waste products produced in man which need
excretion are carbon dioxide (excreted by respiratory
organs), urea, salts and excess of water (excreted in
the form of urine by excretory organs).
(27) (3). Out of all the given options, human kidney is
responsible for producing more dilute urine when the
collecting ducts becomes less permeable to water. This
is because, the filtrate enters the collection tubule form
the distal convoluted tubule, where further
reabsorption of water takes place. As a result, the
filtration become more concentrated, which makes the
filtrate hypertonic. When the collecting duct become
less permeable to water it produces more dilute urine.
(28) (4). The only correct option is that the ascending limb of
the Henle’s loop (the next part of renal tubule)
continues as another highly coiled tubular region
called Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT).
While the other options can be corrected as follows:
(i) The juxtamedullary nephrons have long Henle's loop.
(ji) Vasa recta is absent or highly reduced in cortical
nephrons.(iii) Bowman's capsule encloses the
glomerulus.(iv) The Malpighian corpuscles, Proximal
Convoluted Tubule (PCT) and Distal Convoluted
Tubule (DCT) are situated in the cortical region of the
kidney, whereas Henle's loop is found in the medulla.
(29) (1). Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) of nephron is a
site for reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, Na+, K+
by active transport. Here, 80% of water is reabsorbed
by passive transport.
(30) (4). About 120 mL glomerular filtrate is produced per
minute, i.e. approx. 170 L filtrate is produced in 24
hour. The blood pressure in glomerular capillaries
become very high, so that there is continuous process
of ultrafiltration. Glomerular filtrate contains a large
amount of water and other dissolved substances such
SOLUTIONS
as urea, uric acid, creatinine, amino acids, glucose,
sodium, potassium, vitamins, etc.
(31) (4). The juxtaglomerular cells of kidney produce a peptide
hormone called erythropoietin, which stimulates
erythropoiesis (formation of RBCs).
(32) (3). Synthesis of urea takes place in liver through ornithine
or Krebs Henseleit cycle. The equation is given below:
Ornithine + NH3 + CO2  Citrulline + Water
Ornithine + NH3  Arginine + H2O
Arginine Urea + Ornithine
(33) (4). Hepatopancreas is not an excretory organ. It is an
organ of the digestive tract of Arthropoda, molluscs
and fishes. It provides function similar to liver and
pancreas of mammals.
(34) (4). Due to the osmotic problems, many freshwater
animals cannot live for long in sea water and vice
versa. It is because of the fact that when sea water fish
is thrown under freshwater it bursts due to the
differences in the osmotic potential.
(35) (3). An adult man normally passes about 1-1.5 L of urine
in 24 h. It contains about 30 g urea.
(36) (2). The condition when the concentration of ketone
bodies increases in urine is called ketonuria.
(37) (2).
(38) (2). Green glands present at the base of the antennae of
certain crustaceans (prawn) help in excretion and
osmoregulation.
(39) (4). The yellow colour of urine is due to the presence of
pigment urochrome. This pigment is formed by bile
pigment bilirubin.Bilirubin  Intestine 
urobilinogen Urochrome (yellow pigment of urine)
(40) (3). The excretory material of bony fishes like
Hippocampus is ammonia. So, bony fishes are
ammonotelic.
(41) (2). Urea, uric acid and ammonia, all are nitrogenous
wastes produced by kidneys. Ammonia is highly toxic
and highly soluble in water therefore, requires a large
amount of water for excretion, while urea is less toxic
and less soluble in water than ammonia and uric acid
crystals are non-toxic and almost insoluble in water.
(42) (4). Plasma proteins are higher in concentration in blood
than in glomerular filtrate. The plasma fluid that filters
out from glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule
of nephrons is called glomerular filtrate. It is a non-
colloidal part and possesses urea, water, glucose,
amino acids, vitamins, fatty acid, uric acid, creatinine,
salts, etc. RBCs, WBCs, platelets and plasma proteins
are the colloidal parts of the blood and do not filtered
out from glomerulus.
(43) (4). A large quantity of fluid is filtered everyday by the
nephrons in the kidneys only about 1% of it is
excreted as urine. The remaining 99% of the filtrate is
reabsorbed into the blood.
(44) (4).
(45) (2). Ornithine is the amino acid, which is not found in
proteins. It is instead formed by hydrolysing arginine
and is important in the formation of urea.