TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES-MANILA

A FINAL REQUIREMENT FOR

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 7
AR 401- ARCH41S1

PRESENTING AN INNOVATIVE ARCHITECTURAL MASTER PLAN,

METICULOUSLY CRAFTED TO ADDRESS BAGUIO CITY'S INHERENT
CHALLENGES—RANGING FROM FLOODING AND LANDSLIDES TO
UNPREDICTABLE HAILSTORMS. THIS COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH AIMS
TO ESTABLISH A SECURE AND HARMONIOUS ENVIRONMENT, ENSURING
SAFETY AND RESILIENCE IN THE FACE OF NATURE'S UNCERTAINTIES."

GROUP LEADER: MIRANDA, IVAN

MEMBERS:
ARANAS, AARON PAUL
GUTIERREZ, EMIER AXL
ROSALES, DANIEL JENARO
SAHAGUN, JOHN PAUL

AR. CLARENCE JASPER AGUILA, UAP

ADVISER
 CONCEPT BOARD
DESIGN CONCEPT DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
NatureScape
NatureScape Nexus:
Nexus: A
A TRIPLE
TRIPLE “WE
“WE HAVE
HAVE TO
TO BASE
BASE ARCHITECTURE
ARCHITECTURE ON
ON THE
THE
RESILIENCE
RESILIENCE SYMPHONY
SYMPHONY ENVIRONMENT”
ENVIRONMENT” -TOYO
-TOYO ITO
ITO
This visionary design concept envisions a Emphasizes the notion that architectural design should be
community in which the harmony of nature and intimately embedded in and responsive to the natural
architecture is a fundamental theme in surroundings and greater context in which a building or
community resilience against floods, landslides, structure is located. This notion reflects a recognition of the
and hailstorms. "NatureScape," envisions a impact that architecture can have on the environment, as
community that prioritizes the harmonious well as a recognition that the constructed environment
integration of nature and architecture to should complement.
enhance resilience against floods, landslides,
and hailstorms. "Nexus," underscores the
interconnectedness of various community
COMMUNITY DESIGN OBJECTIVES
factors, including infrastructure, natural Sustainable landscaping to absorb and manage excess water
elements, and community interactions. The
design aims to create a cohesive and resilient Comprehensive urban planning that integrates flood, landslide, and hailstorm resilience
community by seamlessly incorporating natural measures into the overall city layout
features as protective buffers against
calamities. The approach addresses the Designate landslide hazard zones, and implement appropriate land-use planning
integration of flood, landslide, and hailstorm regulations and construction guidelines to reduce vulnerability in high-risk areas.
mitigation strategies, likened to a symphony Controlling soil erosion and stabilizing the terrain
where different components work together in
harmony to build a dynamic and resilient Implement effective stormwater management systems, including drainage networks,
community capable of overcoming diverse retention ponds, and sustainable drainage practices
challenges.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
DISASTER RESPONSIVE DESIGN:
Natural calamities such as landslides are common in
Baguio. A climate-responsive design could include
mitigation methods such as proper planting,
retaining walls, or other engineering solutions to
lessen the impact caused by these disasters.
FLEXIBLE AND ADAPTABLE SPACES:
The city's flexible community design allows it to
endure the effect of landslides, hailstorms, and floods,
reducing damage and maintaining people' safety.
MATERIALITY
Choosing durable and resilient materials protects a
building's structural integrity, boosting its ability to
withstand the forces applied by floods, hailstorms,
and landslides.
LANDSCAPE
Landscapes that are well-designed have an important role
in minimizing natural dangers. Retaining walls, and
vegetation aid in erosion management. Natural water
features, permeable surfaces, and proper drainage systems
are all used in thoughtful landscaping to control and
mitigate floodwaters. Furthermore, strategically placed
vegetation functions as a natural barrier, decreasing the
impact of hailstorms on structures such as buildings,
automobiles, and other structures.
WATER MANAGEMENT
Water management improves the resilience of
infrastructure including roads, bridges, and drainage
systems. This resilience is critical in averting flooding-
related infrastructure breakdowns and disruptions.

SITE PLANNING IDEAS/ CONCEPT

Despite its unique appeal and beautiful landscape, Baguio City confronts a significant infrastructure
challenge: the lack of covered walkways along monuments, streets, and sidewalks. This shortcoming is
especially apparent when considering Baguio's weather circumstances, which include hailstorms and
typhoons. In response to this demand, a proposed design intends to implement covered paths
strategically placed across the city to provide protection and improve the overall pedestrian experience.

The frequent incidence of collapses caused by poor foundations is a reoccurring issue in Baguio City
that poses a substantial hazard to both infrastructure and public safety. This prevalent accident scenario
frequently combines local terrain, soil conditions, and environmental elements posing problems to
roadways and structures. In response to this critical concern, the design vision is aimed toward a
comprehensive plan to protect and improve the city's road basic integrity.

The design adopts a careful and artistic approach to seamlessly blend these buildings with the natural
landscape while implementing multiple retaining walls as part of this project in Baguio City.
Recognizing the significance of both safety and visual harmony, the design anticipates an approach that
goes beyond ordinary functionality, with the goal of creating an environment that is not only resistant to
phenomena but also visually appealing.
 PLANNING THEORIES/ TECHNIQUES
FLOOD
Addressing flood hazards in
Baguio City is critical for
protecting citizens from the
immediate dangers that rising
water levels pose. Zoning rules
play an important role in land use
regulation, identifying susceptible
regions to reduce the risk of
establishing vital infrastructure,
houses, or businesses in flood-
prone zones. Furthermore,
embankment serve as physical
barriers to confine and control
floodwaters, limiting the degree
of flooding in specific areas. The
combination of zoning rules and
levees is critical for strategic flood
mitigation in Baguio City,
promoting community safety and
protection from drowning, injury,
and property damage threats.
TREE PLANTING INITIATIVES
EMBANKMENT
In response to Baguio City's flood and landslide issues caused by a
Acting as barriers to prevent overflow of water from rivers or other
lack of tree planting, a focused initiative includes tree planting
and the development of green parks to temporarily store water bodies. They help protect communities, agricultural land, and
stormwater. infrastructure from the destructive impacts of flooding. Additionally,
these structures contribute to the overall management of water
RELOCATION INITIATIVES resources and reduce the risk of damage caused by high water levels
during heavy rainfall or storm events.
Amid the persistent threats of floods and landslides in various
areas of Baguio, a proactive approach involves identifying highly
vulnerable houses for relocation. This prioritizes the residents'
well-being by providing them a safer habitat, mitigating the risks
posed by these natural disasters.
ELEVATING STRUCTURES
Elevating structures in low-lying areas, especially City Camp
Central, enhances their safety against potential flooding.
EVACUATION FACILITY
Recommendation
Envisioned refuge for those profoundly impacted by extreme Integration of Leeves to barricade homes from flood waters
conditions. Incorporate sustainable design practices to minimize the
environmental impact of the levee. Consider natural materials,
Recommendation:
vegetation, and erosion control measures to enhance long-term
Through this flood management initiatives, some of the existing
stability.
residentials are to be transfer in order to avoid future damage of
Utilize vegetation on and around the levee to help stabilize the
built houses and protect the safety of its occupants. This also goes
by employing flood-resilient building materials that can
soil, control erosion, and enhance the overall resilience of the
levee. Grasses and other native plants with deep roots are
withstand flooding. by designing landscapes in way that can
particularly effective.
store more water to help surrounding areas free from flood.

LANDSLIDE
Addressing landslide hazards in
Baguio is critical for the city's
citizens' safety and well-being,
property and infrastructure
protection, environmental
conservation, economic stability,
and overall quality of life. Slope
drainage, retaining walls, and
erosion management are critical in
Baguio City's steep environment
SLOPE DRAINAGE
Slope drains serve the purpose of managing surface drainage
and redirecting water flows in order to mitigate potential risks
associated with susceptible slopes. The implementation of this
measure particularly in Irisan, in the southern part of Baguio
that has several extremely steep hillsides, especially near the
Rose Garden area and along Irisan Road.
Building slope drains is an effective strategy for improving
slope stability and reducing landslide risks in Baguio City for
several reasons:
Drainage Control
Lower Pore Pressures
Reduce Erosion
Recommendation
Consider gravity walls for lower slopes where the weight of the wall itself
provides stability. Gravity walls rely on their mass to resist the pressure of
soil behind them.
Use reinforced retaining walls for higher slopes or where additional
strength is needed. Reinforcement materials, such as geogrids or soil
nails, can enhance the stability of the wall.
Include an effective drainage system behind the wall to prevent the
buildup of water pressure. This may involve the use of drainage pipes,
gravel backfill, and weep holes to allow water to escape.
Use high-quality materials, including durable concrete or other
appropriate materials for the wall construction.

for limiting the consequences of

Sustainable option EROSION CONTROL/ VEGETATION BUFFER
Recommendation
landslides. Slope drainage, Erosion control measures is needed, this
Drainage improvement in the slopes along Irisan Road and
retaining walls, and erosion control nearby steep hillsides which have been prone to landslides. includes stabilizing vegetation and terracing
measures must be implemented Identify high risk areas that require drainage control and which can mitigate this risk, enhancing the
Reshape overly steep road cut slopes by benching or safety of residents and their properties.
in Baguio City to improve the city's
grading to improve drainage angles. Add riprap or
resilience to landslides. These vegetation to minimize erosion.
Recommendation;
measures jointly contribute to Planting grass, trees and other ground covers with strong root systems
RETAINING WALL
slope stability, water flow helps stabilize soil like bamboo, banana, and heliconia
The walls act as barriers that protect Establish buffer strips of vegetation along water bodies. These strips act
management, and landscape the soil from water runoff and as natural filters, trapping sediment and preventing it from entering
integrity, eventually protecting surface erosion, reducing the waterways.
lives and the environment. likelihood of landslide occurrence. Maintain or establish vegetation along riverbanks and streams.

MATERIALITY ACTIVE PROTECTIONS PASSIVE PROTECTIONS

HAILSTORM Walls:
Use brick, stone, stucco, concrete, or hail-resistant siding like vinyl
Installation of
road sprinkler
Use steeply sloped
roofs (at least 45
or fiber cement. Avoid wood, EIFS, or other easily damaged to lessen the degrees) to allow
The most effective way to hail
surfaces. accumulation hail to deflect off
storm damage protection is to use of lumps of ice. the surface more
Include wide overhangs to protect exterior walls from hail
durable building materials, clever impact. easily.
architectural design, active Windows: Installment of
Install laminated or impact-resistant glass windows to prevent Incorporate wide
protective measures, and adequate roof spring
overhanging eaves
shattering. sprinkler in
insurance coverage. Installing (3+ feet) to
Use protective shutters or awnings over large window expanses. residential and
impact-resistant roofing and siding, Other: commercial
protect exterior
walls and windows
steeply pitched roofs and Incorporate covered entryways and porches to protect exterior structures
doors and provide shelter. from hail impact.
overhanging eaves, ensuring good
Cover A/C units, vents, and other roof equipment with protective Install hail
drainage around the structure, mats, mesh Installation of
screens or structures.
using window shutters or covers, netting, or sprung high
Add drainage channels, scuppers, and downspouts sized for
blankets above tensioned
and adopting hail-resistant heavy hail loads.
membrane for car
In general, the goal is to use durable, impact-resistant materials and valuable
landscaping are all important shelters
smart design features like overhangs and sloped roofs to allow a vehicles, roof
elements. Physical barriers, such as equipment, or
building to withstand a severe hail storm with minimal to no
hail nets and blankets, can provide damage. gardens.
active protection during a storm for Covered Walkways - Advocate for the
implementation of covered walkways,
high-value crops or cars. Cloud
arcades, and galleries along sidewalks
seeding and anti-hail cannons may as a means to offer pedestrian
also be used for defense in high hail protection in the event of unexpected
zones, however their efficiency hailstorms.

varies. WINDOWS WALLS COVERRED DRAINAGE FOR

ENTRYWAYS HAILSTORM
 BUILDING RESILIENCE: URBAN DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR MITIGATING LANDSLIDES AND HAILSTORM IMPACTS IN BAGUIO CITY, PHILIPPINES

RESEARCH RESEARCHRESEARCH RESEARCH RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION COMMUNITY ANALYSIS PERTINENT PLANNING LAWS
1. Every person who owns land adjoining a river or creek, shall plant
Global threats, ranging from pandemics and climate change to cybersecurity breaches and terrorism, transcend Presidential Decree No. 13087 Profession in the Philippines
national boundaries, impacting societies globally. Preparedness for such challenges is crucial, involving proactive Baguio, located in the Cordillera Administrative trees extending at least five meters on his land adjoining the edge
This Decree shall be known as the "Law Regulating the of the bank of the river or creek, except when such land, due to its
measures by governments, communities, and individuals to anticipate, respond to, and mitigate the consequences Region, is an extremely urbanized locale. Baguio,
of these risks. This includes building robust healthcare systems, resilient infrastructure, effective disaster despite being administratively independent on Environmental Planning Profession in the Philippines." permanent improvement, cannot be planted with trees.
response mechanisms, global collaboration, and sustainable practices. account of its status as a highly urbanized city, is
frequently categorized with the landlocked Republic Act No. 7279: Urban Development and Housing Act 2. Every owner of land subdivided into
Baguio City, situated in the mountainous Philippines, faces heightened vulnerability to landslides due to its province of Benguet. Furthermore, it functions as of 19924
the principal heart of the Cordillera Administrative residential/commercial/industrial lots after the effectivity of this
topographical characteristics, precipitation during the monsoon, and the impact of typhoons. Deforestation and
An act to provide for a comprehensive and continuing urban Decree shall reserve, develop and maintain not less than thirty
rapid urbanization exacerbate these risks by contributing to slope instability and soil erosion. Utilizing past Region.
development and housing program, establish the mechanism percent (30%) of the total area of the subdivision, exclusive of
landslides as indicators and considering climate change, assessing and mitigating these risks in the city is complex
but essential for overall welfare. for its implementation, and for other purposes. roads, service streets and alleys, as open space for parks and

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY DEMOGRAPHY recreational areas.

Republic Act No. 10587
Baguio City, known as the "Summer Capital of the Philippines," is a densely populated urban area in the The city has a land area of 57.51 square kilometers An act regulating the practice of environmental planning, FLOODS
mountainous province of Benguet, with an elevation of approximately 1,540 meters above sea level. Established or 22.20 square miles. Baguio City is composed of repealing for the purpose presidential decree numbered one
121 Barangays and its population as determined Floodplain Zoning Regulations:
during the American colonial era, Baguio reflects a unique blend of indigenous and American influences in its thousand three hundred and eight, entitled "law regulating
architecture and traditions. Despite its tourism allure, the city has a history of natural calamities, particularly by the 2020 Census was 366,358. This Many jurisdictions have zoning regulations that designate
represented 20.38% of the total population of the the environmental planning profession in the Philippines",
landslides, due to its steep terrain, monsoon rains, and typhoons. Severe landslides, including the 1990 Luzon certain areas as floodplains. These regulations often restrict or
Cordillera Administrative Region. Based on these and for other purposes.
earthquake-induced event, underscore the city's vulnerability to geological dangers. Rapid urbanization and control development in these areas to minimize the risk of
population growth have compounded challenges related to infrastructure development, deforestation, and figures, the population density is computed at House Bill No. 5240: "National Land Use and Management Act
6,370 inhabitants per square kilometer or 16,503 flooding.
improper land use planning, elevating the risk of landslides. Recognizing these challenges, local authorities, of the Philippines" Submitted by the Special Committee on
national agencies, and community partners are actively implementing strategies for resilience, including early inhabitants per square mile.
Land Use on March 13, 2017. The bill proposed a standardized
warning systems, sustainable land use planning, reforestation initiatives, and community education programs. HISTORICAL POPULATION classification of land into four areas:
Stormwater Management Regulations:
Amid ongoing urban expansion and sustainability concerns, learning from past experiences and current mitigation Regulations governing stormwater management aim to control
The population of Baguio grew from 84,538 in 1970 to 366,358 * Protection of land use.
efforts is crucial for steering Baguio City toward a resilient and sustainable future. runoff, which can contribute to flooding. These regulations
in 2020, an increase of 281,820 people over the course of 50 * Production land use.
often include requirements for on-site detention, retention
RATIONALE years. The latest census figures in 2020 denote a positive * Settlements development; and
growth rate of 1.25%, or an increase of 20,992 people, from the basins, and other measures to manage stormwater.
* Infrastructure development.
In a globally interconnected and dynamic environment, thorough threat assessment is of the utmost importance. previous population of 345,366 in 2015.
Threat assessment, which encompasses a broad range of potential risks, is of the utmost importance in protecting River Basin Management Plans:
Commonwealth Act. No. 141: "The Public Land Act"
nations, cities, and communities from the destructive effects of natural and manfabricated disasters. The
Some jurisdictions have river basin management plans that
proactive process entails the methodical recognition, assessment, and approval of perils that may result in POPULATION BY AGE GROUP Section6. The President, upon the recommendation of the
address flooding issues comprehensively, considering
damage to property, human life, and the environment. Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce, shall from time-to-
upstream and downstream factors that contribute to flood risk.
time classity the lands of the public domain into –
Natural disasters, which are precipitated by environmental, meteorological, or geological factors, present According to the 2015 Census, the age group with the highest * Alienable or disposable.
formidable obstacles to the resilience of regions across the globe. Natural phenomena such as earthquakes, population in Baguio is 15 to 19, with 37,996 individuals.
* Timber, and
LANDSLIDE
floods, hurricanes, and wildfires possess the capacity to cause severe damage, thus demanding a comprehensive Conversely, the age group with the lowest population is 80
comprehension of their frequency, trends, and prospective ramifications. and over, with 2,286 individuals. * Mineral lands Building Codes and Construction Standards:
and may at any time and in a like manner transfer such lands Building codes may include provisions related to landslide-
NATURAL DISASTERS from one class to another, for the purposes of their resistant construction. This can include requirements for site

TYPHOONS: Typhoons of significant intensity and frequency strike the Philippines, posing a risk of extensive
inundation, storm surges, and landslides. It is critical to evaluate the susceptibility of littoral regions and
establish early warning systems.
The computed Age Dependency Ratios mean that among the population of Baguio, there are 47 youth dependents administration and disposition.
to every 100 of the working age population; there are 6 aged/senior citizens to every 100 of the working Section9. For their administration and disposition, the lands
population; and overall, there are 53 dependents (young and old-age) to every 100 of the working population.
of the public domain alienable or open to disposition shall be
classified, according to the use or purposes to which such
stabilization, slope reinforcement, and foundation design.
Infrastructure Standards:
Standards for critical infrastructure, such as roads and utilities

EARTHQUAKES: Due to to the nation’s location in a seismically active area, the nation faces a substantial risk of
GEOHAZARD MAP IN BAGUIO CITY:
earthquakes. It is crucial to identify seismic zones, ensure that structures are resistant to earthquakes, and
raise public awareness about these issues. The major objective of the GeoHazard Map
in Baguio City is to demarcate areas that
LANDSLIDES: In many regions of the country, the mountainous terrain increases the risk of landslides, are susceptible to certain geological
particularly during periods of intense precipitation or seismic activity. It is vital to identify vulnerable areas hazards. These maps play a crucial role in
and implement preventative measures. providing guidance for land use planning,
infrastructure development, and tactics
FLOODING: Inadequate drainage, urbanization, and deforestation all contribute to inundation in low-lying related to emergency response. Through
regions. Critical components include the evaluation of flood-prone areas, the enhancement of infrastructure, the identification of places that are
and the implementation of flood control measures. susceptible to vulnerability, local
STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK authorities have the ability to implement
various actions aimed at mitigating risks,
lands are destined as follows. in landslide-prone areas, may include provisions for slope
* Agricultural stabilization and hazard resilience.
* Residential commercial industrial or for similar productive
purposes Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for Landslide-Prone Areas:
* Educational, charitable, or other similar purposes In regions prone to landslides, environmental impact
* Reservations for town sites and for public and quasi-public assessments may be required for certain developments. These
uses. assessments evaluate the potential impact on slope stability
and propose mitigation measures.
Climate Change Act of 2009 (CCA) and its amending law
HAILSTORM
seeks to build national and local resilience to climate change
related disasters and protect and advance the people's right Roofing Standards:

to a healthful ecology. It compels the government to stabilize Specific standards for roofing materials and installation may be
In the face of increasing natural disasters and their ensuring the protection of communities,
greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations at a level that prevents in place to ensure structures are equipped to withstand hail
potential impact on communities, the imperative to and ultimately enhancing overall resilience
build safe, resilient, and sustainable urban environments in the face of natural disasters. dangerous human interference with the climate system. This impact. This may involve the use of impact-resistant roofing
has never been more crucial. This strategic framework is to ensure that food production is not threatened and that materials.
serves as a comprehensive blueprint for Baguio City,
economic development proceeds in a sustainable manner.
outlining a proactive approach to mitigate the Agricultural Protection Measures:
The mountainous terrain of Baguio City increases the risk of landslides, especially during periods of heavy
vulnerabilities posed by natural disasters and to foster
rainfall or seismic activity. Areas with steep slopes, poor land use planning, or inadequate soil stabilization Presidential Decree No. 953: Laws may provide incentives or regulations to encourage the
enduring community well-being.
measures may be vulnerable. use of hail netting or other protective measures in agriculture
Requiring the Planting Of Trees In Certain Places And
By combining risk reduction measures, sustainable development practices, and community engagement Low-lying areas and those situated near rivers or drainage systems can be susceptible to flooding during
Penalizing Unauthorized Cutting, Destruction, Damaging And to safeguard crops from hail damage.
strategies, this framework seeks to empower Baguio City to withstand, adapt to, and recover from the intense rainfall or typhoon events. Inadequate drainage infrastructure and urbanization without proper
Injuring Of Certain Trees, Plants And Vegetation Section 1. The Hailstorm Research and Monitoring:
challenges presented by geological and environmental hazards. planning contribute to flood vulnerability.
Baguio City is located within a seismically active region, making it susceptible to earthquakes. Areas with older following shall plant trees: Laws may support or mandate research and monitoring

The city's vulnerability to landslides, floods, and earthquakes necessitates a forward-thinking and integrated or poorly constructed buildings and infrastructure may be at higher risk during seismic events. initiatives focused on understanding hailstorm patterns,
strategy. This framework is designed to address the complex interplay of geographical factors, climate Settlements along riverbanks and waterways are vulnerable to both flooding and landslides. Unplanned intensity, and impact. This information is crucial for effective
dynamics, and urbanization trends that contribute to the city's exposure to natural disasters. development in these areas may exacerbate the risks during heavy rainfall or typhoon events. mitigation strategies.
 BUILDING RESILIENCE: URBAN DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR MITIGATING LANDSLIDES AND HAILSTORM IMPACTS IN BAGUIO CITY, PHILIPPINES

RESEARCH RESEARCHRESEARCH RESEARCH RESEARCH REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE / STUDIES

LOCAL CASE STUDY
Slope Stability Analysis for Shallow Landslides using TRIGRS: A Case Study for Sta.
ANGELES CITY: CASE STUDY ON THE PATH TO CLIMATE RESILIENCY ORMOC CITY: CASE STUDY ON THE PATH TO CLIMATE RESILIENCY Cruz, Zambales, Philippines

Introduction: Angeles, a highly urbanized city in Pampanga, Central
Luzon, boasts a population exceeding half a million, doubling during the
day due to its role as a hub for work, education, leisure, and business.
Nestled between Mount Arayat and the Zambales Mountain Range, with
the infamous Mount Pinatubo eruption in 1991, the city has faced both
challenges and transformations.
Background: Angeles City, strategically located within the Greater Manila
Area, experienced a transformative period after the eruption of Mount
Pinatubo led to the closure of the U.S. military base. This event, while
causing setbacks, spurred the establishment of the Clark Freeport Zone, a
catalyst for economic revitalization. The conversion of Clark Air Base into
an economic zone attracted investments, industries, and businesses,
shaping the city's economic revival.
Conclusion: In conclusion, Angeles City's narrative is one of resilience and
adaptation. However, the geographical context demands sustained
efforts to address latent risks, particularly those linked to landslides. A
commitment to sustainable development practices, informed by a
comprehensive understanding of the region's geological characteristics,
is crucial for securing the city's future against potential natural hazards.
CAGAYAN DE ORO: IN THE FACE OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Introduction: Cagayan de Oro faced the stark reality of climate
change during Typhoon Sendong, signaling the urgent need for
proactive measures. Classified under the Coronas Climate
System as Type III and IV, the city experiences a short dry season
in the west and evenly distributed rainfall in the east.
Background: High poverty rates and houses made of light
materials make many households in vulnerable areas susceptible
to climate-driven flooding. Currently, 208 informal settler
families in critical barangays are on the list for potential housing
solutions. With nine barangays critically vulnerable and a
majority at high risk, the city prioritizes addressing climate
change impacts, focusing on greenhouse gas reduction,
electricity consumption, and transportation emissions.
Conclusion: Cagayan de Oro's climate change adaptation strategy
tackles local vulnerabilities, particularly addressing landslides.
The city's holistic approach serves as a noteworthy model for
regions grappling with the intricate challenges posed by climate
change.
LEGAZPI CITY CASE STUDY ON THE PATH TO CLIMATE RESILIENCY
Introduction:
Legazpi City, as the burgeoning hub of the Bicol Region, stands at the
forefront of envisioned metropolitan growth, connecting various
provinces and serving as a pivotal center for government, education,
and transportation. The city's urbanization trajectory, with a projected
population increase and a focus on sustainable solutions, positions it
as a key player in the Luzon Spatial Development Framework and the
Bicol Regional Development Plan.
Introduction: Introduction: Sta. Cruz, Zambales, renowned for its scenic landscapes, grapples with
Ormoc City, positioned as a key regional center in Eastern Visayas, stands slope stability challenges, particularly during heavy rainfall. Shallow landslides pose
at the cusp of substantial development, evident in its growing population recurring threats to both rural and urban areas, prompting the use of the TRIGRS model
and economic activities. However, the city's trajectory towards becoming from the U.S. Geological Survey for rainfall-induced landslide simulations.
a growth center is juxtaposed against a backdrop of climate-related
vulnerabilities, notably floods, storm surges, and rain-induced landslides. Background: TRIGRS analysis pinpointed areas highly susceptible to shallow landslides,
with slope angle, soil type, and antecedent rainfall crucial factors. Model predictions,
Background: validated against historical events, affirmed TRIGRS' reliability for the study area. The
With the ongoing economic facilitation through vital infrastructure like hilly terrain and frequent rainfall in Sta. Cruz, Zambales, create conditions prone to
the Ormoc Port and the under-renovation Ormoc Airport, the urban shallow landslides. The slope stability analysis using TRIGRS aims to assess risks, identify
center's concentration of commercial and institutional spaces adds vulnerable zones, and propose mitigation measures.
complexity to the city's vulnerability. The high population density,
particularly in the urban areas, increases the potential impact of climate Conclusion: TRIGRS model application in Sta. Cruz, Zambales, unveils key factors
influencing shallow landslides, informing decision-making for risk reduction and
-related vulnerabilities, notably floods, storm surges, and rain-induced landslides. sustainable land use practices in landslide-prone regions. This case study underscores
the importance of integrating advanced modeling tools with on-the-ground data for
Background: comprehensive slope stability assessments and effective mitigation strategy
With the ongoing economic facilitation through vital infrastructure like the Ormoc Port and the under-renovation Ormoc Airport, the urban formulation.
center's concentration of commercial and institutional spaces adds complexity to the city's vulnerability. The high population density, Multi-Event Assessment of Typhoon-Triggered Landslide Susceptibility in the
particularly in the urban areas, increases the potential impact of climate-related hazards. As Ormoc City anticipates significant population
Philippines: A Case Study
growth by 2030 and beyond, the city's future development hinges on its ability to address and mitigate the risks posed by climate change.
Landslides, in particular, given the city's topography and the presence of rural and urban barangays along the coast, emerge as a critical
Introduction: The Philippines, situated in the typhoon-prone western Pacific,
concern that demands strategic planning and resilience measures.
grapples with recurring landslide challenges triggered by typhoon events. This
case study focuses on a multi-event assessment, considering the variability in
Conclusion:
typhoon characteristics and geological conditions influencing landslide
In conclusion, the trajectory of Ormoc City's development underscores the need for a comprehensive climate resilience strategy. The focus
susceptibility in different regions.
on landslides, amidst other climate-related threats, is vital for securing the sustainable and resilient growth of the city, ensuring that
economic activities and urbanization do not compromise the safety and well-being of its inhabitants.
Background: This comprehensive case study analyzes landslide susceptibility
triggered by typhoons in the Philippines. Examining multiple events, the study
TAGUM CITY: IN THE FACE OF CLIMATE CHANGE aims to identify common patterns, contributing factors, and variations in
landslide occurrence. The findings enhance understanding of typhoon-induced
IIntroduction: Tagum faces imminent risks such as flooding and urban landslide susceptibility, guiding the development of effective mitigation
heat stress, posing challenges to both its economy and communities. strategies for vulnerable regions.
Projections based on Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP)
8.57 highlight increased rainfall, potentially intensifying flooding during Conclusion: The multi-event assessment offers a holistic understanding of
the amihan season in 2020. typhoon-triggered landslide susceptibility in the Philippines, contributing to the
development of targeted mitigation strategies. Emphasizing integrated
Background: Tagum City, with its vulnerable topography and river approaches considering meteorological and geological factors, the findings
system, grapples with persistent flooding and rain-induced landslides. enhance resilience in typhoon-prone regions.
Past events, like Typhoon Pablo in 2012 and Typhoon Zoraida in 2013,
have already taken a toll, causing flash floods and substantial crop Influence of Soil Physical Properties on Rainfall-Induced Landslide Susceptible Areas along
losses. The threat of intensified flooding due to climate change poses the Cagayan de Oro-Bukidnon-Davao City Route Corridor, Philippines
significant risks, particularly to the 13,993 households below the
poverty threshold and the 2,434 households in informal settlements, Introduction: The Cagayan de Oro-Bukidnon-Davao City Route Corridor, vital for Mindanao's
where living conditions are precarious. transportation, faces landslide risks due to diverse geological formations and heavy rainfall.
This case study delves into soil physical properties' impact on susceptibility to rainfall-induced
Conclusion: In conclusion, Tagum City confronts the multifaceted landslides along the corridor, aiming to guide effective mitigation strategies and infrastructure
challenge of climate change, marked by intensified rainfall and rising planning.
temperatures. The city's vulnerability to flooding and landslides,
especially in elevated barangays, underscores the urgent need for Background: Examining the correlation between soil physical properties and landslide
comprehensive adaptation strategies. The impact is disproportionately susceptibility along the corridor, this study employs geotechnical analyses. The goal is to
felt by vulnerable communities, emphasizing the imperative for enhance understanding of vulnerability, providing valuable insights for disaster risk reduction
proactive measures to enhance resilience. and infrastructure planning in the region.
Conclusion: Comprehending soil physical properties' influence on landslide susceptibility is
FROM TRAGEDY TO RESILIENCY: A JOURNEY FROM THE 2006
crucial for proactive risk reduction along the Cagayan de Oro-Bukidnon-Davao City Route
GUINSAUGON LANDSLIDE
Corridor. This case study offers insights for targeted disaster preparedness, response, and
mitigation strategies in similar geological and climatic settings.
Introduction: The tragic 2006 landslide in Barangay Guinsaugon,
Southern Leyte, serves as a stark reminder of the devastating potential Assessment and Mitigation of Earthquake-Induced Landslides in Philippine
of natural disasters, prompting comprehensive hazard assessments by
Infrastructure: A Comprehensive Case Study
organizations like PHIVOLCS, MGB, and CARE Philippines.

Introduction: The Philippines, marked by unique geological conditions and

Background: Findings reveal that 70% of St. Bernard's land remains
high seismic activity, grapples with the dual threat of earthquakes and
highly vulnerable, with landslides a predominant threat. MGB's Rapid
landslides, leading to severe repercussions. This case study centers on
Assessment identified 104 barangays susceptible to landslides,
assessing and mitigating earthquake-induced landslides in Philippine
Background: impacting tens of thousands in Southern Leyte. Geo-hazard maps from
infrastructure, underlining the necessity for proactive measures to ensure
Legazpi City's geographical context, situated along the eastern seaboard and within the typhoon belt, brings about inherent vulnerabilities. The the READY Project unveil broader vulnerabilities, including typhoons,
public safety and protect critical structures.
historical impact of typhoons has manifested in floods, storm surges, severe winds, and rain-induced landslides. As the city aims for progressive flooding, earthquakes, tsunamis, liquefaction, and storm surges. The
growth, achieving climate and disaster resilience becomes paramount, especially concerning the potential risks posed by landslides. Guinsaugon landslide underscores the need for proactive risk reduction
Background: Being in a seismically active zone, the Philippines faces the
With more than half of the city's population residing in the urban area and a significant portion commuting for work or study during the day, the and a holistic approach to disaster resilience.
compounded risks of earthquakes and landslides, significantly endangering
concentration of activity in this space intensifies the importance of disaster preparedness and risk mitigation. Landslides necessitate a strategic
Conclusion: In conclusion, the Rapid Assessment by MGB highlighted both infrastructure and communities. This case study explores the assessment
and technology-driven approach to ensure the safety of residents and the sustainability of urban development.
104 barangays vulnerable to landslides, impacting tens of thousands in and mitigation strategies against earthquake-induced landslides in Philippine
Southern Leyte. Geo-hazard maps from the READY Project revealed infrastructure projects. By examining specific initiatives, it aims to offer
Conclusion:
broader vulnerabilities, emphasizing the imperative for preparedness, insights into navigating landslide risks in a seismic environment.
In conclusion, Legazpi City's envisioned growth can only be truly progressive if it is accompanied by a robust climate and disaster resilience
strategy. The emphasis on technology-driven and sustainable solutions must extend to comprehensive measures addressing the risks of landslides, mitigation, sustainable development, and a holistic approach to disaster
Conclusion: Through employing advanced assessment methods and targeted mitigation, the Philippines actively addresses challenges posed
resilience. The Guinsaugon landslide serves as a poignant call to action.
considering the city's susceptibility to the impacts of typhoons and its crucial role as a regional hub. by earthquake-induced landslides in its infrastructure. These case studies offer valuable insights, advocating a comprehensive and proactive
approach for policymakers, engineers, and disaster management agencies to enhance resilience against seismic and landslide risks.
 BUILDING RESILIENCE: URBAN DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR MITIGATING LANDSLIDES AND HAILSTORM IMPACTS IN BAGUIO CITY, PHILIPPINES
RESEARCH RESEARCHRESEARCH RESEARCH RESEARCH
ANALYSIS OF LANDSLIDE REACTIVATION USING SATELLITE DATA: A CASE STUDY OF KOTRUPI
LANDSLIDE, MANDI, HIMACHAL PRADESH, INDIA
Introduction: The expansive Himalayan Mountain range, spanning 2400 km, confronts
escalating anthropogenic pressures due to burgeoning populations along its foothills. This
human influence significantly contributes to climate change, extreme events, and
geomorphological shifts, particularly in a region susceptible to landslides and floods. As the
world's youngest and structurally unstable mountain range, the Himalayas are inherently prone
to topographically controlled natural hazards.
Background: The Kotrupi landslide is positioned along the Mandi-Joginder Nagar-Pathankot
National Highway (NH)-154, falling within seismic zone V, indicating high susceptibility to
seismic activity. Located in Mandi district, it spans latitudes 31°13’-32°05’N and longitudes
76°37’-77°25’E. Covering 133,674 m2 with a width of 190 m, the landslide exhibits a runout
length of 1155 m, observed in high-resolution satellite images. Mandi district experiences
diverse climates, ranging from sub-tropical in the valley to temperate at hilltops, with high-
altitude regions maintaining colder temperatures year-round. Summers witness temperatures
between 30°-40°C, and the district receives substantial rainfall during the monsoon season
from July to September, with sporadic post-winter rainfall (February to March) due to western
disturbances.
Conclusion: In conclusion, as human activities shape the landscape, comprehending the
intricate interplay of natural and anthropogenic factors is crucial for proactive disaster
management. The study's findings offer valuable insights into the ongoing challenges faced by
regions like Mandi, emphasizing the imperative for sustainable development practices and
adaptive strategies to mitigate the impact of natural hazards.
A Hill Slope Failure Analysis: A Case Study of Malingoan Village, Maharashtra, India
Introduction: Malingoan village in the Maharashtra hills witnessed a significant hill slope failure,
posing threats to the local community and infrastructure. This case study offers a thorough
analysis of the factors contributing to the slope failure, assesses its consequences on the village,
and proposes strategies for mitigating landslide risks in analogous geological contexts.
Background: This case study scrutinizes a hill slope failure in Malingoan village, Maharashtra, India,
focusing on understanding contributing factors, impact on the community and infrastructure, and
proposing recommendations for future landslide risk mitigation. The region features steep slopes
with a mix of rock and soil formations, and heavy monsoon rainfall heightens susceptibility to
landslides. Malingoan village, positioned on a hill slope, grapples with slope stability challenges
exacerbated by geological conditions and human activities.
Conclusion: The analysis of the hill slope failure in Malingoan village underscores the necessity for
a multidisciplinary approach to landslide risk management. By integrating geotechnical
investigations, hydrological studies, and community engagement, this case study provides valuable
insights for comprehending and mitigating landslide risks in hilly terrains with similar geological
characteristics.
Effects of Tectonic Setting and Hydraulic Properties on Silent Large-Scale Landslides: A
Case Study of the Zhaobishan Landslide, China
Introduction: The Zhaobishan Landslide in [specific region], China, is a "silent landslide"
marked by large-scale movements with minimal precursory signs. This case study delves into
its occurrence, focusing on the effects of the tectonic setting and hydraulic properties.
Background: Exploring the Zhaobishan Landslide, the study investigates how tectonic setting
and hydraulic properties influence silent large-scale landslides. It stresses the importance of
an integrated approach for risk assessment and mitigation in regions with similar geological
characteristics.
Conclusion: The Zhaobishan Landslide case study underscores the intricate relationship
between tectonic setting and hydraulic properties in silent large-scale landslides. This
understanding is vital for effective risk management in regions with comparable geological
features, promoting enhanced landslide resilience and safeguarding lives and infrastructure.
Comprehensive Analysis of Landslide Stability and Related Countermeasure: A Case Study
of the Lanmuxi Landslide, China
Introduction: The Lanmuxi Landslide in [specific region], China, presents challenges to local
communities and infrastructure. This study investigates factors contributing to landslide
instability, assesses consequences, and proposes countermeasures for future risk
mitigation.
Background: Analyzing the Lanmuxi Landslide, this study focuses on geological,
geotechnical, and hydrological factors impacting stability. It seeks to understand
interactions leading to the landslide, assess its impact, and propose countermeasures for
effective risk reduction and slope stabilization in similar geological settings.
Conclusion: The Lanmuxi Landslide analysis offers insights into complex factors affecting
stability. The proposed countermeasures aim to address multifaceted landslide risks,
contributing to sustainable development in prone regions.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE / STUDIES
FOREIGN CASE STUDY
Geographical Information Systems and Analysis – A Case Study of Landslide in Adelaide
Hills
Introduction: The Adelaide Hills, characterized by undulating terrain and diverse geological
formations, is prone to landslides, posing challenges to infrastructure and community
safety. This case study employs GIS technology to investigate the spatial distribution,
causative factors, and potential impacts of landslides in the region, emphasizing the
importance of geospatial analysis in landslide risk management.
Background: This case study explores the application of Geographical Information Systems
(GIS) in the analysis and assessment of landslides in the Adelaide Hills region of South
Australia. By integrating spatial data, topographic information, and environmental factors,
the study aims to enhance our understanding of landslide susceptibility, risk assessment,
and the development of effective mitigation strategies in the context of a complex and
dynamic landscape.
Conclusion: The case study highlights the efficacy of Geographical Information Systems in
landslide analysis, risk assessment, and the formulation of targeted mitigation strategies.
By leveraging GIS technology, authorities and stakeholders in the Adelaide Hills can make
informed decisions to enhance the resilience of the region against landslide hazards and
contribute to sustainable land management practices.
Landslide Investigations in the Himalayas: A Case Study
Introduction: The Himalayas, spanning several countries including India, Nepal, Bhutan, and
Tibet, are characterized by steep slopes, diverse geological formations, and intense seismic
activity. Landslides in this region pose significant threats to communities, transportation
networks, and ecological systems. This case study provides insights into the challenges and
approaches to landslide investigations in the Himalayas.
Background: The Himalayan region is known for its dynamic and complex geological setting,
presenting challenges related to landslide occurrences. This case study delves into landslide
investigations in the Himalayas, focusing on the factors contributing to slope instability, the
methods employed in geotechnical assessments, and the implications for community safety
and infrastructure development.
Conclusion: Landslide investigations in the Himalayas are crucial for understanding the
complex geological and environmental factors influencing slope stability. The findings from
this case study contribute to the development of targeted mitigation strategies and
sustainable land use practices, fostering resilience in communities facing the ongoing
challenges of landslides in this dynamic region.
Geological Factors Contributing to Landslides: Case Studies from Various Regions of
India
Introduction:
India's varied topography and geological diversity make it susceptible to landslides,
impacting both hilly and plain terrains. This case study presents analyses of selected
landslides in distinct regions, emphasizing the geological factors contributing to slope
failures and their implications for community safety and infrastructure resilience.
Background:
This case study examines the geological factors contributing to landslides in different
regions of India. Through the analysis of specific landslide incidents, the study aims to
highlight the diverse geological settings and conditions that lead to slope instability. By
understanding these factors, it becomes possible to develop targeted mitigation
strategies for landslide-prone areas across the country.
Conclusion:
This case study underscores the importance of understanding the geological factors
that contribute to landslides in various regions of India. By applying region-specific
knowledge, policymakers and communities can develop effective mitigation strategies
to enhance resilience and reduce the impact of future landslide events.
Title: Landslide Risk Case Studies in Forest Development Planning and Operations
Introduction: Forests play a crucial role in biodiversity, ecosystem services, and supporting
local economies. However, the development and operational activities within forests can
pose landslide risks, affecting both the environment and human safety. This case study
explores selected incidents to shed light on the challenges and solutions associated with
landslide risks in forest development planning.
Background: This case study investigates the impact of landslide risks on forest development
planning and operations, with a focus on specific incidents in diverse geographical settings.
By examining the interaction between forestry activities and landslide occurrences, the study
aims to provide insights into sustainable forest management practices that consider both
environmental conservation and human safety.
Conclusion: This case study emphasizes the importance of integrating landslide risk
considerations into forest development planning and operational activities. By adopting
sustainable logging practices, implementing erosion control measures, and conducting
geotechnical assessments, forest managers can strike a balance between economic
development and environmental conservation while minimizing the risks associated with
landslides in forested landscapes.
Key Landslide Triggers: A Case Study of Upper Alaknanda Valley, Uttarakhand
Himalaya, India
Introduction: The Uttarakhand Himalaya is renowned for its dynamic geological
processes and susceptibility to landslides. The Upper Alaknanda Valley, nestled
in this region, has experienced several landslide events with significant
implications for both the environment and local communities. This case study
delves into the key triggers that contribute to landslides in this Himalayan
valley.
Background: This case study investigates the key triggers of landslides in the
Upper Alaknanda Valley, located in the Uttarakhand Himalaya, India. By
examining specific landslide events in this region, the study aims to identify
and analyze the geological, hydrological, and anthropogenic factors that
contribute to slope instability. The findings provide valuable insights into
understanding and mitigating landslide risks in the sensitive Himalayan
landscape.
Conclusion: The case study of landslides in the Upper Alaknanda Valley
underscores the complex interplay of geological, hydrological, and
anthropogenic factors in triggering slope failures. The identified key triggers
provide a basis for implementing targeted mitigation strategies, ensuring
sustainable development in the fragile Himalayan landscape while minimizing
the impact of landslides on the local environment and communities.
Investigation of a Landslide: A Case Study from Eğridere, İzmir, Turkey
Introduction: Eğridere, located in the İzmir province of Turkey,
experienced a notable landslide that posed threats to both human
settlements and infrastructure. This case study aims to uncover the
contributing factors to the landslide and explore the lessons learned for
effective risk management and mitigation measures in landslide-prone
areas.
Background: This case study delves into the investigation of a significant
landslide event in Eğridere, İzmir, Turkey. By examining the geological,
geomorphological, and environmental factors that contributed to the
landslide, the study aims to provide insights into the causes and
consequences of the event. Furthermore, it explores the implications for
future risk assessment, mitigation strategies, and sustainable land use
planning in the region.
Conclusion:
The investigation of the landslide in Eğridere, İzmir, provides valuable
insights into the complex interplay of geological, environmental, and
anthropogenic factors that contribute to slope instability. The findings
contribute to informed decision-making for future development and
environmental management, aiming to enhance resilience and reduce the
risks associated with landslides in the region.
SUMMARY
The case studies provided cover a diverse range of geological and environmental challenges across various
regions. Baguio City in the Philippines faces susceptibility to landslides due to rapid urbanization and
deforestation, prompting the implementation of sheds, covered pathways, and reforestation. Multi-event
assessments in the Philippines focus on typhoon-triggered landslides, emphasizing the need for understanding
patterns and contributing factors for effective mitigation. Cagayan de Oro addresses climate change impacts with
a comprehensive approach, highlighting the importance of proactive measures and resilience strategies. Tagum
City, also in the Philippines, confronts perennial flooding and rain-induced landslides, emphasizing the necessity
of a holistic approach to enhance resilience.
St. Bernard, Southern Leyte, grapples with landslide vulnerabilities, emphasizing sustainable development, risk
reduction, and disaster resilience. Sta. Cruz, Zambales, employs the TRIGRS model for slope stability analysis,
underscoring the importance of comprehensive assessments for effective mitigation. The Philippines'
susceptibility to typhoon-triggered landslides is explored in a multi-event assessment, contributing insights for
targeted mitigation strategies. The Cagayan de Oro-Bukidnon-Davao City Route Corridor focuses on soil physical
properties' influence on rainfall-induced landslides, providing insights for infrastructure planning and risk
reduction.
Earthquake-induced landslides in the Philippines demand advanced assessments and targeted measures,
stressing the importance of a holistic approach. The Himalayan Mountain Range faces anthropogenic impacts and
natural hazards, requiring an understanding of both factors for proactive disaster management. Malingoan Village
in Maharashtra analyzes a hill slope failure, emphasizing the need for a multidisciplinary approach to landslide risk
management. China's Zhaobishan Landslide explores the unique "silent landslide" phenomenon, stressing the
integrated approach for risk assessment and mitigation.
The Lanmuxi Landslide in China further examines factors influencing landslide stability, proposing comprehensive
countermeasures for risk reduction. The Kotrupi Landslide in India, located along a critical highway, reinforces the
challenges faced by the region and the need for sustainable development practices. Each case study contributes
valuable insights into the complex interactions of geological and environmental factors, guiding effective
strategies for mitigation, resilience, and sustainable development in landslide-prone regions globally.
 BUILDING RESILIENCE: URBAN DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR MITIGATING LANDSLIDES AND HAILSTORM IMPACTS IN BAGUIO CITY, PHILIPPINES

SITE ANALYSIS SITE ANALYSIS

NATURAL FACTORS PHYSICAL FACTORS
SITE ANALYSIS
CULTURAL FACTORS
DATA OF THE GEOLOGICAL AND LANDSLIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY MAP OF BAGUIO CITY. LOCATED IN A MOUNTAINOUS AREA WITH AN ELEVATION BAGUIO CITY IS A HOME OF ONE OF THE GRANDEST FESTIVAL IN TYHE
THE TOPOGRAPHY LAND IS THE MOST AFFECTED AND REASON OF DISASTERS. RANGING FROM 900 TO 1,600 METERS (M) (PARINGIT M., PHILIPPINES WHICH IS PANAGBENGA. THEIR CULTURE IS RICH IN
2020), BAGUIO RECEIVES AN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION LOAD FLOWERS BECAUSE OF THEIR UNIQUE
OF ABOUT 4,000 MM, WHICH IS AMONG THE HIGHEST LOADS CLIMATE . A LOT OF LAND WAS ALSO
IN THE COUNTRY. USE FOR FLOWER FARMING.
HOWEVER, THE CITY IS SUBJECT TO
THE CITY IS OFTEN PLAGUED WITH STORMS AND BAGUIO PINE TREES HELP KEEP THE CITY SAFE FROM HEAVY RAINS DUE TO ITS LOCATION
THESE WEATHER HAZARDS IN A LOT OF WAYS. THEIR ROOTS HELP HOLD THE SOIL IN PLACE AND THE ON A TYPHOON BELT.
LAYER OF PINE NEEDLES ON THE FOREST FLOOR HELPS SOFTEN THE IMPACT OF THE RAINS. THE PINE HAILSTORM HAD BECOME AN
TREES ALSO ACT AS PROTECTION AGAINST STRONG WINDS. THESE PREVENT SOIL EROSION, UNUSUAL EVENT, EVEN BEFORE, SO
DEVASTATING LANDSLIDES, AND OTHER WEATHER-RELATED ACCIDENTS THAT BAGUIO CITY IS PRONE TO. ITS ONE OF THE CITY’S CHALLENGES.

STRENGTH- Selecting appropriate materials for the

S
proposed structures in this project is a relatively
straightforward task due to the consistent climate of
Baguio City. The city's stable weather conditions
provide a range of available and specific materials that
can be thoughtfully incorporated into the design. The
unique topography of Baguio not only facilitates this
material selection process but also inspires the design
to prioritize the relocation of the affected population.
This strategic approach aims to keep the community
away from the potential impacts of natural
phenomena, such as floods. By leveraging the
advantageous weather patterns and topographical
features of Baguio, the project can enhance the
THE FOLLLOWING TREES structural resilience of the proposed structures while
simultaneously prioritizing the safety and well-being of
IS USE TO REINFORCE the local population.

THE LAND. THIS KIND OF

W
WEAKNESSESS: The unique topography of Baguio City
TREES ARE SUITABLE IN poses a significant risk to its population, particularly in
terms of the potential threat of landslides. Given the
BAGUIO’S WEATHER unpredictable nature of these events, the design of the

AND TEMPERATURE. project introduces mitigations (please refer to the next

page for details) aimed at safeguarding both the
VEGETATIONS residents and the locality itself. Recognizing that an
unexpected hailstorm could also present a challenge,
the design takes inspiration from prevention measures
employed in winter countries. By adapting and
PINUS KESIYA incorporating strategies typically utilized in regions
accustomed to such weather conditions, the project
endeavors to take a proactive step towards ensuring
the safety of the people in Baguio. This comprehensive
AGOHO approach aims not only to address the specific risks
posed by the topography but also to create a resilient
and secure environment capable of facing diverse
natural challenges.
ACACIA

O
OPPORTUNITIES: This design project aims to create
new spaces in Baguio City, strategically relocating the
population to safer areas. Opportunities exist to
ALNUS implement innovative mitigations that prioritize both
infrastructure and people, keeping them away from
potential hazards and fostering a resilient
LEGENDS environment. To introduce new spaces and put the
population at the safest point in Baguio City. Some
LANDSLIDE PRONE
mitigations of this design project have not been
executed yet, and so it is an opportunity to introduce
FLOOD PRONE ways to keep both infrastructure and people away
from hazards.
FLOOD & LANDSLIDE PRONE

T
THREATS: Despite the persistent threats of floods,
landslides, and potentially hailstorms, the community
LANDSLIDE & HAILSTORM PRONE
remains vulnerable to these natural disasters. In
response to this ongoing risk, essential mitigation
PROPOSED RE-LOCATION OF FLOOD VICTIMS measures have been devised to enhance the
community's resilience. These measures are crucial in

SUN PATH
PROPOSED RE-LOCATION OF LANDSLIDE VICTIMS fortifying the community against the impact of these
adverse events and ensuring the safety and well-being
PROPOSED RE-LOCATION OF FLOOD & of its residents in the face of environmental challenges.
LANDSLIDE VICTIMS
 BUILDING RESILIENCE: URBAN DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR MITIGATING LANDSLIDES AND HAILSTORM IMPACTS IN BAGUIO CITY, PHILIPPINES

ANALYSIS BOARDANALYSIS BOARDANALYSIS BOARD NATURAL FACTORS PHYSICAL FACTORS CULTURAL FACTORS
TOPOGRAPHY MICROCLIMATES ETHNICITY
Cool Temperatures:
Topography plays an important role in occurrence of Baguio City has cool temperatures compared to the rest of the country. Even during the The Ibaloi, Kankanaey, Igorot,
floods and landslides. The mountainous terrain of warmest months, temperatures rarely reach the high levels typical of lowland areas. Ifugao, and Ilocano ethnic groups,
Baguio serves for higher amounts of rainfalls in Mild Summers: along with the broader Benguet
comparison with other parts of the Philippines. Baguio’s Daytime temperatures ranging from 15 to 26 degrees Celsius (59 to 79 degrees community, contribute to the
extreme rainfalls occur during the monsoon season and Fahrenheit). diverse cultural landscape of the
are often times associate with tropical cyclones. Distinct Seasons: Cordillera region in the northern
Extreme rainfalls cause floods and landslides in the city. Wet season typically occurs from June to October, with increased rainfall. The dry season, Philippines.
from November to May, is characterized by lower humidity and less precipitation.
HISTORICAL EVENTS
TOPOLOGY & HYDROLOGY Fog and Mist: Most hail falls during the wet
season from May to October,
Due to its elevation, Baguio is prone to fog and mist, especially during the cool early HAILSTORM especially in July-August.
The city's mountains give rise to four rivers: the Balili, mornings and evenings.
MAY 2009
Bued, Galiano, and Ambalanga. These rivers flow out of Rainfall Distribution:
the city, which makes Baguio less vulnerable to floods The majority of the annual rainfall in Baguio occurs during the wet season. Rainfall is
Golf ball-sized hail fell
than if the city was located downstream of a river. During generally well-distributed throughout the year, with the peak occurring from July to
during an afternoon
severe rains, however, the city's main rivers, Bued and August. storm, damaging many
Low Humidity:
Balili, cause flooding in their low-lying river beds. roofs and vehicles.
Baguio City experiences lower humidity levels compared to lowland areas in the
Philippines. The drier air contributes to the cool and comfortable climate. The city is subject to heavy rains due to its
a number of low-lying areas – such as the City Camp or location on a typhoon belt. The city has a
the Bunham Park – and the river banks in the western part GEOLOGY tropical monsoon climate with an annual
of the city are prone to floods (WWF, 2014). JULY 2018
precipitation of 4,000 mm Between 1910 and
Mountain Building: 2010. However, between 1990 and 2009, the
Figure 2: Baguio’s Topology and major rivers. Source: (ADB, 2021)
The Cordillera Central is The process often
annual average precipitation increased from
FLOOD HAZARD These maps show that highly 4,673 mm to 6,137 mm (WWF, 2014).
characterized by a complex begins with heavy
flood-prone areas are
geological history. The region has rainfall that hits the
LANDMARKS
concentrated in the low-lying city.
been shaped by tectonic forces,
city center and along the rivers
including the collision of tectonic
Baguio

in the northwestern part of the

plates, which led to the uplift and
city.
formation of mountain ranges.
Flood prone Barangay are
Lourdes extension, Queen of APRIL 2021 BURNHAM PARK BAGUIO CATHEDRAL
Rock Formations:
Peace, City Camp Central, City
The geological formations in the Baguio area include various types of rocks, such as Pea-sized hail covered
Figure 3: Flood-prone zones in Baguio. Source: GeoAnalyticsPH, Figure 4: Flood-prone zones Source: SPADE, ADB. Camp Proper, Lower Rock Quarry
Mines and Geosciences Bureau, 2018. sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks. The presence of these different rock the ground like snow
and Middle Rock Quarry. after a heavy midday
LANDSLIDE HAZARD types contributes to the diverse landscapes and terrain features.
storm. No major
Volcanic Activity:
The city of Baguio is vulnerable to landslides due to its damage.
The Philippines is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, an area known for its high seismic
topography, heavy rainfall, soil types, and land usage (Paringit MINES VIEW PARK SESSION ROAD
and volcanic activity. While Baguio City itself is not built on a volcano, the region
MC, 2020). According to GeoAnalyticsPH, over 13% of the
has been influenced by nearby volcanic events. The city is surrounded by volcanic HAIL STORM CHARCTERISTICS
city's territory was very susceptible to landslides in 2018,
and volcaniclastic rocks.
while over 65% was susceptible to landslides (Figures 5). This
Mineral Resources: SIZE
means that 78% of the city's total surface is vulnerable to
The Cordillera region, including Baguio City, is known for its rich mineral resources.
landslides. This susceptibility is worsened by the fact that Pea-sized hail (5-10 mm diameter) is the
Mines and mining activities have historically been significant in the area, with most common size experienced in
people are increasingly settling on steep slopes with the Baguio
deposits of gold, copper, and other valuable minerals. THE MANSION BOTANICAL GARDEN
Figure 5: Landslide-prone zones in Baguio. Source: GeoAnalyticsPH, development of new built-up regions.
Mines and Geosciences Bureau, 2018 Hills and Valleys:
Marble or grape-sized hail (10-20 mm) is less frequent but
The city's topography, characterized by hills and valleys, reflects the geological can already damage plants and crops. This size was seen
CLIMATE during a July 2018 hailstorm.
processes that have shaped the landscape. The interaction of erosion, weathering,
IRISAN PACDAL DONTOGAN MIDDLE ROCK
QUARRY
KIAS ATOK TRAIL
and tectonic forces has contributed to the formation of these landforms.
Golf ball-sized hail (40-50 mm) is occasional and
can dent cars, break windows, and hurt people
The climatic conditions of Baguio are
BIODIVERSITY caught outside. Golf ball hail fell in a severe 2009
characterized by a tropical climate. The storm. WRIGHT PARK BAGUIO CITY HALL
majority of the months in a year are While Baguio City retains some of its natural POPULATION DENSITY
characterized by substantial precipitation, biodiversity, balancing urban expansion with DURATION OF THE STORM Urban Density:
The central areas and commercial

while the brief period of low rainfall has conservation initiatives remains a struggle. Hail storms in the mountainous city of Baguio are typically brief but
districts tend to have higher population
density compared to suburban or

Sustainable practices, ethical land use planning, and

minimal influence. According to Köppen and
In terms of precipitation, the month with the lowest Geiger, this climate is classified as Am. The
peripheral zones.
intense events, with periods of heavy hail or ice pellets lasting from
Residential Areas:
just a few minutes up to around half an hour within a larger
community involvement are critical for preserving thunderstorm system. However, hail duration can vary substantially
Residential neighborhoods in Baguio City
can vary in terms of housing density.

amount of rainfall is January, recording a mere 52 mm and improving the region's biodiversity. Efforts to
Some areas may have more compact
average annual temperature in Baguio is 20.6 depending on the type and severity of the parent storm. Small pop-up housing arrangements, while others may
hailshowers may pelt an area for only about 5 minutes whereas large, consist of larger properties.
| 2.0 inch in its entirety. The highest amount of °C | 69.0 °F. The annual rainfall is 3463 mm | maintain and restore natural habitats contribute to slow-moving thunderstorms can generate sporadic hail over an hour Tourism Impact:

precipitation occurs during the month of August, with 136.3 inch. the general health and resilience of Baguio City's or two as different cells pass by.
Baguio City's population can also
experience fluctuations due to tourism.

an average quantity reaching up to 699 mm | 27.5 ecosystems.

During peak tourist seasons, the city's
population may significantly increase,
impacting the density in certain areas.
inch.
 BUILDING RESILIENCE: URBAN DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR MITIGATING LANDSLIDES AND HAILSTORM IMPACTS IN BAGUIO CITY, PHILIPPINES

INTRODUCTION
PROJECT NARRATIVE
PROJECT NARRATIVE PROJECT NARRATIVE WHY IS BAGUIO PRONE TO FLOOD AND LANDSLIDE?

Baguio City, located in the scenic Cordillera Mountains of the Philippines, is widely
recognized as a popular tourist destination in the Philippines for its distinctive fusion of Squatters had settled on the steep incline of the town, which is located on a mountainside.
natural beauty and modern lifestyle. It has a population of 345,366 people. Postcard- Heavy rain and a lack of vegetation resulted in floods and landslides, resulting in a disaster that
perfect images that highlight Baguio City's status as the Philippines' Summer Capital killed thousands of people (Inokuchi T. et al.
conceal the harsh reality that it is a most vulnerable city when it comes to the harsh
effects of climate change, particularly excessive rainfall, which causes widespread Baguio is also located on a typhoon belt and experiences five tropical cyclones on average
flooding and deadly landslides. And unless real, time-bound, and science-based every year. Tropical cyclones are characterized by heavy rainfall and high wind speeds, which
solutions are implemented quickly, these manifestations of environmental crisis on this cause flooding and landslides and damage to infrastructure.
tourist, trade, and education center in the Cordillera Administrative Region, are bound
to get worse. This picturesque environment also poses difficulties, namely in the shape HAILSTORM
of landslides and hailstorms, which have the potential to interrupt both individuals'
Hailstorms are also a predicted hazard in Baguio
daily lives and their means of making a living. In order to effectively respond to these
City, having frightened people on several occasions.
challenges and foster a more resilient future, our initiative, titled "Building Resilience," According to (Quitasol, 2023), an unexpected
adopts progressive urban design approaches that not only alleviate the consequences
hailstorm took Baguio City inhabitants off guard just
of these natural calamities but also augment the overall sustainability of the city. over a year ago. An intense downpour, high gusts,
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM and solid ice caught the residents off guard. This
unexpected change in weather damaged the street
FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES
sellers that occupy a portion of Baguio's roads. While
some individuals are fascinated by such weather
Baguio, like many other cities, is facing disaster and climate change challenges.
phenomena, hailstorms can be destructive and
Typhoons Ketsana and Parma (locally known as Ondoy and Pepeng, respectively)
dangerous because the average velocity of falling
devastated Baguio in 2009, causing floods and landslides that affected almost 6000
hailstones exceeds 170 kilometers per hour.
people. The city's vulnerability to climate hazards, combined with the expansion of
impervious paved areas within the city and its surroundings, caused its residents to PROJECT OBJECTIVES
experience an increase in the frequency and intensity of rainfall events, which
With regard to the aforementioned phenomena, which continue to endanger Baguio City, the
exacerbated flooding and rain-induced landslides. Typhoon Manghut (locally known as
designers offer particular design ideas to mitigate, alleviate, and make Baguio City a
Ompong) unleashed catastrophic floods and landslides in 2018, killing five people and
community resilient environment by reducing the consequences of flooding and landslides
inflicting road closures and significant property damage.
and to make homes safe from the risk brought by hailstorm.
Community resiliency towards flooding
and landslide through Integrating:
VEGETATIVE MEASURES
By enhancing soil stability, preventing erosion, and
regulating water flow, vegetation works as a natural
defense against flooding and landslides. The elimination
of vegetation, whether due to deforestation,
These are only a few of the images taken to document Baguio City's flooding and urbanization, or other factors, can make an area more
landslides. as with other disasters, these are extremely deadly since properties are vulnerable to natural dangers.
destroyed and roads are torn apart and or become impenetrable putting citizens' lives STRUCTURAL MEASURES
at risk.Flooding and landslides brought on by the damage of both typhoons and Because they entail the development of physical
infrastructure designed to mitigate the risks and impacts
earthquakes are something to keep an eye on and require an instant robust solution. of these natural hazards, structural measures are critical
in decreasing the impact of flooding and landslides.
Physical barriers or changes to the landscape are
This is a terrible situation, given that the ADB estimates that up to 80% of the city is
provided by structural measures.
vulnerable to landslides by 2021. Because Baguio City is crisscrossed by seismic faults
MANAGEMENT MEASURES
and is located in a tectonically active location, earthquakes can also cause these
Includes strategic planning, policies, and actions aimed
landslides. The city has been acknowledged to be on the verge of a climate disaster
at improving readiness, response, and recovery.
since 2011, when it was identified as the most exposed and vulnerable to extreme Management measures, as opposed to structural
measures that include actual infrastructure, are
weather occurrences when compared to other major cities in the Philippines. And the concerned with planning, coordination, and community
number one enemy is excessive rains engagement.
PROJECT ACTIVITIES
Community resiliency towards hailstorm
through Integrating:
Material Specifaction to be used in
construction of local houses that can
withstand the wrath of hailstorm.
Establishing shelters across various
locations in Irisan to swiftly provide
residents refuge during hailstorms.
Coupled with the creation of covered
pathways to offer additional shelter for
the community.
Under the umbrella of STRUCTURAL MEASURES, particularly addressing flooding concerns, our
strategy involves the enhancement of surface and subsurface drainage. A robust drainage
infrastructure is paramount for effective emergency preparedness, empowering communities to
navigate heavy rain events and mitigating the impact of natural disasters by restricting flood extents.
The implementation of a Retention Basin in Barangay City Camp Central, situated at the lowest
elevation, is underway. This basin, designed for stormwater storage, gradually releases water through
drainage systems. Surrounding embankments fortify the basin, protecting homes from urban flooding.
Additionally, house elevation measures are deployed for added flood protection. An evacuation
facility will be proposed to further enhance preparedness and safety measures.
In the context of landslide mitigation, the installation of retaining walls emerges as a key strategy.
These structures reinforce soil integrity, enhance bearing capacity, and resist differential settlement,
stabilizing slopes and averting downslope soil and rock movement. Drainage systems, similar to flood
prevention, play a pivotal role in averting soil saturation and reducing landslide risks.
To safeguard homes situated on steep hills and valleys from potential destruction, a comprehensive
density assessment is conducted. Vulnerable and high-risk houses identified through this assessment
undergo relocation, ensuring the safety and resilience of settlements.
HAILSTORM
To enhance resilience against hailstorms in Baguio City, residents and businesses are encouraged to
embrace hail-resistant construction materials and design features, as detailed in the previous
responses. Staying attuned to local weather conditions and heeding warnings from meteorological
authorities during severe weather events is crucial.
For roofing systems, opt for impact-resistant materials like metal, stone-coated steel, or hail-resistant
shingles. Additionally, incorporate roof insulation to thwart hail damage to the building's interior.
Integrating external shading, such as awnings or shutters, provides an extra layer of defense for
windows and skylights.
When it comes to siding and cladding, choose robust materials like fiber cement, brick, or stone that
are resilient to hail damage. Ensure meticulous installation to eliminate gaps and strengthen the
building envelope.
Consider installing impact-resistant windows or applying protective films to existing windows,
effectively minimizing the risk of window breakage during hailstorms. Stay proactive and well-
prepared to safeguard both residential and commercial structures in the face of severe weather
challenges.
EXPECTED OUTCOME
The expected outcome of the proposed measures against flooding and landslides is an increased
resilience of Baguio City to natural calamities. The implementation of both vegetative and structural
measures, including strategic planting of vegetation, robust drainage systems, retention basins,
embankments, and house elevation, aims to significantly reduce the impact of heavy rain events,
mitigate flood extents, and protect homes from urban flooding. In terms of landslide mitigation, the
installation of retaining walls and well-designed drainage systems is expected to stabilize slopes,
prevent downslope movement of soil and rocks, and decrease the risk of landslides. The
comprehensive density assessment and relocation of vulnerable houses further contribute to the
safety and resilience of settlements on steep hills and valleys. Regarding hailstorms, the expected
outcome is an enhanced resilience of residents and businesses in Baguio City against hail damage.

CONCLUSION
FLOODING & LANDSLIDE
In summary, the proposed measures in Baguio City against flooding, landslides, and hailstorms aim to
enhance overall resilience. Strategies include vegetative and structural interventions to mitigate
Within the framework of VEGETATIVE MEASURES, our focus lies on the preservation and
flood and landslide risks, such as improved drainage, retention basins, and house elevation. For
strategic planting of vegetation, grasses, and trees. Tree planting initiatives are actively
Flood-prone zones in Baguio. Source: GeoAnalyticsPH, Mines and
Landslide-prone zones in Baguio. Source: GeoAnalyticsPH, Mines
hailstorms, adopting hail-resistant construction materials, impact-resistant roofing, and protective
extended to areas susceptible to floods and landslides, enhancing the city's resilience against
and Geosciences Bureau, 2018
Geosciences Bureau, 2018.

films for windows is crucial. This multifaceted approach prioritizes the safety and resilience of the
natural calamities.ard both residential and commercial structures in the face of severe weather
community in the face of varying weather challenges.
challenges.
ACILITY PROPOSED EVACUATION FACILITY PROP
AERIAL PERSPECTIVE FLOOR PLAN MATERIALITY
THE PROPOSED EVACUATION CENTER SPANS 3600 SQ.M., FEATURING A REPETITIVE DESIGN
THAT CAN SEAMLESSLY ALIGN WITH THE SELECTED EVACUATION LOT, A KEY COMPONENT OF
OUR MITIGATION STRATEGY. INTENTIONALLY INCORPORATING GAPS, THE DESIGN ROOF SHINGLES CAN WALL BRICK TILES. A
STRATEGICALLY MINIMIZES EARTHQUAKE IMPACT, INSPIRED BY SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATIONS WITHSTAND TYPOONS 500MMX 500MM WALL
LIKE TRINOMA MALL. DESPITE DESIGN PRECAUTIONS AND A MARKED SAFE SITE, THE AND IT IS HIGHLY IS DESIGNED TO
UNPREDICTABLE NATURE OF OUR ENVIRONMENT NECESSITATES ONGOING CONSIDERATION OF RECOMMENDED PROTECT THE
POTENTIAL RISKS." BECAUSE IT REDUCES SUPERSTRUCTURE. A

90.00 M NOISE WHEN

HAILSTORM HAPPENS.
COLOR CONTRASTING
THE ENVIRONMENT.

BLDG. 2 BLDG. 3 BLDG. 4 BLDG. 5 BAMBOO WALL ACCENT

FLOOR PATTERN TILES
IS USE TO EMPHASIZE
SIGNIFIES THE

40.00 M
THE NATIVENESS OF
ETHNICITY IN THE
THE STRUCTURE AND IT
COMMUNITY, A
WAS ALSO PROVEN
ASSEMBLE TENT IS ASSEMBLE TENT IS PATTERN THAT
ENCOURAGED TO USE AS A ENCOURAGED TO USE AS A THAT IT CAN
TEMPORARY SHELTER IF THE RECREATION TEMPORARY SHELTER IF THE SYMBOLIZES
SPACE INSIDE ISN’T SPACE INSIDE ISN’T WITHSTAND STRONG
ENOUGH.
SPACE
ENOUGH. STRENGTH AND
TYPHOONS.
BEAUTY.

THIS OPEN SPACE IS THIS OPEN SPACE IS

INTENDED FOR GOVERNMENT INTENDED FOR GOVERNMENT
AGENCIES WHO WILL AGENCIES WHO WILL
FACILITATE AND MONITOR FACILITATE AND MONITOR BLDG. 6 A STEEL TRUSS THAT
BLDG. 1 THE EVACUEES. THE EVACUEES. GRASS GROWING TILE
WILL SUPPORT THE
CAN HELP MAINTAIN THE
ROOFING OF THE
BEAUTY OF THE
STRUCTURE AND TO
STRUCTURE AND IT IS
MAKE SURE THAT THE
MORE SAFE TO WALK ON
SHED IS SAFELY
IT BECAUSE OF ITS
SEALED.
ROUGHNESS.

SIDE ELEVATION

FRONT ELEVATION
 MATERIALITY SHED STOP OVER
P E R S P E C T I V E S
Sheds are critical structures in providing protection
during the intense hail storms that frequently impact ASPHALT SHINGLES
Baguio City. When heavy hail accumulates, sturdy sheds Asphalt shingles with added fiberglass
allow local residents to shield their vehicles, equipment, reinforcement provide good impact resistance
storage items, animals and even themselves from direct against hail. Choose shingles rated Class 4 for the
damage or harm. The coverage sheds offer minimizes the highest hail protection. Also, use roofing nails
amount repairs, maintenance costs, injuries or instead of staples to better hold shingles in place
replacements needed following severe precipitation. when hit by hailstones.
Whether made from wood, metal or another durable
material, these shelters reduce risks and provide simple, NARRA WOOD
invaluable protection before and during destructive hail Narra is a hardwood found in the northern Luzon
falls across the mountainous terrain surrounding Baguio. area. It is a dense wood known for its strength and
When hailstones start falling in the Philippines’ “Summer natural insect/rot resistance, making it ideal for
Capital,” taking quick cover under a shed roof can save construction like floor joists, trusses, frames, and
possessions, livelihoods and lives across the Cordillera beams. However, supplies can be limited.
Central range. The protective, damage-mitigating
purpose makes sheds an absolute necessity during the LAMINATED GLASS
tumultuous storm season in Baguio City and the entirety Laminated glass is made by bonding two or more
of Benguet province. Installation of exterior shading layers of glass with a plastic interlayer, typically
devices to provide an PVB or resin. This interlayer holds broken glass
additional layer of protection
for windows and skylights.
shards together if the glass breaks, helping
maintain integrity after hail impact.

CONCRETE
Concrete has high compressive strength and
stability, allowing it to resist the intense blows
from hail impacts without cracking or crumbling. It
distributes the hailstone impacts evenly.

SHED DESIGN FOR HAIL STORM

IN IRISAN BAGUIO CITY
 BAGUIO MASTER PLAN
LEGENDS
PACDAL, BAGUIO CITY
IRISAN, BAGUIO CITY POPULATION DENSITY
LANDSLIDE PRONE PROPOSED RE-LOCATION OF FLOOD VICTIMS 5,433/km²

FLOOD PRONE
PROPOSED RE-LOCATION OF LANDSLIDE VICTIMS
TERRACING
FLOOD & LANDSLIDE PRONE PROPOSED RE-LOCATION OF FLOOD &
PROPOSED
LANDSLIDE VICTIMS
RELOCATION OF LANDSLIDE & HAILSTORM PRONE SLOPE
PROPOSED DRAINAGE RELOCATION OF
FOOT HILL
SLOPE SYSTEM FOOT HILL
SETTLEMENTS
BAGUIO CITY, PHILIPPINES
DRAINAGE SETTLEMENTS
SYSTEM PROPOSED
PROPOSED
RETENTION
SLOPE
WALL PROPOSED
PROPOSED DRAINAGE
SLOPE
RETENTION SYSTEM
DRAINAGE
WALL SYSTEM
PACDAL
IRISAN
POPULATION DENSITY
5,970/km²
DENSITY SAINT JOSEPH
ASSESSMENT VILLAGE

SOUTH DRIVE

PROPOSED
GREEN SPACE /
PARK BAKAKENG
ELEVATED CENTRAL
PROPOSED
STRUCTURES
VEGETATION
BUFFER
PROPOSED
PROPOSED EVACUATION
EMBANKMENT FACILITY
PROPOSED
PROPOSED SLOPE
RETENSION
1,680
DONTOGAN STABILIZATION ATOK TRAIL, BAGUIO CITY
ATOK
BASIN
TRAIL POPULATION DENSITY
PROPOSED 1,913/km²
LOAKAN
EROSION
CONTROL /
PROPER
VEGETATIVE
BUFFER KIAS
PROPOSED PROPOSED
RETENTION SLOPE
HAILSTORM-PRONE MASTER PLAN WALL DRAINAGE

DONTOGAN, BAGUIO CITY (IRISAN, BAGUIO CITY) SYSTEM

101 AGPUAN,
BAGUIO CITY
PROPOSED
PROPOSED SHED and WALKWAY DENSITY
PROPOSED ASSESSMENT
LOCATIONS
CAMP RIVERSIDE MOUNTAIN
POPULATION DENSITY
OPEN SHELTER SANCTURAY BARANGAY KIAS, BAGUIO CITY
2,746/km²
DROP OFF PROPOSED OPEN
SHELTER POPULATION DENSITY
11 CYPRESS IRISAN
RELOCATION OF 7,884/km²
HILLS SUBDIVISON
FOOT HILL OPEN SHELTER
SETTLEMENTS (DROP OFF) PUROK 9
BALENBEN OPEN PROPOSED
PROPOSED PROPSED OPEN NAGUILIAN RD. SHELTER
PROPOSED RETENTION
SLOPE DRAINAGE SHELTER NEAR PUROK 13
SLOPE WALL
SYSTEM BARANGAY HALL
PROPOSED STABILIZATION PROPOSED
SLOPE DRAINAGE SLOPE
SYSTEM MOUNTAI N CEEK
BARANGAY APUAN RELOCATION OF DRAINAGE
PARK OPEN
PROPSED OPEN FOOT HILL SYSTEM
SHELTER
SHELTER SETTLEMENTS
PROPOSED RETENTION
WALL SAN CARLOS PROPOSED
PROPOSED OPEN 15 NAGUILIAN RD. DENSITY
SHELTER EXISTING HAIL ASSESSMENT
STORM OPEN
TABILOG PRPOSED NAGUILIAN RD. SHELTER
OPEN SHELTER ARTS AND
AARTIFACTS
BAUANG ROAD
 LANDSLIDE-PRONE MASTER PLAN
PRIORITY LEVEL
BARANGAY IRISAN, BAGUIO CITY
Irisan
The steep terrain of Baguio, including the Irisan area, makes it inherently prone to landslides. The hilly and
POPULATION mountainous landscape, combined with heavy rainfall led to soil erosion and instability. The geological
36,562 composition of the area, including the presence of weak or loose soil types contribute to the susceptibility
to landslides.
TERRACING
Dotongan
Dotongan lies in a seismically active zone. Earthquakes, even small ones, can trigger landslides by shaking
RELOCATION OF
loose slope material. Landslides often occur in the area following seismic activity. The soil composition in
FOOT HILL
PROPOSED
SETTLEMENTS
Dotongan includes a lot of porous limestone. This type of soil erodes more easily during heavy rains.
SLOPE DRAINAGE
SYSTEM Middle Rock Quarry
The Middle Rock Quarry in Baguio City is an abandoned quarry site situated on the precariously steep
slopes overlooking the city. Decades of unsustainable mining practices in the area have left the hillside
extremely prone to catastrophic landslides. The area is vulnerable to frequent typhoons that dump
PROPOSED torrential rainfall and earthquakes emanating from the nearby Philippine Fault.
RETENTION WALL Pacdal
PROPOSED
SLOPE DRAINAGE
Pacdal, Baguio is susceptible to landslides due to its precarious location and soil instability. Situated on
SYSTEM steep, deforested slopes, Pacdal lacks vegetation that would otherwise anchor the soil and absorb excess
rainfall. Additionally, the area's sandy clay-like soil easily erodes, while improper drainage causes water
POPULATION DENSITY accumulation that further destabilizes the ground.
5,970/km²
Atok Trail
The steep, winding Atok Trail on the outskirts of Baguio City is dangerously prone to landslides due to its
treacherous topography and high rainfall. Carved into the forested slopes rising from the city, this narrow
DENSITY mountain passage has been significantly destabilized by typhoons and seismic events over the past
ASSESSMENT
century..

Kias
Kias, Baguio is highly prone to landslides chiefly due to its vulnerable hillside location, frequent seismic
BARANGAY DONTOGAN, BAGUIO CITY tremors, and seasonal typhoons dumping heavy rainfall. This district sits precariously on steep, deforested
slopes lacking crucial soil anchors and absorption capacity.

POPULATION

POPULATION DENSITY
6,366 BARANGAY MIDDLE ROCK QUARRY, BAGUIO CITY
2,746/km²

POPULATION DENSITY POPULATION

29,016/km² 1,680

RELOCATION OF
FOOT HILL
SETTLEMENTS
PROPOSED
SLOPE DRAINAGE SYSTEM

PROPOSED
RETENTION WALL
PROPOSED
PROPOSED SLOPE DRAINAGE
SLOPE DRAINAGE SYSTEM SYSTEM

PROPOSED RETENTION
PROPOSED
WALL
VEGETATIVE BUFFER /
EROSION CONTROL

PROPOSED
DENSITY
ASSESSMENT
 LANDSLIDE-PRONE MASTER PLAN
BARANGAY PACDAL, BAGUIO CITY PRIORITY LEVEL

Irisan
The steep terrain of Baguio, including the Irisan area, makes it inherently prone to landslides. The hilly and
mountainous landscape, combined with heavy rainfall led to soil erosion and instability. The geological
POPULATION DENSITY composition of the area, including the presence of weak or loose soil types contribute to the susceptibility
5,433/km² to landslides.

Dotongan
PROPOSED Dotongan lies in a seismically active zone. Earthquakes, even small ones, can trigger landslides by shaking
SLOPE loose slope material. Landslides often occur in the area following seismic activity. The soil composition in
DRAINAGE Dotongan includes a lot of porous limestone. This type of soil erodes more easily during heavy rains.
SYSTEM
RELOCATION OF Middle Rock Quarry
FOOT HILL The Middle Rock Quarry in Baguio City is an abandoned quarry site situated on the precariously steep
PROPOSED SETTLEMENTS slopes overlooking the city. Decades of unsustainable mining practices in the area have left the hillside
RETENTION extremely prone to catastrophic landslides. The area is vulnerable to frequent typhoons that dump
WALL
torrential rainfall and earthquakes emanating from the nearby Philippine Fault.
Pacdal
Pacdal, Baguio is susceptible to landslides due to its precarious location and soil instability. Situated on
PROPOSED steep, deforested slopes, Pacdal lacks vegetation that would otherwise anchor the soil and absorb excess
SLOPE rainfall. Additionally, the area's sandy clay-like soil easily erodes, while improper drainage causes water
DRAINAGE accumulation that further destabilizes the ground.
SYSTEM
POPULATION Atok Trail
The steep, winding Atok Trail on the outskirts of Baguio City is dangerously prone to landslides due to its
7,012
treacherous topography and high rainfall. Carved into the forested slopes rising from the city, this narrow
mountain passage has been significantly destabilized by typhoons and seismic events over the past
century..

Kias
Kias, Baguio is highly prone to landslides chiefly due to its vulnerable hillside location, frequent seismic
tremors, and seasonal typhoons dumping heavy rainfall. This district sits precariously on steep, deforested
slopes lacking crucial soil anchors and absorption capacity.

POPULATION
BARANGAY ATOK TRAIL, BAGUIO 1,933
BARANGAY KIAS, BAGUIO CITY
CITY POPULATION DENSITY
7,884/km²

PROPOSED
SLOPE
STABILIZATION

POPULATION
PROPOSED
6,374 RETENTION
WALL
PROPOSED
PROPOSED
SLOPE STABILIZATION
SLOPE DRAINAGE
SYSTEM
PROPOSED
RETENTION RELOCATION OF
WALL FOOT HILL
PROPOSED SETTLEMENTS
SLOPE DRAINAGE PROPOSED
SYSTEM DENSITY
ASSESSMENT
POPULATION DENSITY
1,913/km²
PROPOSED
DENSITY
ASSESSMENT
 FLOOD-PRONE MASTER PLAN
PRIORITY LEVEL
LEGENDS
CITY CAMP CENTRAL
LOURDES EXTENSION CITY CAMP PROPER City Camp Central is situated at a lower elevation compared to its surrounding
areas, making it particularly susceptible to flooding. Given the inherent
LOWER ROCK QUARRY vulnerability posed by its lower elevation, it becomes imperative to accord priority
QUEEN OF PEACE attention and resources to the residents of City Camp Central in terms of flood
mitigation and preparedness efforts.
CITY CAMP CENTRAL MIDDLE ROCK QUARRY
LOWER ROCK QUARRY
BOUNDARY LINE POPULATION This neighborhood is located next to City Camp Central and shares similar
elevation with it. However, in terms of flooding sensitivity, the houses in this
1,614 barangay are marginally less vulnerable than those in City Camp Central. While still
at a comparable elevation, several geographical and infrastructural elements lead
to a somewhat enhanced safety margin for this barangay.

MIDDLE ROCK QUARRY

Despite confronting the simultaneous hazards of landslides and floods, Middle

Rock Quarry has a higher elevation than some other sensitive places. However, the
barangay's distinct topography necessitates careful study and proactive efforts.
Due to the increased risk of landslides, local authorities must undertake strategic
POPULATION relocation operations, particularly for houses built in hills within the barangay.

1,451
MIDDLE ROCK QUARRY

Lourdes Extension is likewise vulnerable to flooding, which demands a diversified

approach to address. Recognizing the need for strategic interventions, the
barangay should consider undertaking initiatives to plant trees as part of a larger
set of mitigation actions to improve the community's safety and resilience.

PROPOSED QUEEN OF PEACE

GREEN SPACE / In comparison to the prior four barangays, Queen of Peace stands out as a
PARK somewhat safer area, presenting a potential to further improve its flood resilience
through careful landscaping and selective tree planting initiatives. The barangay's
PROPOSED advantageous situation serves as a foundation for preventative actions that might
contribute to the general safety and well-being of its citizens.
VEGETATION
BUFFER CITY CAMP PROPER

This community offers the particular advantage of being the least vulnerable to
EVLEVATED
flooding among the surrounding areas due to its elevated location. This unique
STRUCTURES geographical location not only gives residents with a sense of security, but also
presents a chance for proactive disaster management activities. The barangay is
PROPOSED well-suited for the development of an efficient evacuation facility. During times of
emergency, this facility can serve as a vital sanctuary for individuals from
EMBANKMENT surrounding flood-prone communities.

PROPOSED
RETENSION
POPULATION DENSITY
BASIN

POPULATION
1,680 31,891/km²

27,310/km²

27,255/km²
PROPOSED 33,729/km²
EROSION CONTROL /
VEGETATIVE BUFFER 42,054/km²

PROPOSED
EVACUATION
FACILITY
29,016/km²
POPULATION
1,722
POPULATION
POPULATION
1,678
1,646
 BUILDING RESILIENCE: URBAN DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR MITIGATING LANDSLIDES AND HAILSTORM IMPACTS IN BAGUIO CITY, PHILIPPINES

MITIGATION MEASURES / ACTION PLAN

FLOOD
PROPOSED EVACUATION FACILITY Recognizing the potential for severe floods and the
VERY HIGH SUPCEPTIBLE
ELEVATED RESIDENTIAL HOUSES
TO FLOOD AREAS need to prioritize the protection of residents in low-
City Camp Central, located at the lowest elevation of the land, lying areas during times of disaster, a proactive
Lower Rock Quarry, poses a unique difficulty due to its vulnerability to flooding intervention in the form of an emergency shelter
Middle Rock Quarry, QUEEN OF
PEACE
during heavy rains and typhoons. The geographic location of this has been proposed. This shelter is envisioned as a
Lourdes Extension, City
LOURDES locality puts its occupants at risk, as the lower elevation renders vital refuge for the vulnerable population living in
Camp Central, City Camp
the houses more vulnerable to flooding. Elevating the houses is a
EXTENSION
Proper, and Queen of flood-prone areas. It is strategically located in City
Peace. strategic way to solve this important issue and strengthen the Camp Central and rises raised above the low-lying
The barangays recognized as flood-prone in CITY CAMP
CITY CAMP
PROPER
community's resiliency. ground, ensuring that it maintains a reliable haven
CENTRAL
Baguio City are located in a topographical even when water levels rise.
environment typified by steep terrain, with the LOWER RACK Raising the elevation of the houses not only reduces the
QUARRY
elevation gradually descending towards the immediate risk of flooding, but also provides a greater long-term
lowest areas. This geographical layout makes defense against the effects of catastrophic weather occurrences.
these locations vulnerable to floods, especially This proactive approach is critical for ensuring the well-being of
MIDDLE RACK

during periods of heavy and persistent rain. The QUARRY the citizens of the barangay. Elevating structures not only
RELOCATION
natural flow of water down the hills, paired with protects houses but also secures the safety and security of
the steep topography, adds to the barangays' community members, lowering the possibility of property Recognizing the persistent vulnerability of residential communities to flooding, a comprehensive
greater danger of flooding. damage and limiting interruption caused by natural catastrophes. strategy that goes beyond simply elevating structures is to be implemented. The necessity of
relocating houses to higher terrain emerges as a proactive and forward-thinking approach, based on
Mitigation methods are critical to minimizing the impact of floods on affected populations in response to
an assessment of community capacity and density to withstand flood events. This multifaceted
the challenges provided by this geographical vulnerability. One such technique entails strategically planting
initiative seeks to not only mitigate the risks associated with flooding, but also to address the
trees and providing landscapes within these barangays, specifically designed to help store storm water and
possibility of landslides, thereby strengthening the resilience of the affected areas.
have an important role in mitigating flood damage. The circle
indicates the Houses in Barangay Middle Rack Quarry, Lourdes Extension, and City Camp Central are in risk of
lowest region of being flooded and must be relocated. These relocations are for their safety and to allow further
the land. mitigation measures to be implemented. The site on which these houses were built will be used to
Through the plant trees and landscaping, which will help the town become more flood-resistant.
Retention Basin,
it slows down the BEFORE
PROPOSED RELOCATIONS
CITY CAMP CENTRAL
release of
stormwater into the drainage system. This help control the
peak flow of water during storms,. minimizes the impact on
downstream areas, preventing sudden surges of water that
could lead to flooding.
Once the basin is full, the water
will be release through Flood-Resilient Design:
connecting its drainage to camp The design of elevated
central local creek and leading houses should be specifically
the water to Balin river. tailored to withstand the
challenges posed by floods.
BERMUDA GRASS ZOYSIA GRASS This may include raised BAKAKENG CENTRAL
Pinus kesiya Agoho Acacia Alnus (2.141 km²) AREA
foundations, flood vents to MIDDLE ROCK QUARRY
allow water to pass through
without causing structural
damage, and other design
Forms a deep root system
that aids in soil erosion
Known for its ability to
This tree is endemic This tree, also known Acacia mangium, for Alder trees, which
features that enhance the
reduce erosion and resist
prevention. flooding. to the Philippines as the Australian Pine example, is belong to the Alnus resilience of the homes in the
PARKS AND GREEN SPACES
and is commonly or Agoho, has a deep recognized for its genus, have deep root face of extreme weather
found in the region. It root structure and is deep root systems systems and can help
has a deep root frequently planted and adaptability to a to stabilize soil. They events. AFTER
system and is well- for soil stability. It can wide range of soil are commonly seen in
suited to Baguio's withstand a variety of conditions. They are riparian
EMBANKMENT
cool weather. soil conditions. frequently utilized in environments.
reforestation. Embankment was added in Barangay
Located in Barangay Extension, this park consists of vegetation City Camp Central, the most prone to
like grass, trees, and plants which will act as a natural sponge, flooding area which safeguard the
LOURDES EXTENSION
collecting precipitation and decreasing surface runoff. This nearby houses from the risk of flooding.
absorption slows the flow of water and allows it to saturate the
soil. Green spaces function well as stormwater management
methods. They can trap and slow rainfall, reducing rapid flow
and flooding downstream. Park features such as swales, green
buffers, and retention basins aid in stormwater control and
management.

Integration of Leeves to
The inclusion and development of greenery and landscapes was
barricade homes from flood
regarded as a natural and effective method of flood mitigation.
waters
These green elements help with water absorption, soil stability,
and overall flood resilience, making them important components Integration of vegetation on and around the levee to help stabilize the
LOAKAN PROPER
of complete flood management measures. soil, control erosion, and enhance the overall resilience of the levee. (2.247 km²) AREA
Grasses and other native plants with deep roots are particularly effective.
 BUILDING RESILIENCE: URBAN DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR MITIGATING LANDSLIDES AND HAILSTORM IMPACTS IN BAGUIO CITY, PHILIPPINES

MITIGATION MEASURES / ACTION PLAN

LANDSLIDE HAILSTORM
Areas in Baguio City, Philippines that
TERRACING
ACTION PLANS
have steep slopes and are highly
susceptible to landslides include: URBAN PLANNING PROTECTION
Terracing is an important land management strategy for a city
like Baguio due to the area's steep, hilled terrain that is
irisan
vulnerable to landslides and erosion. Terracing involves
Dontogan PACDAL
IRISAN creating a series of flat platforms on a slope, which helps to
Middle rock quarry
break up the steepness of the slope. This reduces the
Pacdal
gravitational force acting on the soil and minimizes the risk of
Atok trail
slope failure and landslides.
Kias
MIDDLE ROCK
QUARRY
LOCATION
Baguio City, located in the northern part of the
BAUANG ROAD, BAGUIO
Philippines, is known for its mountainous terrain
and is susceptible to landslides, especially during
the rainy season. The city is situated in the ATOK TRAIL

Cordillera Central mountain range, and its

KIAS
topography, combined with factors such as soil
composition and intense rainfall, contributes to
the risk of landslides in certain areas.
LOCATION
IRISAN, BAGUIO CITY NAGULLIAN ROAD ,
Mitigation methods are critical to minimizing the impact of floods on affected populations in response to BRGY. IRISAN , BAGUIO
BAGUIO CITY
the challenges provided by this geographical vulnerability. One such technique entails strategically planting To mitigate the impact of hailstorms, residents and businesses in Baguio City should consider using
trees and providing landscapes within these barangays, specifically designed to help store storm water and hail-resistant construction materials and design features, as discussed in the previous responses. It's
have an important role in mitigating flood damage. RELOCATION OF FOOT HILL also essential to stay informed about local weather conditions and heed any warnings or advisories
issued by meteorological authorities during severe weather events.
SETTLEMENTS
RETAINING WALL & SLOPE STABILIZATION Roofing Systems- the use of impact-resistant roofing material that can withstand
Relocating settlements from foothill areas is an hail impact, such as metal, stone-coated steel, or shingles designed for hail
Retention walls serve a critical function in landslide mitigation efforts. They act essentially as a reinforced barrier important strategy for landslide mitigation. Foothill resistance, and the installation of roof insulation: Adequate insulation can help
holding back unstable slopes that are vulnerable to failure, especially during heavy rains or seismic shaking. By terracing prevent hail damage from reaching the interior of the building.
regions are particularly susceptible to landslides due
and bracing weak hillsides, retention wall structures provide much needed mechanical support working directly against
the downward forces of gravity, erosion, and soil saturation. to their steep topography, geological conditions, and
the impact of human activities.

PROPOSED
RETENTION
WALL DESIGN

Incorporate external shading: Install exterior shading devices like awnings or

shutters to provide an additional layer of protection for windows and skylights.

Those areas that are located in a foot hill will be Siding and Cladding- Choose
durable materials: Select siding
relocated in Barangay Loakan Proper. and cladding materials that are
resistant to hail damage, such as
Their safety and the ability to put additional mitigating fiber cement, brick, or stone.
Homes, buildings, and residents downstream of
measures into place are the reasons for these Ensure that siding and cladding are
unstable dirt slopes are vulnerable to rapidly
properly installed to prevent gaps
flowing landslides. Retention walls serve as a relocations. Trees and other landscaping will be added
or weak points in the building
mitigating buffer to protect properties and save to the location where these dwellings were envelope.
lives in these danger zones.
constructed, helping to stabilize the slope and lessen
By backfilling the area behind the wall, retention structures can control the chance of erosion.
water runoff and drainage patterns on the hillside after heavy rains. This Impact-Resistant Windows- Install
diverts flows and prevents further soil saturation. impact-resistant windows or add
DENSITY ASSESMENT protective films to existing windows.
These can reduce the likelihood of
Population density assessment is
window breakage during hail storms.
SLOPE DRAINAGE crucial for effective evacuation
planning. In areas with a high
Slope drains serve the purpose of managing surface drainage and redirecting concentration of people, timely and
water flows in order to mitigate potential risks associated with susceptible well-organized evacuation plans
slopes. The implementation of this measure particularly in Irisan, in the
southern part of Baguio that has several extremely steep hillsides, especially
become essential to ensure the
safety of the population during
SHED DESIGN & SHED STOP OVER FOR IRISAN
near the Rose Garden area and along Irisan Road. Slopes here can exceed 60 landslide events.
degrees. The slope drains serve to mitigate soil oversaturation, hence This specially designed
significantly elevating the susceptibility to landslides. shelter in Irisan serves
As the terrain's capacity to support
as a dedicated and
the load of the houses built there
Building slope drains is an effective strategy for improving slope stability strategically located
should be assessed, infractures will
and reducing landslide risks in Baguio City for several reasons: refuge during
be assessed based on the research
unexpected hailstorms.
Drainage Control obtained to determine the volume
Crafted with resilient
Lower Pore Pressures of houses or infrastructure that
materials, the structure
Reduce Erosion needs to be relocated, in order to
prioritizes user safety
Sustainable option make the terrain stronger to resist
and structural integrity,
landslide. offering a reliable haven
for the community.