Hidrogeologi dan

Air Permukaan
Geologi dasar
2023
Groundwater distribution
Groundwater Storage
(and movement)
Groundwater Storage
(and movement)
Clastic Sedimentary Rock
 Groundwater Storage
(and movement)
Soil moisture zone - Water is held by
molecular attraction on soil particles.
Waters are “consumed” by plants and
evaporates directly back to atmosphere.

Unsaturated - Pore spaces include both air

and water. Groundwater is held in pore
spaces by surface tension.

Saturated zone -
All the pore spaces are completely filled
with water  groundwater.
The upper limit of this zone  water table

Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2017

Groundwater Storage
(and movement)

Porosity
Pore or open spaces in rock
 in percentage (%)

Permeability
The ability of rock to transmit fluid.
 in debit m3/s
 Groundwater Storage
(and movement)
Aquifer
Permeable rock or sediment that transmit
groundwater freely (aqua=water, fer=carry)

Aquitard
Impermeable layers that hinder or prevent
groundwater movement (aqua=water, tard=slow)
Groundwater Storage
(and movement)
 Groundwater Storage
(and movement)
Interactions between groundwater system and
streams

Q=KxAx(∂h)
Where
Q = debit
K = hydraulic conductivity
A = area coverage
∂h = water tabel difference

Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2017

 Groundwater Storage
(and movement)

Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2017

 Groundwater Storage
(and movement)
Well drilling is one way to pump/
extract groundwater.

Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2017

As water is withdrawn from Groundwater Storage
the well, the surrounding (and movement)
water table is lowered
 Cone of depression

Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2017

Groundwater discharge
 Groundwater discharge

When water table intersects

surface/ topography
 Spring
 Waterfall
Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2017
Groundwater discharge
Geyser

Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2017

Environmental issue
 Environmental issue

• Mining groundwater
 Environmental issue

• Saltwater intrusion
• Groundwater contamination Environmental issue