“VARIATION OF CONDUCTANCE WITH

TEMPERATURE IN ELECTROLYTES”

PROJECT REPORTIN

CHEMISTRY FOR CLASS XII

(2022-23)

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of CBSE, Delhi.

GAZAL SABARIVAS N

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mrs.R.MAHALAKSHMI .M.Sc, B.Ed.
(PGT CHEMISTRY)

Mahatma Global Gateway (CBSE)

Gopalakrishnan Guruvasal, Veerapanchan,
Madurai-625020.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At the outset, I would like to take the opportunity of
expressing my sincere thanks to the Almighty for keeping me in
good health all through this grueling project work.

I would like to express my special thanks to my worthy

Academic Director Mrs.P.Hamsa Priya, Principal Mrs. Meena
Karuppiah and to my teacher guide Mrs.R.Mahalakshmi who
provided motivation and valuable guidance to complete this
project.

I got ample opportunity to do research which enriched my

knowledge and widen my thoughts in this arena. I am indebted
to them.

I would also like to thank my parents and friends who always

inspired and helped to complete this project.

Signature of the Student

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that GAZAL SABARIVAS N of class XII of

Mahatma Global Gateway (CBSE), Madurai, has submitted this
project work entitled as “Variation of Conductance with
Temperature in Electrolytes” in the partial fulfillment of the award
of All India Senior Secondary Certificate of Examinations.

I certify that this project is up to my expectation and as per the

guidelines issued by CBSE.

Signature of the Principal Signature of the Teacher In-charge

(Mrs.Meena Karuppiah) (Mrs. R.Mahalakshmi)

Submitted for the viva-voce examination held on ,

at Mahatma Global Gateway (CBSE), Madurai.

Signature of the Examiner

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GAZAL SABARIVAS N,
XII – B,
Mahatma Global Gateway (CBSE),
Gopalakrishnan Guruvasal,
Veerapanchan,
Madurai – 625020.

DECLARATION

I, hereby declare that the project work entitled “Variation of

Conductance with Temperature” submitted by me in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of All India Senior
Secondary Certificate of Examinations is a record of main project
work done by me in Mahatma Global Gateway (CBSE),
Gopalakrishnan Guruvasal, Veerapanchan, Madurai. It is an original
work and it has not been copied from any other resources.

Place: Madurai GAZAL SABARIVAS N

Date :

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 INDEX

SI NO. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NO.

1 5
OBJECTIVE

6
2 INTRODUCTION

3 AIM 7

4 APPARATUS 7

5 THEORY 8

6 PROCEDURE 12

7 13
OBSERVATION TABLE-1

8 OBSERVATION TABLE-2 14

9 RESULT 15

10 CONCLUSION 15

11 PRECAUTION 15

12 BIBLIOGRAPHY 16

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 OBJECTIVE

To find the variation of Conductance with

Temperature in Electrolytes

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 INTRODUCTION

Electrolytes, pivotal components in the realm of electrochemistry, exhibit

fascinating conductive properties that fluctuate under diverse conditions. The
conductance of electrolytes, a measure of their ability to transmit an electric
current, is subject to several influencing factors, among which temperature
plays a crucial role. Understanding how the conductance of electrolytes evolves
with variations in temperature unveils intricate details about the dynamic
behavior of ions in solution.
In the quest for a deeper comprehension of electrolytic behavior, scientists and
researchers delve into the intricate interplay of ions within solutions.
Temperature, a parameter often underestimated in its influence, emerges as a
pivotal factor governing the kinetic energy and mobility of ions. This project
seeks to illuminate the subtle dance between temperature and conductance,
unraveling the mysteries that lie within the heart of electrolytic systems.
The behavior of electrolytes is governed by their capacity to dissociate into ions
when dissolved in a solvent. This project embarks on a scientific exploration to
unravel the nuanced relationship between temperature and the conductance of
electrolytes. By scrutinizing this relationship, we aim to gain valuable insights
into the thermal dynamics of these solutions and elucidate the underlying
principles that govern their electrical conductivity.
The study of conductance in electrolytes under different temperature conditions
holds practical significance, especially in fields such as chemical engineering,
materials science, and environmental science. As temperature influences the
kinetic energy of particles within a solution, it is anticipated that such an
investigation will contribute not only to fundamental scientific knowledge but
also to the optimization of various industrial processes.

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 EXPERIMENT

Aim:
To meticulously examine and comprehend the variation of conductance with
temperature in different electrolyte solutions, shedding light on the thermal
characteristics of these essential components.

Apparatus:
Glass Beaker: Used for containing and mixing electrolyte solutions.

CuSO₄ Solution: Copper sulfate solution, serving as one of the electrolytes in

the experiment.

Cu Electrodes: Copper electrodes employed as conductive surfaces for the

electrolysis process.

ZnSO₄ Solution: Zinc sulfate solution, another electrolyte used in the

experiment.

Zn Electrodes: Zinc electrodes, providing a contrasting metal for electrolysis

comparisons.

Rheostat: A variable resistor regulating the current flow in the circuit.

Battery Eliminator: Supplies a constant voltage for maintaining consistent

experimental conditions.

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Water: Used for dilution of electrolyte solutions and maintaining a stable
temperature in the water bath.

Burner: Provides a controlled heat source for the water bath.

Thermometer: Measures and monitors the temperature of the electrolyte

solutions.

Flask: Container for preparing and holding electrolyte solutions.

Ammeter: Measures the current flowing through the electrolyte solution during
electrolysis.

Voltmeter: Measures the voltage across the electrodes, providing insights into
the electrical potential during the experiment.

Theory:
Conductance: Conductance is a measure of the ease with which an electric
current passes through a conductor. It is the reciprocal of resistance and is
denoted by the symbol 'G.' The unit of conductance is the Siemens (S).
Mathematical Relationship of Conductance is,

G=𝟏∕𝑹

Where G is conductance and R is resistance.

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Resistance: Resistance (R) is the opposition that a substance offers to the
flow of electric current. It is measured in ohms (Ω).

Electrolysis: The operation in which electricity causes a chemical reaction is

calledelectrolysis.

Ohm's Law: Ohm's Law states that the current (I) flowing through a
conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage (V) across
the two points. Mathematically, Ohm's Law is expressed as

𝑽=𝑰×𝑹

Faraday's First law: The mass of a substance produced or consumed in

electrolysis is directly proportional to the quantity of charge passing through
it.

m∝ Q
or, m = Z × I × t

where, Z is electrochemical equivalent; I is current; t is time in seconds; Q is

charge.

Second Law: The masses of different substances liberated by the same

quantity of electricity are in the ratio of their equivalent masses.

m1∕ n1 = m2∕n2

Where m is the mass liberated, and n is the equivalent mass.

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Third Law: The mass of a substance produced in electrolysis is directly
proportional to the number of electrons per mole needed to cause desired
changed in oxidation state.

Conductivity: When voltage is applied to the electrodes immersed into an

electrolyte solution, ions of electrolyte move, and thus, electric current flows
through the electrolytic solution. The electrolytic solution and the metal
conductors exhibit resistance to the passage of the current; both of which obey
Ohm’s law.

The reciprocal of resistance is called electrical conductance. The unit of

electrical conductance is Siemens (S) or ohm-1 or mho.

If a solution is placed between two parallel electrodes having cross sectional

area A and distance L apart then the resistance is given by

R=1/C

ρ (called ‘rho’) is known as resistivity. Its reciprocal gives the conductivity of

the solution, which is denoted by k (called ‘kappa’). Its unit is Siemens/meter.

K=1/R*L/A

L/ A is a fixed quantity for a cell and is called the ‘cell constant’.

Factors Affecting Electrical Conductivity: The factors which affect the

electrical conductivity of the solutions are,

* Inter-ionic attraction: It depends on solute- solute interactions.

* Solvation of ions: It depends on solute-solvent interactions.

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* Viscosity of the solvent: It depends on solvent-solvent interactions.

* Temperature: Generally, the electrical conductivity of a material increases

with temperature.

* Concentration of Ions: In electrolyte solutions, higher ion concentration

leads to higher conductivity.

* Type of Material: Different materials have varying conductivities. Metals

are generally good conductors.

* Pressure: In gases, electrical conductivity is influenced by pressure.

Physical Constants: For the purpose of accuracy and convenience, some

important aspects of the electrolyte process are kept constant in the experiment
as their variation might affect the conductivity of the electrolyte. They are,

* Voltage.

* Nature of electrodes.

* Size of electrodes.

* Separation between the electrodes.

* Concentration of the electrolytes.

* Nature of the electrolytes.

* Resistance in the circuit.

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Procedure:

1. The electrolyte chosen is ZnSO4 and the electrodes are of Zn.

2. Readings for the measurement of conductance are taken at intervals of 3°C.

3. Proper precautions are taken to avoid evaporation and to keep other

factorsconstant.

4. The vessel and electrodes are removed and the vessel is cleaned and
filledwith ZnSO4 Solution.

5. The electrodes are refitted in their original place so that the distancebetween
them does not change.

6. Current is passed and when the voltmeter and ammeter show

steadyreadings, they are noted.

7. The current is switched off.

8. It is seen that while the ammeter reading returns at once to 0 position.

Thevoltmeter needle pauses for a while at a particular reading which is
noted down.

9. This reading indicates the back EMF in the electrolyte.

10. Similarly, more sets of reading are taken, and resistance is calculated.

11. Thus, the value of conductance is calculated.

12. The switched on circuit readings in voltmeter and ammeter are taken.

13. The current through the electrolyte is change by adjusting the rheostat
andmore sets of readings are taken.

14. Thus, the mean value of resistance is calculated.

15. Above steps are repeated for CuSO4 as electrolyte with electrodes made of Cu.

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 Observation Table-1:

For ZnSO4 electrolyte with Zn electrodes:

SN. No. Temperature Reading of Reading of Resistance Conductance

Ammeter(I) Voltmeter(V) R=V/ I C=1/ R

1. 23°c 100 mA 1.0 V 10 Ω 0.100

2. 26°c 100 mA 0.95 V 9.5 Ω 0.105
3. 29°c 110 mA 0.95 V 8.09 Ω 0.120
4. 32°c 110 mA 0.84 V 7.63 Ω 0.130
5. 35°c 120 mA 0.80 V 6.66 Ω 0.150
6. 38°c 125 mA 0.75 V 6Ω 0.160
7. 41°c 130 mA 0.71 V 7.6 Ω 0.180
8. 44°c 130 mA 0.65 V 5Ω 0.200

Graph for Zinc Sulphate Electrolytes:

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 Observation Table-2:

For CuSO4 electrolyte with Cu electrodes:

SL. Temperature Reading of Reading of Resistance Conductance

No. Ammeter (I) Voltmeter (V) R=V/ I C=1/ R

1. 25°c 75 mA 1.4 V 18.67 Ω 0.053

2. 28°c 75 mA 1.35 V 18.00 Ω 0.055
3. 31°c 75 mA 1.3 V 17.33 Ω 0.057
4. 34°c 75 mA 1.25 V 16.67 Ω 0.060
5. 36°c 80 mA 1.2 V 15.00 Ω 0.066
6. 38°c 80 mA 1.15 V 14.38 Ω 0.069
7. 42°c 80 mA 1.10 V 13.75 Ω 0.072
8. 44°c 85 mA 1.10 V 12.94 Ω 0.075

Graph for Copper Sulphate Electrolytes:

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Result:

The relevant graph shows that the 1/Resistance of an electrolyte increases at a

steady rate as the temperature increases.

Conclusion:
On heating a solution, it is known that viscosity gradually decreases, with
decrease in viscosity, the speed and movement of the ions increases. In other
words, the conductance of the electrolyte increases with the increase in
temperature. Hence, the result of the experiment agrees with reasoning.

Precautions:
1. Variation of resistance due to one of the factors should be kept constant.

2. The electrodes used in each case should always be kept parallel to

eachother.

3. The solution should be kept undisturbed throughout the experiment.

4. For each observation, three readings are taken and t the mean value
isconsidered.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Chemistry (Pat-1)- Textbook for class XI,

National Council of Educational Research and

Training.

 Concepts of Physics 2 by H.C.Verma, Bharti Bhawan

(Publishers & Distribution)

 https://www.cbse.nic.in

 https://www.britannica.com

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