Biaxial

Problem No. 1:
Imagine an 80-mm diameter aluminum rod, solid in nature, that is centrally positioned
within a cylindrical steel casing. Calculate the smallest possible inner diameter of this steel
casing to ensure zero contact pressure when the aluminum rod is subjected to a
downward force of 400 kN along its axis. It’s given that the Poisson’s ratio (ν) is 1/3 and
the modulus of elasticity (E) is 70 GP a.

Solution No. 1:
Px 400, 000 N
σx = = − = 79.5774715 M P a
π 2
A (80 mm)
4

σx
εy = −υεx = −υ
E

1 −79.5774715 M P a
−6
εy = − ( ) = 378.94034 × 10 m/m
3 70, 000 M P a

−6
δy = εyL = (378.94034 × 10 m/m)(80 mm) = 0.03031522726 mm

D = 80 mm + 0.03031522726 mm = 80.03031522726 mm

Problem No. 2:
Imagine a cylindrical steel container, fabricated from a plate 10 mm in thickness,
possessing an inner diameter of 1.20 m. Determine the change in diameter that would
occur due to an internal pressure of 1.5 MPa. Take into account a Poisson’s ratio of 0.30
and a modulus of elasticity (E) of 200 GPa.

Solution No. 2:
σy = longitudinal stress

pD
σy =
4t

(1.5 M P a)(1, 200 mm)

σy =
4(10 mm)

σy = 45 M P a

σx = tangential stress

pD
σx =
2t
 (1.5 M P a)(1, 200 mm)
σx ==
2(10 mm)

σx = 90 M P a

σx σy
εx = − v
E E

90 M P a 45 M P a
εx − 0.3
200, 000 M P a 200, 000 M P a

−4
εx = 3.825 × 10 mm/mm

ΔD
εx = → D = εxΔD
D

−4
D = (3.825 × 10 mm/mm)(1, 200 mm)

D = 0.459 mm

Problem No. 3:
Consider a bronze tube, 6 inches in length, with a diameter of 3 inches and a wall
thickness of 0.10 inches. The tube, which has closed ends, fits perfectly between two rigid
end walls when there is no internal pressure. Determine the longitudinal and tangential
stresses when the tube is subjected to an internal pressure of 6000 psi. Assume a
Poisson’s ratio (ν) of 1/3 and a modulus of elasticity (E) of 12 × 10^6 psi.

Solution No. 3:
σx σy
εx = − v = 0 → σx = vσy
E E

σx = vσy = σL → longitudinal stress

σy = σT → tangential stress

pD (6, 000 psi)(3 in)

σT = =
2t 2(0.10 in)

σT = 30 ksi

Triaxial
Problem No. 1:
Imagine an rectangular aluminum block with dimensions of 100 mm, 75 mm, and 50 mm
along the X, Y, and Z axes respectively. This prism is under the influence of triaxial forces:
a tensile force of 200 kN along the X-axis, a compressive force of 160 kN along the Y-axis,
and a force of 220 kN along the Z-axis. Given the material properties of aluminum, with a
Poisson’s ratio (υ) of 1/3 and a modulus of elasticity (E) of 70 GPa, determine the
magnitude of a single distributed load in the X-direction that would result in the same
deformation in the Z-direction as the original loading.

Solution No. 1:
200, 000 N 6 2
σx = = 53.333 × 10 N /m
(0.075 m)(0.05 m)

160, 000 N
6 2
σy = − = −32 × 10 N /m
(0.05 m)(0.1 m)

220, 000 N
6 2
σz = − = −29.333 × 10 N /m
(0.075 m)(0.1 m)

1
εz = [σz − υ(σx + σy)]
E

1 1
6 2 6 2 6 2
εz = (−29.333 × 10 N /m − (53.333 × 10 N /m − 32 × 10 N /m ))
9
70 × 10
2
N /m 3

−3
εz = −0.5206 × 10 m/m

A single distributed load in the X-direction that would result in the same deformation in the
Z-direction as the original loading implies that the loads in the Y and Z directions are zero.
Therefore,

1
εz = [σz − υ(σx + σy)]
E

1 1
−3 2 2
−0.5206 × 10 m/m = (0 N /m − (σx − 0 N /m )
9 2
70 × 10 N /m 3

6 2
σx = 109.326 × 10 N /m

P = σxA

6 2
P = (109.326 × 10 N /m )(0.05 m × 0.075 m)

P = 409.9725 kN

Problem No. 2:
Consider a rectangular steel block with dimensions 3 inches in the x-direction, 2 inches in
the y-direction, and 4 inches in the z-direction. This block undergoes triaxial loading with
three uniformly distributed forces: a tension of 48 kips in the x-direction, a compression of
60 kips in the y-direction, and a tension of 54 kips in the z-direction. Given that the
Poisson’s ratio (ν) is 0.30 and the modulus of elasticity (E) is 29 × 10^6 psi, calculate the
magnitude of a single uniformly distributed load in the x-direction that would result in the
same deformation in the y-direction as caused by the original loading.

Solution No. 2:
Note that compressive stresses are negative stresses.

Px 48 kips
σx = = = 6, 000 psi (tension)
Ayz (4 in)(2 in)

Py 60 kips
σy = = = 5, 000 psi (compression)
Axz (4 in)(3 in)

Pz 54 kips
σz = = = 9, 000 psi (tension)
Axy (2 in)(3 in)

1
εy = [σy − υ(σx + σz)]
E

1
εy = [−5, 000 psi − 0.3(6, 000 psi + 9, 000 psi)]
6
29 × 10 psi

−4
εy = −3.276 × 10 m/m

εy σx
υ = − → −υεx = εy → −υ = εy
εx E

σx
−4
−0.3( ) = −3.276 × 10 m/m
6
29 × 10 psi

σx = 31.6667 ksi

Px = σxAyz = (31.6667 ksi)(4 in)(2 in)

Px = 253.3333 kips (tension)