03 Pakistan and Afghanistan

PAKISTAN
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 3
THE LAND OF
THE PURE
PUNJAB
AFGHANIA
KASHMIR
IRAN
SINDH
TUKHARISTAN
AFGHANISTAN
BALUCHISTAN
https://geology.com/world/pakistan-satellite-image.shtml
ISLAM IS THE DOMINANT RELIGION.
96.47% OF PAKISTANS ARE MUSLIMS.
PAKISTAN HAS THE SECOND-LARGEST NUMBER

OF MUSLIMS IN THE WORLD AFTER INDONESIA.
RELIGION
HINDUISM IS THE SECOND LARGEST RELIGION IN
PAKISTAN.
PAKISTAN HAD THE FIFTH LARGEST HINDU

POPULATION IN THE WORLD
CHRISTIANITY AND OTHER RELIGIONS – NEXT

LARGEST
• PRE-ISLAMIC
FOUR
RECOGNIZED • ISLAMIC
PERIODS • COLONIAL
• POST-COLONIAL
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
o EARLIEST KNOWN CIVILIZATION IN THE INDO-PAK REGION OF SOUTH ASIA
o COMPRISES OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS INCLUDING THE LARGE CITIES OF HARAPPA AND MOHENJO
DARRO
POST-
PRE- ISLAMIC COLONIAL
COLONIAL
ISLAMIC
HARAPPA
o ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE IN
PUNJAB, PAKISTAN
o BRONZE AGE FORTIFIED

CITY
o 23,500 RESIDENTS
o 150 HECTARES
o CLAY BRICK HOUSES
POST-
COLONIAL
ISLAMIC
MOHENJO-
DARO
o MEANING ‘MOUND OF
DEAD MEN’
THE PROVICE OF SINDH,
PAKISTAN
o ONE OF THE WORLD’S

EARLIEST MAJOR CITIES
o UNESCO WORLD
HERITAGE SITE IN 1980
POST-
COLONIAL
ISLAMIC
Great Bath
o LARGE AND ELABORATE
PUBLIC BATH
o BRICK-BUILT POOL,
WATERPROOFED BY
LINING OF BITUMEN
o IT MAY HAVE BEEN USED

FOR RELIGIOUS
PURIFICATION
POST-
COLONIAL
ISLAMIC
TAXILA
RAWALPINDI DISTRICT
o GANDHARA PERIOD
o CONTAINS THE RUINS OF

THE GANDHARAN CITY OF
TAKSASILA
o UNESCO WORLD
POST-
COLONIAL
ISLAMIC
TAXILA
RAWALPINDI DISTRICT
o CONTAINS THE RUINS OF

THE GANDHARAN CITY OF
TAKSASILA
o UNESCO WORLD
POST-
COLONIAL
ISLAMIC
TAKHT-I-BAHI
& SAHR-I-
BAHLOL
o LOCATED IN KHYBER
PAKHTUNKHWA
o TAKHT-I-BAHI, MEANING
SPRING THRONE
o BUDDHIST MONASTIC
COMPLEX LOCATED ON TOP OF
A 152m HIGH HILL
o SAHR-I-BAHLOL – SMALL
FORTIFIED CITY
o BUDDHISM MONASTERY
CONSISTING OF FOUR MAIN
GROUPS:
o THE COURT OF STUPAS
o MONASTIC COMPLEX
o TEMPLE COMPLEX
o TANTRIC MONASTIC COMPLEX
POST-
COLONIAL TAKHT-I-BAHI
ISLAMIC
TAKHT-I-BAHI
& SAHR-I-
BAHLOL
o LOCATED IN KHYBER
PAKHTUNKHWA
o TAKHT-I-BAHI, MEANING
SPRING THRONE
o BUDDHIST MONASTIC
COMPLEX LOCATED ON TOP OF
A 152m HIGH HILL
o SAHR-I-BAHLOL – SMALL
FORTIFIED CITY
o BUDDHISM MONASTERY
CONSISTING OF FOUR MAIN
GROUPS:
o THE COURT OF STUPAS
o MONASTIC COMPLEX
o TEMPLE COMPLEX
o TANTRIC MONASTIC COMPLEX
POST-
COLONIAL SAHR-I-BAHLOL
ISLAMIC
IWAN - MOST IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTIC
RECTANGULAR HALL OR SPACE
USUALLY VAULTED
INDO-ISLAMIC WALLED ON THREE SIDES WITH ONE END

ENTIRELY OPEN
FORT AND
SHALAMAR
GARDENS
o LOCATED IN LAHORE,
PUNJAB
o DISTINCT ROYAL
COMPLEXES FROM
MUGHAL ERA
o SHALAMAR GARDENS –
CONSTRUCTED BY THE
EMPEROR SHAH JAHAN IN
1642
o INFLUENCED BY PERSIAN
AND ISLAMIC TRADITIONS
POST-
COLONIAL
ISLAMIC
SHAH JAHAN
MOSQUE
o JAMIA MASJID OF TATTHA
o SERVES AS THE CENTRAL

MOSQUE FOF THE CITY OF
THATTA
o CONSIDERED TO HAVE
THE MOST ELABORATE
DISPLAY OF TILE WORK IN
SOUTH ASIA
o GIFT BY SHAH JAHAN TO

THE PEOPLE OF SINDH
POST-
COLONIAL
ISLAMIC
SHAH JAHAN
MOSQUE
o VIEW FROM THE GARDENS
POST-
COLONIAL
ISLAMIC
SHAH JAHAN
MOSQUE
o TILE WORKS
POST-
COLONIAL
ISLAMIC
SHAH JAHAN
MOSQUE
o MAIN DOME
o STELLATE PATTERN
o REPRESENT THE NIGHT

SKY
POST-
COLONIAL
ISLAMIC
SHAH JAHAN
MOSQUE
o BRICKWORK ALONG
CORRIDORS
POST-
COLONIAL
ISLAMIC
SHAH JAHAN
MOSQUE
o BRICKWORK IN
GEOMETRIC PATTERNS
POST-
COLONIAL
ISLAMIC
BADSHAHI
MOSQUE
o LOCATED IN LAHORE,
PUNJAB
o SECOND LARGEST
MOSQUE IN PAKISTAN
AFTER FAISAL MOSQUE
o SUMBOLIZES THE RIGH

MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE
o LARGEST MOSQUE IN THE

MUGHAL EMPIRE
POST-
COLONIAL
ISLAMIC
CHAUKHANDI
TOMBS
o LOCATED IN KARACHI,
SINDH
o CONSTRUCTED OUT OF
HUGE SANSTONE SLABS
o SLABS ARE CARVED WITH

INTRICATE PATTERNS,
DRAWINGS AND
RELATABLE SCENES
POST-
COLONIAL
ISLAMIC
CHAUKHANDI
TOMBS
o LOCATED IN KARACHI,
SINDH
o CONSTRUCTED OUT OF
HUGE SANSTONE SLABS
o SLABS ARE CARVED WITH

INTRICATE PATTERNS,
DRAWINGS AND
RELATABLE SCENES
o Domed yellow sandstone

canopies that were
plastered white with
wooden doorways
POST-
COLONIAL
ISLAMIC
INTERIOR OF ONE OF THE
TALPUR TOMBS
POST-
COLONIAL
ISLAMIC
INDO-
SARACENIC
ARCHITECTURE
o MIX OF EUROPEAN AND
INDO-ISLAMIC
COMPONENTS
o EUROPEAN
ARCHITECTURAL STYLES
SUCH AS BAROQUE,
GOTHIC, AND
NEOCLASSICAL BECAME
MORE PROMINENT
POST-
COLONIAL KARACHI METROPOLITAN CORPORATION BUILDING, KARACHI
ISLAMIC
INDO-
SARACENIC
ARCHITECTURE
o MIX OF EUROPEAN AND
INDO-ISLAMIC
COMPONENTS
o EUROPEAN
ARCHITECTURAL STYLES
SUCH AS BAROQUE,
GOTHIC, AND
NEOCLASSICAL BECAME
MORE PROMINENT
POST-
COLONIAL UNIVERISTY OF PUNJAB
ISLAMIC
PAKISTAN
MOVEMENT
o SOUGHT A HOMELAND
FOR THE MUSLIMS OF
BRITISH INDIA
o ALL INDIA MUSLIM

LEAGUE
POST-
COLONIAL
ISLAMIC
14 August 1947 – Pakistan gained independence. India gain independence the following day.
2 Provinces of British India were divided along religious lines: Punjab and Bengal
POST-
COLONIAL
ISLAMIC
MINAR E
PAKISTAN
o NATIONAL MONUMENT
LOCATED IN LAHORE,
PAKISTAN
POST-
COLONIAL
ISLAMIC
FAISAL
MOSQUE
o DESIGNED BY TURKISH
ARCHITECT VEDAT
DALOKAY
o SIXTH-LARGEST MOSQUE
IN THE WORLD, LARGEST
WITHIN SOUTH ASIA
o WITHOUT A TYPICAL
DOME
o EIGHT SIDES OF
CONCRETE SHELL,
SHAPED LIKE A BEDOUIN
TENT
POST-
COLONIAL
ISLAMIC
FAISAL
MOSQUE
o CAN ACCOMMODATE
300,000 WORSHIPPERS
o HOUSES A LIBRARY,
LECTURE HALL, MUSEUM,
AND CAFE.
o COVERED WITH WHITE

MARBLE
o DECORATED WITH
MOSAICS AND
CALLIGRAPHY
o TURKISH-STYLE
CHANDELIER
POST-
COLONIAL
ISLAMIC
I tried to capture the spirit, proportion, and geometry of Kaaba in a purely
abstract manner. Imagine the apex of each of the four minarets as a scaled
explosion of four highest corners of Kaaba – thus an unseen Kaaba form is
bounded by the minarets at the four corners in a proportion of height to base.
Shah Faisal Mosque is akin to the Holy Kaaba in the designer's imaginative
eyes. Now, if you join the apex of each minaret to the base of the minaret
diagonally opposite to it correspondingly, a four-sided pyramid shall be bound
by these lines at the base side within that invisible cube. That lower level
pyramid is treated as a solid body while four minarets with their apex
complete the imaginary cube of Kaaba.
— Vedat Dalokay
AFGHANISTAN
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 3
LAND OF THE
AFGHANS
o ISLAMIC STATE OF
AFGHANISTAN
o ONE OF THE MOST
MOUNTAINOUS
COUNTRIES IN THE
WORLD
o HOME FOR VAST
NETWORK OF RIVERS AND
FERTILE VALLEYS
o ASVAKAN / ASSAKAN –
ANCIENT INHABITANTS OF
THE HINDU KUSH REGION
ISLAM IS THE DOMINANT RELIGION.
99.7% OF AFGHAN ARE MUSLIMS.
RELIGION OTHER FAITHS:
CHRISTIANS
SIKHS
HINDUS
BAHA’I
ARCHITECTURE
EARLY
BUDDHIST
ARCHITECTURE
o ARTIFICIAL CAVE
STRUCTURES -
SACTUARIES AND CELLS
FOR BUDDHIST MONKS
o BAMIYAN PROVINCE –
CAPITAL OF BUDDHISM IN
THE 4TH CENTURY AD
o MOST PROMMINENT
EXAMPLE
Stupa
o KEY ARCHITECTURAL
FORM OF THE EARLY
BUDDHIST PERIOD
Stupa excavated 35km from Kabul, Afghanistan

Topdara Stupa
o LARGEST STANDING
STUPA IN AFGHANISTAN
o LOCATED NEAR THE SITE

OF THE ANCIENT CITY OF
KAPISA (NOW BAGRAM)
EARLY ISLAMIC
ARCHITECTURE
o 8TH CENTURY AD
MAUSOLEUM
o SIGNIFICANT ISLAMIC
STRUCTURE
o DOMED SQUARE CHAMBER

OR A CONICAL CUPOLA
ATOP A TOWER
MAUSOLEUM AT MAZAR-I
SHARIF
o POINT OF GREAT
PILGRIMAGE FOR THE
SUNNI MUSLIM
POPULATION IN
AFGHANISTAN
SHRINE OF
HAZRAT ALI
o LOCATED IN HAZAR E
SHARIF
o BUILT IN THE 1100s

DESTROYED BY GENGHIS
KHAN BY THE 1200s,
REBUILT IN 1481
HERAT BLUE
MOSQUE
o THE GREAT MOSQUE OF
HERAT
o GHURIDS BUILT THE

ENTIRE MOSQUE USING
BRICK
o LAYOUT – TYPICAL 4-
IWAN PLAN WITH AND
INTERIOR COURTYARD
AND A WATER BASIN
o MAIN IWAN
MINARET OF
JAM
o UNESCO WORLD
HERITAGE SITE
o LOCATED IN SHAHRAK
DISTRICT, GHOR
PROVINCE, NEXT TO HARI
RIVER
o 65m HIGH MINARET
o BUILT AROUND 1190
o MADE FROM BAKED
BRICKS
o FAMOUS FOR ITS
INTRICATE BRICK,
STUCCO, AND GLAZED
TILE DECORATION
SHAHADA
Inscriptional “I bear witness there is no god but Allah (and that)
Muhammad is the messenger of Allah.”
Content “Help from Allah and present victory. Give good
tidings (O Muhammad) to believers. O ye who
believe.”
NAMES AND TITLES OF GHIYATH AD-DIN

MUHAMMAD BIN SAM
AMPLIFIED VERSION OF GHIYATH AD-DIN

MUHAMMAD’S NAMES AND TITLES IN TURQOUISE
MOSAIC TILES
OBLONG HEXAGON WITH TWO LINES OF NASHKI
“Abu’l-Fath”
Interlaces bands consisting of surat Maryam XIX
Kufic inscription
“On the date of the year five hundred ninety”
(27 December 1193 – 16 December 1194)
BIBI-KHANYM
MOSQUE
TIMURID
• ONE OF THE
ARCHITECTURE MOST
IMPORTANT
o DOUBLE DOME BECAME MONUMENTS OF
FREQUENTLY USED SAMARKAND
o IWAN DEVELOPED INTO A
MONUMENTAL ENTRANCE
HALL
o INTRODUCTION OF GLAZED
AND PLYCHROME TILES:
turquoise, white and royal
blue
o FLORAL MOTIFS,
DEPICTIONS OF MOUNTAINS
AND CLOUDS
o ORNAMENTATION INSPIRED
BY CHINESE ARE
Thank you!

03 Pakistan and Afghanistan

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03 Pakistan and Afghanistan

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PAKISTAN

96.47% OF PAKISTANS ARE MUSLIMS.

PAKISTAN HAS THE SECOND-LARGEST NUMBER

PAKISTAN HAD THE FIFTH LARGEST HINDU

CHRISTIANITY AND OTHER RELIGIONS – NEXT

o BRONZE AGE FORTIFIED

o CLAY BRICK HOUSES

o ONE OF THE WORLD’S

o IT MAY HAVE BEEN USED

o CONTAINS THE RUINS OF

o CONTAINS THE RUINS OF

RECTANGULAR HALL OR SPACE

INDO-ISLAMIC WALLED ON THREE SIDES WITH ONE END

o SERVES AS THE CENTRAL

o GIFT BY SHAH JAHAN TO

o REPRESENT THE NIGHT

o SUMBOLIZES THE RIGH

o LARGEST MOSQUE IN THE

o SLABS ARE CARVED WITH

o SLABS ARE CARVED WITH

o Domed yellow sandstone

o ALL INDIA MUSLIM

o COVERED WITH WHITE

99.7% OF AFGHAN ARE MUSLIMS.

RELIGION OTHER FAITHS:

Stupa excavated 35km from Kabul, Afghanistan

o LOCATED NEAR THE SITE

o DOMED SQUARE CHAMBER

o BUILT IN THE 1100s

o GHURIDS BUILT THE

NAMES AND TITLES OF GHIYATH AD-DIN

AMPLIFIED VERSION OF GHIYATH AD-DIN

OBLONG HEXAGON WITH TWO LINES OF NASHKI

Interlaces bands consisting of surat Maryam XIX

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