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Refrigeration and Building

Mechanical System

ME 415

Course Teacher:

Dr. Mohammad Arif Hasan Mamun

Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
BUET 1

Course Content (My Part):

Concept of refrigeration and its applications;
Analysis of vapor compression refrigeration,
Multi-evaporator, multi-compressor systems;
Concept of air conditioning and its uses; Cooling load calculation;
Psychrometric analysis;
Air conditioning systems; Air distribution systems; Duct design
methods; Air conditioning equipment; Application criteria; Control
systems.
Fire Hazards; Fire fighting equipment;
Vertical transportation, its system design;
Escalators and moving ramps.
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Reference Books:
1. Ahmadul Ameen (2006), Refrigeration & Air-conditioning,
Prentice Hall.
2. Hundy, Trott & Welch, 4th Edition, Refrigeration & Air-
conditioning, Butterworth-Heinemann.
3. McQuiston, Parker & Spitler (2005), Heating, Ventilating &Air-
conditioning: Analysis & Design, J. Wiley & Sons, Inc.
4. Stoecker & Jones (1983), Refrigeration & Air-conditioning,
McGraw-Hill, Inc.
5. Dossat (1996), Principles of Refrigeration, Prentice Hall.
6. McDowall (2007), Fundamentals of HVAC Systems, Elsevier.
7. Grondzik, Kwok, Stein & Reynolds (2010), Mechanical &
Electrical Equipment for Buildings, J. Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Reference Books:
8. Design of Water-based Fire Protection System: Robert M.
Gagnon, Delmar Publishers, 1997
9. Bangladesh National Building Code (2020)
10. NFPA Standards

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Refrigeration:
Refrigeration is a process of reducing and maintaining low
temperature of a space or material below the temperature of the
surroundings.

“Refrigeration is the process of removing heat from an enclosed

space, or from a substance, and rejecting it elsewhere for the
purpose of lowering the temperature of the enclosed space or
substance and then maintaining that lower temperature.”

It is usually done with the aid of a mechanical device (e.g.

pump/compressor) using a substance (called a refrigerant)
which absorbs heat from low temperature (objects/space)
and releases heat to elsewhere at high temperature.

A refrigerant usually works in two-phase conditions, i.e.,

liquid and gas, e.g., vapor compression refrigeration system.

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Schematic Diagram of Different Components of Vapor

Compression Refrigeration System:

Different Components of a Refrigeration System:

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Evaporator:

Compressor:

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Condenser:

Expansion Valve:

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Applications of Refrigeration Systems:

1. Domestic Refrigeration

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2. Commercial Refrigeration

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 Meats, poultry and fish all must be kept in climate-controlled

environments before being sold.

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3. Industrial Refrigeration

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 Cold Storage: for Fruits, Vegetable, Meat, Fish etc.

Potato Cold Storage

Temp: 2-4 Deg C
RH: 90% 17

Fish Cold Storage

Temp: -10 to -40 Deg C 18

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Slow Freezing: accomplished by placing the product in a low

temperature room and allowing it to freeze slowly, usually in still
air.

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Quick Freezing:
• Smaller ice crystals are formed & less damage to the cells.
• Freezing period is small, less time is allowed for diffusion of salts &
separation of water.
• Temperature is quickly reduced, hence bacteria/yeast growth rates are
retarded, thus preventing decomposition during freezing.

There are three different types of quick freezing system:

I. Air Blast Freezing
II. Immersion Freezing
III. Indirect Contact Freezing

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Air Blast Freezing

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 Immersion Freezing

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 Liquid immersion freezing is accomplished when a food product,

either packaged or unpackaged, is frozen by immersion in or by
spraying with a Refrigerant that remains liquid throughout the
process.

Aqueous solutions of the following substances have been used as

Refrigerant :
Liquid Nitrogen, Propylene glycol, Glycerol, Sodium chloride,
and mixtures of salt and sugar.
This technique, although not common, is used commercially for
canned citrus juice concentrate (cans of juice are passed continuously
through a chamber containing liquid freezant); for poultry especially
during the initial stages of freezing ( to impart a uniform, white color
to the surface); and an occasionally for fish and shrimp. 23

 Immersion Freezing

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Plate Freezing

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Other Industrial Refrigeration applications:

 Dairy products are constantly in need of refrigeration

 To liquefy gases like oxygen, nitrogen, propane and
methane.
 In oil refineries, chemical plants and petrochemical plants,
refrigeration is used to maintain certain processes at their
required low temperatures.
 Metal workers use refrigeration to temper steel and
cutlery.

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4. Marine & transportation refrigeration

In transportation temperature sensitive foodstuffs and other
materials by trucks, trains, airplanes and sea going vessels

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5. Comfort air-conditioning
 Comfort air-conditioning is for human comfort.
 It involves control of space temperature (cooling/heating),
humidity, ventilation, air-motion and cleaning/filtering of air.
Noise Control

Window type A/C

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Split type A/C

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Chiller Type or
Central A/C

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Ducting System:

6. Industrial air-conditioning

Air conditioning and dust removal of the machines is extremely

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important in the weaving mill.

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Functions of industrial air-conditioning include:

 control of moisture of hygroscopic materials.
 govern the chemical/bio-chemical reaction rates.
 limit the variation of size of precision manufacturing items
because of thermal expansion and contraction.
 provide clean, filtered air for production of quality products.
 ensure space temperature/humidity/air-motion for production
requirement.

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Problem:
A Simple vapor compression refrigeration cycle using R134a as
refrigerant operates on an ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle
between 0.12 and 0.7 MPa. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is
0.06 kg/s. Determine:
1. The rate of heat removal of the refrigerated space and the
power input to the compressor
2. The rate of heat rejection to the environment
3. The Coefficient of performance, COP

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Multi-pressure Vapor Compression System

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2 Compressor &
1 Evaporator at
very low
Temperature

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h2 = 402.56 kJ/kg
h4 = 418.65 kJ/kg

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