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13th ISRM International
Congress of Rock
Effect of Temperature on the Dilatancy of Rocks from the
Mechanics Bushveld Complex 
May 10–13, 2015 G. O. Oniyide; H. Yilmaz
Montreal, Canada Paper presented at the 13th ISRM International Congress of Rock Mechanics, Montreal, Canada,
May 2015.
All Days
Paper Number: ISRM-13CONGRESS-2015-232
Published: May 10 2015
ISBN: 978-1-926872-25-4

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Abstract
This paper presents the result of the research done on the effect of
temperature on the dilatancy of rocks from the Bushveld Igneous Complex
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(BIC), where the South African Platinum mines are located. The BIC has higher
virgin rock temperature (VRT) than the gold mines of the ‘Witwatersrand Basin
Complex’. If the platinum mines advance to ultra-deep levels as the gold
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the virgin rock temperature at 5 km below surface would be approximately
Proceedings Paper Activity Alert Alert
140°C. Hence, there is a need for the investigation of rock behaviour at high
temperatures. Five different rock types (norite, leuconorite, mottled anorthosite, Latest Conference Proceeding Alert

pyroxenite and chromitite) were tested in a 2600 kN servo-controlled multi-

purpose triaxial testing machine. The tests were done at a constant strain rate
of 5 × 10−1 S −1 and a confining pressure of 10 MPa within temperature range of Advertisement

20 °C (ambient temperature) to 140 °C. The results show a general strength

reduction and increasing dilation angles with increasing temperatures. The
results also demonstrate that dilation angle is close to the internal friction
angle at lower temperatures; however, they are greater at higher temperatures.
Introduction
Many challenges are faced with increasing depth of mining in underground
mines. The most obvious are heat, in-situ stresses and those associated with
logistics. Issues related to underground heat have mainly focused on the side
effect of heat on workers' health, increasing production costs as a result of
higher cost of ventilation. The effect of increasing temperature with increasing
depth on the behavior of rock has not been given much consideration.
Generally, gold mines in South Africa are deeper than the platinum mines but
the latter have higher temperature gradient, which makes the platinum mines Suggested Reading
to be warmer at similar mining depths. Although the study of the effect Applications for Continuum Modelling of
temperature on the behaviour of rock can be beneficial to both gold and Brittle Rock Fracture with a Focus on
platinum mines, the focus of the research is limited to the platinum mines Dilatancy During Failure
because of their higher temperature gradient. Donoghue (2004) stated that the CONGRESS13
virgin rock temperatures (VRT) and air temperatures increase with depth, due to Dilation of Shales under Triaxial
the geothermal gradient and auto-compression, that is, compression of air by Compression
its own weight. ARMA16

Some of the rock stability challenges that may be faced by underground Interpretation Of UCS Test Results For
Engineering Design
openings with increasing depth of mining in the platinum mines would result
CONGRESS13
from higher in-situ stresses and temperature gradient. Therefore, the study of
the influence of high stresses and temperatures on the behaviour of the rocks Study on the Anisotropy of Mechanical
from BIC mines is considered to be important. This paper examines the effect of Properties of Slate
temperature on the dilatancy of rocks from the BIC. CONGRESS13

The Role of Capillary Suction and

Dilatancy on the Interpretation of the
 Keywords: Reservoir Characterization, Upstream Oil & Gas, reservoir Confined Strength of Clay Shales
geomechanics, structural geology, volumetric strain, axial strain, chromitite, CONGRESS13
oniyide, post-peak dilation angle, rock type

Subjects: Reservoir Characterization, Exploration, development, structural

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geology, Reservoir geomechanics

2015. Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy & Petroleum and ISRM

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