ETHIO NATIONAL SCHOOL

2020 G.C 4TH QUARTER MATHEMATICS LESSON NOTE for GRADE 11

 Dear students:- Copy the note and do the given homework on your exercise book!

Subject: Mathematics Grade & section: 11(A–E)

Unit: 6&7
Main topic: Argand Diagram and Polar representation of Complex numbers
Sub topic/s:
Page range from: 283-289

MONDAY, APRIL 20,2020

Objective of the lesson
At the end of this lesson you should be able to:
 Apply complex numbers to solve equations
Square root of Complex numbers
Example 7:Find square root of 35 − 12
Solution: Let √35 − 12 = + .

35 − 12 = ( + ) …………………………….squaring both sides

35 − 12 = − +2 .Comparing the respective real and imaginary parts,

− = 35……………………………………………………………..equation 1(real part)

2 = −12…………………………………………………………………..The imaginary part

= − …………………………………………………………………………equation 2

Substituting = − in equation 2 for y

6
⟹ − = 35

⟹ − 35 − 36 = 0

⟹( − 36)( + 1) = 0

⟹( − 36) = 0 but + 1 ≠ 0 because x is real

⟹ = ±6. Since =− ⟹ = ±1 ∴ √35 − 12 = ±(6 − )

Class work: Solve the following

a) = −1 Ans. = ±

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b) − (1 − ) + 7 − 4 = 0 (Hint: Use quadratic formula and the concept of the above
example)
Ans. = −3 + 2 or = −2 +

c) = 1 − √3 Ans. = ±(√3 − )

The Argand diagram

Two methods: i. P(x, y) the point P on the (x, y)-plane

ii. Vector ⃗
x-axis is called the real axis.
y-axis is called the imaginary axis.
(Note: Ordered pairs:- eg. 2 + i =(2, 1) for 2 + i = x + iy on (x, y)-plane)
Example 8. Plot the following on the Argand diagram:
P =2+3i; B =3- i; A = -2 - i; M =4;E =2i

= +

= +

= ( + )

=
:( , ) ⇢ ( , )

Cartesian
Polar
representation
representation

Home work Exercise 7.6 page 289

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TUESDAY,APRIL 21,2020
Modulus (Distance OP) denoted by r or | | and given by Pythagoras theorem = | | =
| + |= +

Argument(angle ,for ℤ, + 360 is also argument of z) denoted by θ, arg z, arg(x +

iy) [or amp z, amp (x + iy) {amplitude} by definition, −180 < θ ≤ 180 .For ≠
0, tan(θ) = .In this equation, the value of θ ia upto a multiple of rad or 180 .

= 0, >0
In fact ( )= + ,where = 1, < 0, > 0
= −1, < 0, < 0

Example 9.Determine Argument of Z if = 1, = −1, = , = −

Solution: (1) = 0 , (−1) = 180 = , ( ) = 90 = , (− ) = −90 = −

Example 10: Express each of the following complex numbers in polar form

a) = −1 b) =3 c) =5+5 d) = 2 − 2√3

Solution: a) = −1 = −1 + 0 ⟹ = | | = 1 (−1) + 0

Arg(z)=Arg(-1+0i)= = .

Hence = −1 = + ,(−1,0) ⟶ (1, 0 )

b) = 3 = 0 + 3 ⟹ =| |= (0) + 3 = 3

⟹ = 3 = 3( + ) , (0,3) ⟶ 3,

c) = −5 + 5 ⟹ =| |= (−5) + 5 = 5√2 ,

Arg(-5+5i)= − =

Hence = −5 + 5 = 5√2 +

d) = 2 − 2√3 ⟹ =| |= 2 + (−2√3) = 4 ,
√
Arg(2 − 2√3 )= =−

Hence = 2 − 2√3 = 4 −

Example 11:Change to + form

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 a) = 2 cos + sin b) = −7 cos + sin c) 6, −

Solution:a) = 2 cos + sin = 2 0 + (−1) = −2

√ √
b) = −7 cos + sin = −7 − − = +
√ √
c) 6, − = 6 cos − + sin − =6 − − = −3√2 − 3√2

Example 12

a)5 cos + sin = 5 cos − sin = 5 cos + sin

b) √7 cos + sin = √7 cos + sin = √7 cos − sin

WEDNESDAY 22 APRIL,2020
The polar representation of a complex number is important because it gives a very
simple method of multiplying complex numbers.

Please read the proof of the theorem on page 288 of your text
Example 13

a)Let = 3 cos + sin and = 4 cos + sin ,then compute

i) and its modulus and principal argument

ii) and its modulus and principal argument

Solution: a) =3 cos + sin × 4 cos + sin

= (3 × 4) cos + + sin +

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 = 12 cos + sin = 12

Hence Arg( )= = + =Arg( )+Arg( ) and| | = 12

b) = = cos − + sin −

= 0.75 cos + sin

6 6
√
= 0.75 +

Hence = × 1 = and Arg = = − =Arg( )- Arg( )

Example 14.

√
a)Write = in polar form and determin its modulus and principal argument

√ √
Solution:| | = = | |
= =2

√ √
Since Arg =24Arg = 24Arg(√3 − )-24Arg(1 + ) =24 − − +2 =

= −10 + 10 = 0 ,take k=5

√
⟹ = = 2 (cos(−10 ) + sin(−10 )) or = 2 (cos(0 ) + sin(0 )) = 2

Exercise: Determine principal argument and modulus of the following and write in polar
form

a)(−4 + 4 ) b)
√

Note.
 ( + ) = +
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  ( + ) = − .
De Moivres Theorem.:(cos + sin ) = cos + sin
Example 15 a)Simplify the following

i) cos + sin ii) sin − icos iii)

b) For any non-zero complex number z, show that

i) + = 2cos( ) ii) − =2 ( )

Solution:i) cos + sin = cos 7 × + sin 7 ×

cos + sin =
2 2

ii) sin − icos = (cos − isin )

2 2
= (cos − isin
21 21

= (−1)(cos 14 × − isin 14 ×

√
= − (cos − isin )= −

( ) ( )
iii) = =(
( )∓ ( ) ( )∓ ( ))

= (cos 4 + sin 4 ) = (cos + sin )

= cos 7 + sin 7

bi) = (cos + sin ) = cos + sin …………………………equation 1

and = = (cos + sin )

= cos(− ) + sin(− )

= (cos − sin )…………………………………..equation 2

Adding equation 1&2 ∴ + = ( )

Subtracting equation 2 from equation 1∴ − = (

Exercise: Simplify the following(home work)

√ √
1. a) b) cos − sin c)
√ (

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d) For complex number = −1 − , compute
⁄
a) + b) − ⁄

THURSDAY APRIL,23,2020
Trigonometric Identities and DeMoivre’s Theorem

Example16. Obtain cos 3θ in terms of cos θ.

Consider using Pascal’s Triangle:

∴ (cos + sin ) = θ+3 θ θ − 3cosθsin θ − isin θ

= θ − 3cosθsin θ + i(3 θ θ − sin θ)

⟹The real part: 3θ = θ − 3cosθsin θ

= θ − 3cos(1 − cos θ)

=4 θ − 3cosθ

⟹The imaginary part: 3θ = θ θ − sin θ

= 3(1 − sin ) θ − sin θ

=3 θ − 4sin θ

Exercise: Expand the following

a) 2θ b) 4θ

Euler’s formula

= cos θ + sin θ

Therefore, = cos + sin = −1, = cos 2 + sin 2 = 1

⁄
If = cos θ + sin θ,then the roots of for any integer n is given by

= cos + sin where ≥ 2 and = 0,1,2, … , − 1

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Example 17:Find the roots of the following complex numbers

a) =1 b) = c) = −2 − 2√3 i

Solution:a)1 = cos 2 + sin 2

⟹ = cos 2 + sin 2
⁄
⟹ = (cos 2 + sin 2 )

⟹ = cos + sin ,where = 0,1,2

√
i.e = cos + sin =− +

√
, = cos + sin = cos + isin =− −

= cos + sin = cos + isin =1

√ √
Hence− + ,− − and 1 are cube root of unity.

⁄
b) = ⟹ = (cos 2 + sin 2 )

⟹ = cos + sin ,where = 0,1,2

√ √
⟹ = cos + sin = + ,, = cos + sin =− +

and = cos + sin = − are the roots of

c) = −2 − 2√3 ⟹ = cos + sin ,where = 0,1

√ √
⟹ = cos + sin = + and = cos + sin =− − are the
roots of −2 − 2√3

Exercise: Find the indicated roots for the following

a) Cube roots of − b) fourth roots of −1 c) square roots of

1 − √3

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FRIDAY APRIL,24,2020

Using Algebra to Represent Locus Problems

Example 18. Show algebraically that |
a)z -2 -i| = 4 represents a circle with radius 4 units and centre (2, 1)
Let z=x+yi,| − 2 − | = 4 ⟹ | + − 2 − | = |( − 2) + ( − 1) | = 4

⟹ ( − 2) + ( − 1) = 4

⟹ ( − 2) + ( − 1) = 16 is a circle whose center is(2,1) having radius 4

b)Sketch the curve of i) ( )=3 ii) ( )=4

Solution:

i) ( )=3⟹ ( + )

⟹ ( − +2 )=3

⟹ − =3

ii) ( )=4⟹ (( + )=4

⟹ (( + )=4
⟹ ( − +2 )=4
⟹2 =4
⟹ =2

Exercise: Describe in geometric terms, the curve described by

a)2| | = + ̅+4 b) ( + )<2

c) If = 1 + and = 2 + 3 ,then find the locus of z if | − |=| = |

Home work: Review exercise of unit 7 page 291

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