Structure of an atom:

Proton: Positively charged

Neutron: no charge
Electron: negatively charged
Electronegativity measures how strongly an atom attracts electrons.
(increases ↗ and fluorine is the most electronegative)

Rows = Periods
Columns = Groups: elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons

Group 1: alkali metals

Group 2: alkali earth metals
Groups 3-12: transition metals
Group 17: halogens (nonmetal)
Group 18: noble gases (nonmetal)

Ions:

Cations: atoms with lower # electrons than protons (positively charged) “t” for “+”
+ + + 2+ 2+
Examples: 𝑁𝑎 𝐾 𝐻 𝐶𝑎 𝑀𝑔
Sodium ion: 11 protons, 10 electrons
Anions: atoms with higher # electrons than protons (negatively charged)
− − − 2−
Examples: 𝐶𝑙 𝐼 𝐵𝑟 𝑆
Chloride ion: 17 protons, 18 electrons

Chemical bonds:
A force that holds two atoms together.

Covalent bonds: share electrons (hot potato)

Examples: 𝐻2, 𝑁2, 𝐻2𝑂, 𝐶𝑂2, 𝑁𝐻3, 𝐶𝐻4
Covalent bonds can be polar or nonpolar.
Polar: 𝐻2𝑂
Nonpolar: 𝐶𝐻4

Ionic bond: one atom loses electrons, one gains electrons (magnetic)
Examples: 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙, 𝐾𝐵𝑟, 𝐾2𝑂, 𝐿𝑖𝐹, 𝐾𝐶𝑙

Isotopes:
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

Examples:

C-12: 6 protons, 6 electrons, 6 neutrons

C-13: 6 protons, 6 electrons, 7 neutrons
Types of chemical reactions:

Single displacement: A + BC → AC + B
Oxidation and reduction reactions: “OIL RIG”

Balancing equations:
Subscripts
𝐶𝐻4 : 1 carbon atom, 4 hydrogen atoms
Coefficients
2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 : 2 sodium atoms, 2 chloride atoms

Example:
𝑁2 + 𝐻2 → 𝑁𝐻3
N=2 N=1
H=2 H=3

Answer:
𝑁2 + 3𝐻2 → 2𝑁𝐻3

Example:
𝐶𝐻4 + 𝐶𝑙2 → 𝐶𝐶𝑙4 + 𝐻𝐶𝑙
C=1 C=1
H=4 H=1
Cl = 2 Cl = 5
Answer: 𝐶𝐻 + 4𝐶𝑙 → 𝐶𝐶𝑙 + 4𝐻𝐶𝑙
4 2 4

Acids & Bases:

pH: measures the acidity, or how many H+ ions (protons) a substance has.