Questions Answers

Kashmir insurgency
● The insurgency in Kashmir is different primarily because
it arises from differing perceptions with Pakistan and
the people of Kashmir valley on the accession of the
State of Jammu and Kashmir to the Indian Union at the
time of independence and the special status accorded to
the State through Article 370 of the Indian Constitution.
● The insurgency in J & K has been actively assisted by
the Government of Pakistan and the two countries have
fought in 1948, 1965, 1971, and the Kargil sector on
this issue.
● It has been the official policy of the Government of
Pakistan to bleed India through a thousand cuts to
weaken its resolve that J & K is an integral part of
1. How is the insurgency in Kashmir
India. Pakistan has, therefore, not lost any opportunity
different from the Maoist
to exploit any discontent in J&K.
insurgency?
Maoist insurgency
● The Maoist insurgency originates from apparent
discontent over agrarian reforms and exploitation of the
local population, especially tribals; and now has the
stated objective of the overthrow of the Indian State
and parliamentary democracy.
● It got its support by exploiting local grievances against
the local government to organize an armed liberation
struggle against the Indian State. It draws inspiration
from Mao Tse Tung’s Communist movement.
● It is not limited to any one state since the Maoists do
not believe in parliamentary democracy and is currently
spread in parts of at least 9 States in India.

● The Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) is the primary

external intelligence agency of India.
● It was established in 1968 following the intelligence
failures of the Indian-China and India-Pakistan wars,
which persuaded the Government of India to create a
specialized, independent agency dedicated to foreign
2. Write a short note on RAW.
intelligence gathering. Previously, both domestic and
foreign intelligence had been the purview of the
Intelligence Bureau.

Functions of RAW are the following:

● The primary function of R&AW is gathering foreign

3. Write a short note on IB.
4. Write a short note on NATGRID.
intelligence and counterterrorism.
● It is responsible for obtaining and analyzing information
about foreign governments, corporations, and persons
to advise Indian policymakers.
● It is also involved in the security of India’s nuclear
program.
● Monitoring the political, military, economic, and
scientific developments in countries that have a
direct bearing on India’s national security and the
formulation of its foreign policy.
● Molding international public opinion and influencing
foreign governments with the help of the strong and
vibrant Indian diaspora.
● To conduct Covert Operations to safeguard India’s
National interests.
● Anti-Terror Operations and neutralizing terror elements
posing a threat to India.
● The Intelligence Bureau (IB) is India’s internal
intelligence agency.
● It was recast as the Central Intelligence Bureau in 1947
under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
● IB is used to garner intelligence from within India and
also execute counterintelligence and counterterrorism
Tasks.
● In addition to domestic intelligence responsibilities, the
IB is particularly tasked with intelligence collection in
border areas, following the 1951 recommendations of
the Himmat Singh Committee (also known as the
North and North-East Border Committee), a task
entrusted to the military intelligence organizations
before independence in 1947.
● All spheres of human activity within India and in the
neighborhood are allocated to the charter of duties of
the Intelligence Bureau.
● The IB was also tasked with other external intelligence
responsibilities from 1951 until 1968 when the Research
and Analysis Wing was formed.
● National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID) was first
proposed in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks on
Mumbai in 2008.
● NATGRID is the integrated intelligence grid
connecting databases of core security agencies of
the Government of India to collect comprehensive
patterns of intelligence that can be readily accessed by
 intelligence agencies.
● It is an intelligence-sharing network that collates data
from the standalone databases of the various agencies
and ministries of the Indian government.
● It is a counter-terrorism measure that collects and
collates a host of information from government
databases including tax and bank account details, credit
card transactions, visa and immigration records, and
itineraries of rail and air travel.
● This combined data will be made available to 11 central
agencies, which are: Research and Analysis Wing, the
Intelligence Bureau, Central Bureau of Investigation, Financial
intelligence unit, Central Board of Direct Taxes, Directorate of
Revenue Intelligence, Enforcement Directorate, Narcotics
Control Bureau, Central Board of Excise and Customs and the
Directorate General of Central Excise Intelligence.

● The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs

had stated in its recommendation that the government
should immediately revive the idea of a National
Counter Terrorism Centre (NCTC) as a unified
counter-terrorism agency.
● NCTC is meant to subsume the Multi-Agency Center
(MAC), an intelligence-sharing “fusion center"
functioning under the Intelligence Bureau (IB), and its
5. Write a short note on the proposed operatives were to have arrest powers throughout
NCTC. India.
● NCTC was modeled on the American institution of the
same name. In wanting to emulate the US model, MHA
had overlooked a significant detail: the American NCTC
is part of its Directorate of National Intelligence (DNI),
which is manned by officials from the Pentagon, the
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Central
Investigation Agency (CIA) and other agencies who can
also access its databases.

● The National Investigation Agency (NIA) was set

up after the 2008 Mumbai terror attack as the central
counter-terrorism investigation organization.
Mandate and powers
● It was given the mandate to investigate serious
6. Write a short Note on NIA. offenses related to terrorist activities affecting
the sovereignty, security, and integrity of the
country.
● The agency is empowered to deal with terror-related
crimes across states without special permission from
the states.
 ● Various Special Courts have been notified by the Central
Government of India for the trial of the cases registered
at various police stations of NIA under the NIA Act
2008.
● The NIA Special Courts are empowered with all powers
of the court of sessions under the Code of Criminal
Procedure, 1973 for the trial of any offense.
● The Supreme Court of India has also been empowered
to transfer the cases from one special court to any
other special court within or outside the state if the
same is in the interest of justice in light of the
prevailing circumstances in any particular state.

● The Indian Army’s presence in Jammu and Kashmir is a

catalyst for the development of Kashmir.
● The army has a culture of extending its basic facilities
to the locals on humanitarian grounds. Thus,
emergency medical aid including evacuation of sick and
the ailing, advice on local developmental programs are
all part of the normal routine for the army in these
7. What is the Indian Army’s role in
places.
the development of Kashmir?
● As part of Operation Sadbhavana, projects were
undertaken to electrify remote rural villages and
hamlets with solar panels and windmills and provide job
opportunities to the poor people of these backward
areas.
● The Army also conducts coaching programs for Kashmiri
students to get into Medical colleges and IITs.

● Speaking in the Lok Sabha on 21 April 2003 Vajpayee

had defined his plan to deal with the complex issues
concerning Jammu and Kashmir.
● His approach towards addressing the Kashmir issue
came to be called the Vajpayee Doctrine. It also
8. Discuss the ‘Vajpayee Doctrine’
included improving relations with neighboring Pakistan.
approach to tackle the Kashmir
● The Vajpayee doctrine on Kashmir first coined the
issue.
slogan 'Insaniyat, Jamhuriyat, Kashmiriyat', which
meant humanity, Democracy, and keeping the
sanctity of the people of Kashmir.
● His doctrine aimed at achieving peace, progress, and
prosperity in the Valley.