‭Indian Foreign Policy: Objectives and Evolution‬

‭Foreign policy is like a country's plan for dealing with other‬ ‭Panchsheel:‬
‭countries. It's how they promote their ideas, interests, and goals‬
‭while adjusting to changes both at home and on the global‬
‭stage‬‭.‬
‭India - ancient civilizations in the world‬
‭Objectives and Principles of India’s Foreign Policy‬
‭●‬ ‭safeguard national interest‬
‭●‬ ‭promoting its external security.‬
‭●‬ ‭protecting the country’s political independence‬
‭●‬ ‭promote world peace‬
‭●‬ ‭prevent or resist military threats‬
‭●‬ ‭promote harmony and cooperation‬
‭●‬ ‭Advancing Indian representation and leadership on matters‬ ‭●‬ ‭i‬‭) Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity‬
‭of global governance‬‭.‬ ‭and sovereignty,‬
‭Principles‬ ‭●‬ ‭(ii) Mutual non-aggression ,‬
‭●‬ ‭Panchsheel‬ ‭●‬ ‭(iii) Mutual non-interference,‬
‭●‬ ‭Non-alignment‬ ‭●‬ ‭(iv) Equality and mutual benefit, and‬
‭●‬ ‭Anti-colonialism, Anti-imperialism and Anti-racism‬ ‭●‬ ‭(v) Peaceful co-existence.‬
‭●‬ ‭The principle of avoiding use of force in settling differ‬
‭●‬ ‭Strengthening the United Nations and other global and‬ ‭Non-Alignment Movement: not joining any of the‬
‭regional organizations and development of international law‬
‭military alliance formed by the USA and Soviet Union‬
‭Evolution of India’s Foreign Policy‬
‭●‬ ‭Kashmir Issue‬
‭●‬ ‭back to pre-independence days‬
‭●‬ ‭All-India Congress Committee in New Delhi in 1921 was “a‬ ‭●‬ ‭Indo-China Relation and War‬
‭landmark in the history of India’s foreign relations”.‬ ‭●‬ ‭Tibetan Crisis‬
‭●‬ ‭Congress passed a resolution on foreign policy‬ ‭●‬ ‭1962 Chinese Attack‬
‭●‬ ‭1927 - Session on to conduct independently the external‬
‭relations of India with the rest of the world without the‬
‭interference of the British government‬ ‭Foreign Policy under Lai Bahadur Shastri‬
‭●‬ ‭1947 - own foreign policy‬
‭●‬ ‭advocated the principles of friendship and cooperation with‬ ‭●‬ ‭Sirima-Shastri Pact (1964):‬
‭all the countries of the world‬
‭To settle the issue of Indian Tamils in the‬
‭●‬ ‭establishment of friendly relations with the neighbouring‬
‭then Ceylon, Shastri signed an accord with the‬
‭countries‬
‭●‬ ‭post-Independence - principle of non-alignment‬ ‭Sri Lanka in 1964.‬
‭India under Nehru:‬
‭●‬ ‭M‬‭ain architect of India’s foreign policy.‬ ‭●‬ ‭China’s Nuclear Explosion 1964‬

‭●‬ ‭Goals : End of colonialism and racism, independence from‬
‭power blocs, and close ties with China and Asian‬
‭neighbours.‬
‭●‬ ‭India needed a period of peace and stability to spur‬
‭economic growth and political stability‬
‭●‬ ‭India-Pakistan War (1965)‬
‭●‬ ‭Tashkent Declaration: between India and‬
‭Pakistan - to withdraw from all occupied‬
‭areas and return to pre-war positions.‬
‭Foreign Policy under Indira Gandhi‬
‭●‬ ‭more realistic than idealist.‬
‭●‬ ‭To regain India’s lost position in the world.‬
‭●‬ ‭1970- Bangladesh Crisis‬
‭●‬ ‭Shimla Declaration (1972) - India was ready to‬
‭negotiate with Pakistan on issue of withdrawal‬
‭of forces from Western and Kashmir front‬‭.‬
‭Rajiv Gandhi Years‬
‭●‬ ‭aimed at amity and good will amongst the‬
‭mankind.‬
‭●‬ ‭for a better world economic order and nuclear‬
‭disarmament.‬
‭●‬ ‭Commitment to Non-Alignment Movement‬
‭●‬ ‭Efforts to Strengthen SAARC‬
‭●‬ ‭Peace Mission to Sri Lanka‬
‭Narasimha Rao Period- 1991‬
‭●‬ ‭end of the cold war‬
‭●‬ ‭era of bipolar world politics and bloc politics in‬
‭international relations came to an end in 1991.‬
‭●‬ ‭Economic Reforms: - LPG‬
‭●‬ ‭Look East Policy - aimed at reducing India’s‬
‭isolation in international affairs and boosting‬
‭India’s involvement with the Association of‬
‭Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)‬
‭●‬ ‭Reasons for Look East Policy‬
‭○‬ ‭Economically Countering China‬
‭○‬ ‭Emerging Middle Class‬
‭○‬ ‭Containment from West and Central Asia‬
‭I.K. Gujaral Period‬
‭●‬ ‭Gujaral Doctrine‬
‭●‬ ‭N0 reciprocity , Promote regional cooperation,‬
‭non-interference, respect sovereignty, resolve‬
‭disputes peacefully.‬
‭AB Vajpayee Period‬
‭●‬ ‭OPPOSE NPT AND CTBT‬
‭●‬ ‭Bus Diplomacy with Pakistan‬
‭●‬ ‭Lahore Declaration: : 1999 -reduce forces along‬
‭the Line of Control.‬
‭Policy under Manmohan Singh‬
‭●‬ ‭Relationship with Russia - friendly relationship‬
‭●‬ ‭Relationship with USA - India-USA Civil‬
‭Nuclear Deal‬
‭●‬ ‭Manmohan Doctrine: stood for the greater‬
‭integration of India’s economy with the rest of‬
‭the world‬
‭●‬ ‭long term and mutually beneficial relations‬
‭with all major power‬
‭Foreign Policy under Narendra Modi‬
‭●‬ ‭Neighbourhood First” foreign policy - Eg‬
‭Invitation of Republic Day‬
‭●‬ ‭More focus on - 4 Ds – Democracy,‬
‭Demography and Demand and Diaspora‬
‭●‬ ‭strategic intent is shaped mainly by realism,‬
‭co-existence, cooperation and partnership‬
‭●‬ ‭Strengthening Cultural Connect and Soft Power‬
‭●‬ ‭Indian Diaspora- pro-active approach‬
‭●‬ ‭Closeness with USA : Civil Nuclear Agreement,‬
‭123 Agreement , LEMOA, COMCASA‬
‭●‬ ‭Look East to Act East‬
‭●‬ ‭SAGAR Vision- cooperation in the Indian Ocean‬
‭region‬
‭●‬ ‭Bridging Diplomacy and Development- Make‬
‭in India‬
‭India’s Foreign Policy Challenges‬
‭●‬ ‭Hostile Neighbour - Pak / China‬
‭●‬ ‭Relations with the Major Powers - US / Russia‬
‭●‬ ‭food security, water, energy and environment‬
‭●‬ ‭Cross Border terrorism - ISIS‬
‭●‬ ‭climate change and global environmental‬
‭degradation - Polluted cities‬
‭●‬ ‭Russia Ukraine Issue‬
‭●‬ ‭Internal Challenges - Naxalism / Poverty‬
‭●‬ ‭Refugee Crisis - Rohingyas‬
‭●‬ ‭Maritime Security- 2008 Mumbai attacks‬
‭●‬ ‭Cyber Security - Malware, Ransomware‬
‭●‬ ‭Drug Trafficking -Golden Crescent‬
‭(Afghanistan-Pakistan-lran)‬
‭Cultural Diplomacy -‬ ‭Determinants of India's Foreign Policy‬
‭●‬ ‭Yoga‬ ‭●‬ ‭G‬‭eograph‬‭y - Located in the Indian Ocean,‬
‭●‬ ‭Songs‬ ‭bordering the Himalayas and Arabian Sea‬
‭●‬ ‭Bollywood‬ ‭●‬ ‭History‬‭- Legacy of colonialism and Cold War‬
‭●‬ ‭Festivals‬ ‭Non-Alignment policy - BRICS group‬
‭●‬ ‭Security‬‭- Protecting national borders and‬
‭Sports Diplomacy‬ ‭ensuring territorial integrity - QUAD‬
‭●‬ ‭Cricket relationship‬ ‭●‬ ‭Economy‬‭- focus on trade and investment‬
‭partnerships - Free Trade Agreements with‬
‭Space Diplomacy‬ ‭ASEAN and UAE‬
‭●‬ ‭Satellite Systems and Rockets : ISRO has been‬ ‭●‬ ‭Culture‬‭- Strong civilizational heritage and‬
‭working with ONES (French space agency),‬ ‭diverse population - Soft Power - Yoga‬
‭NASA‬ ‭●‬ ‭Democracy‬‭- Commitment to democratic‬
‭●‬ ‭South Asia Satellite (SAS)‬ ‭values and human rights - UN peacekeeping‬
‭●‬ ‭cooperating with ASEAN through‬ ‭missions‬
‭COSPAS-SARSAT‬ ‭●‬ ‭Development‬‭- Lifting its own population and‬
‭Economic Diplomacy‬ ‭aiding other developing nations fuels India's‬
‭●‬ ‭use of all the economic tools like export, import,‬ ‭global development partnerships- South South‬
‭investment, lending, aid, free trade agreement,‬ ‭Cooperation‬
‭etc. to further the national interest.‬ ‭●‬ ‭Diaspora - dia‬‭spora communities worldwide‬
‭influence - US‬
‭Defence Diplomacy‬ ‭●‬ ‭Technology‬‭- India's growing technological‬
‭●‬ ‭Defence partnership with Russia, Israel, France‬ ‭prowess - joint satellite missions with Israel‬
‭USA‬ ‭/ NASA‬