FOREIGN POLICY IN

INDIA
India’s foreign policy
(1960-70)
 3 key features characterized India’s Foreign policy during
1960-70:
1.1962 onwards india played significant role in
organisations such as the UN and its peacekeeping
operations.

2. It emerged as a proponent of non-alignment

3. As a leader of non-alignment, it made a significant

contribution towards the process of decolonization.
 Till 1964
1. Non-alignment
2. Anti- colonialism and anti-imperialism
3. Panchsheel
4. Support for United Nations
5. Nehru’s role in the Indo-China border conflict
 1964-66
1.INDO-CEYLON AGREEMENT-
it was an agreement signed between india and Sri Lanka in 1964. The pact aimed to address the
grievances and issues faced by the Tamil-speaking minority in Sri Lanka, particularly in the
Northern and Eastern provinces.The agreement was named after the leaders of both countries at the
time: Sirimavo Bandaranaike, the Prime Minister of Sri Lanka, and Lal Bahadur Shastri, the Prime
Minister of India.
2.TASHKENT AGREEMENT –
India faced external pressure on Kashmir from the US and UK. The Tashkent Declaration was
signed between India(shastri) and Pakistan(Gen Ayub Khan) on 10 January 1966 to resolve the
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.
 1966-69

1.Resolution of the Goa dispute

2. Border negotiations with China
3. Engagement with neighbouring countries
INDIA'S FOREIGN POLICY
DURING 1970-1980
 INDIAN MINISTERS
DURING 1970-1980
Indira Gandhi (1970–77) — Swaran Singh— Yashwantrao Chavan
Morarji Desai (1977–79) — Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Charan Singh (1979–80) — Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra
1. Non-Alignment: Non-alignment was a cornerstone of India's foreign
policy, which meant that India sought to maintain its independence
and not align with any superpower bloc during the Cold War. This
policy was particularly important during the 1970s.

2. Improved Relations with the Soviet Union: India's relationship with the
Soviet Union deepened during this period. India signed a Treaty of Peace,
Friendship, and Cooperation with the Soviet Union in 1971, which was
seen as a strategic move to counterbalance Western influence in the region.

3. India showed remarkable use of hard power when it liberated

Bangladesh in the India-Pakistan war in 1971. India had signed a treaty
with the Soviet Union promising mutual assistance in the case of war, while
Pakistan received active support from the United States during the
conflict.
4. Economic Diplomacy: India pursued economic diplomacy during this period
by seeking foreign aid and investment to support its economic development.
The Green Revolution and efforts to modernize the agricultural sector were
key components of India's foreign policy, and it sought assistance from various
countries and international organizations for this purpose.

5. Nuclear Non-Proliferation: India remained critical of the Nuclear Non-

Proliferation Treaty (NPT) during the 1970s. India's stance on nuclear disarmament
and non-proliferation was driven by its desire to maintain a minimum credible nuclear
deterrent. This stance later led to India facing sanctions from US and its allies after
conducting a Peaceful nuclear explosion test in 1974 (Pokhran I).
6. However, it was a particularly complex phase as the US-China-Pakistan
axis that came into being at this time seriously threatened India’s
prospects as a regional power.

7. India- US relations- Relations with US strained badly under President Richard

Nixon when India signed the treaty of peace, Friendship and Co-operation with the
Soviet Union in 1971. The Pokhran Test also had driven a wedge in the Indo-US
relations. However, after a long time the visit of Henry Kissinger, the secretary of
the state of the US, to India in October 1974, helped to bridge the gap between the
two countries. But, on the other hand, Gandhi’s imposition of emergency in 1975
also strained the Indo-US relations.
INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY
1980-1990

Focus on Strategic Realism

Use of Pragmatism and Interventionist Approach in IFP

 Indira Gandhi (1980-84)

remains focused on Domestic Politics

continued her pragmatism in FP

7th NAM Summit in Delhi - 1983

Operation Blue Star - 1984

 Rajeev Gandhi (1984-89)

gave slogan: ‘to build for an India of 21st Century’

three fronts- Modernization, High Technology, Diversifying Relations.
was first to use Interventionist Approach in IFP (Sri Lanka & Maldives)
signed MoU on Technology Transfer with US
affirming relations with USSR
Rebuilding Phase and improving relations with China
Operation Brasstacks with Pakistan + Cricket Diplomacy
Operation Pawan - Sri Lanka
Operation Cactus - Maldives
Formation of SAARC - 1985
 MoU with US

on Technology Transfer
India wanted import of CRAY XMP - 24 from US
however, could procure CRAY XMP - 14
here onwards, Improvement in US-INDIA ties
‘ Minimal Realistic and Positive Orientation ‘
 Affirming Relations with USSR

Gandhi-Gorbachev Summit - 1986

exchanged Military and Economic Cooperation
India acquired the MIG - 29 fighter jets
However, late 1980s, decline in Soviet’s economy;
India’s shift towards alternative options (national interest)
 India and Neighbors
CHINA
1986- Sumdorong Chu Valley Standoff
realization of need for better relations
1988- R. Gandhi’s visit to China
Two Levels of relations with China
Conflict and Cooperation (beginning)
PAKISTAN
deteriorating relations with Pak
tension increased with Operation Brasstacks
a military operation by Indian Armed Force
later, in 1987, Cricket Diplomacy brought
down the tension
 SRI LANKA MALDIVES

challenge in IFP was dealing with Sri Lanka’s civil war

1987- Indo- Sri Lanka Peace Accord was signed
Operation Pawan was conducted
India sent it’s IPKF in Sri Lanka
Interventionist Approach (for first time)
similar Intervening approach in Maldives
in Operation Cactus
a military operation by Indian Army - 1988
purpose was to restore Maldivian President

US President said that India was adding a valuable contribution to creating regional
stability
 SAARC - 1985
formed by signing Dhaka Charter in 1985
1986- India hosted 2nd SAARC Summit
demanded - curb on all types terrorism
QUOTE
“SAARC is not a political
association... Bilateral relations
have their difficult moments.
SAARC reminds us that at such
moments we should seek what
unites us and not what divides
us.”
Rajiv Gandhi
 1990-2000
1. Economic Liberalization and Diplomacy (Globalization and Economic Diplomacy)

2. Non-Alignment Revisited

3. South Asian Dynamics

4. Nuclear Diplomacy

5. Look East Policy

6. Peacekeeping and UN Engagement

7. Counter-Terrorism and Security Cooperation

 RED

Fig.2
Fig.1
 India’s Global Diplomacy :
A Decade of Transformation (2010-2020)

In 2010-2020, India's foreign relations faced pivotal moments in a

shifting global landscape. This presentation delves into India's dynamic
foreign policy, showcasing its resilience and ambition. From
challenging neighbors to global power dynamics, economic diplomacy,
and global health leadership, India's journey exemplifies adaptability
and growth. Let's explore this transformative decade together.
 South Asia
Relations with neighbour
Pakistan
India-Pakistan relations
remained contentious, marked
by periodic border skirmishes
and terrorism-related issues.
The decade witnessed efforts
to restart dialogue, like the
UFA Agreement in 2015 and
the Kartarpur Corridor in 2019,
which aimed to facilitate
religious tourism.
Sri Lanka
India sought to maintain
Nepal good relations with Sri
Lanka, including supporting
Relations with Nepal faced
its reconciliation process
periodic ups and downs,
including disputes over border after the civil war and
territories and Nepal's assisting in infrastructure
development projects.
adoption of a new political
map in 2019 that claimed
certain areas controlled by
India.
South Asia
Relations with neighbour

BHUTAN
TIBET

-Region has been under the control of

China since 1950
India has supported Tibet which has affected our
 China
Complex Relations with a Rising Power

The India-China relationship remained

complex. The decade saw both
cooperation and competition,
particularly in economic and security
matters.
The Doklam standoff in 2017, a 73-day
military standoff, was a significant
event that highlighted border tensions
between the two countries. The Galwan
Valley clash in 2020 led to increased
tensions.
India participated in the China-led
Shanghai Cooperation Organization
(SCO) and BRICS but was also cautious
about China's Belt and Road Initiative
(BRI) and its implications for regional
influence.
US-INDIA Relataions
Deepening Strategic Partnership

The decade saw a significant deepening of ties between India and the United States.
The US recognized India as a major defense and strategic partner.

The Civil Nuclear Agreement was finalized in 2016, which allowed India access to
civilian nuclear technology and fuel.

Trade issues emerged, with the US criticizing India's trade practices and imposing
tariffs, leading to trade tensions.
 Economic Diplomacy Multilateral Engagement
Expanding Trade and Cooperation
India on the Global Stag

Gulf countries: Economic ties and investment . Role in BRICS and G20

India pursued economic cooperation with the Gulf countries,

It was part of the BRICS group (Brazil, Russia, India, China,
particularly the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia.
South Africa) and G20, where it discussed global economic
and security issues.
Bilateral trade and investments increased.

RCEP negotiations and concerns Advocating for UN Security Council reform

India's involvement in the RCEP negotiations faced internal India actively participated in multilateral organizations,
opposition due to concerns about protecting domestic advocating for reform in the United Nations Security Council
industries and agriculture (UNSC) to gain a permanent seat.
 Energy and Climate Change
Balancing Energy Needs and Sustainability"
Renewable energy goals and the International Solar Alliance.
India committed to addressing climate change and set
.
ambitious renewable energy goals, including the
International Solar Alliance (ISA) launched in 2015.
Environmental considerations
The decade saw India's efforts to balance its energy needs
with environmental sustainability
Counterterrorism and Security
Global Counterterrorism Efforts
SCO involvement and international cooperation
India continued to collaborate with international partners in
counterterrorism efforts. It played an active role in the SCO
and worked with countries to combat terrorism and
extremism.
 Act East Policy Global Health Diplomacy
Engaging with Southeast Asia A Leader in Global Health

Role of the pharmaceutical industry.

Economic cooperation, connectivity, and cultural exchange.

India's Act East Policy aimed to strengthen its ties with India continued to collaborate with international partners in
.
Southeast Asian nations, focusing on economic cooperation, Global Health efforts. It played an active role in the SCO and
connectivity, and cultural exchange. worked with countries to combat terrorism and extremism.

Indo-Pacific engagemen COVID-19 pandemic response.

It involved engaging with countries in the Indo-Pacific region

to bolster regional stability.
 FOREIGN POLICY IN INDIA
(2020-2023):
India's foreign policy during this period aimed at enhancing its global influence,
economic growth, and national security.
•Key International Relationships and Alliances:
- India strengthened its ties with key partners, including the United States, Russia, and neighboring countries.
- Statistics: Bilateral trade with the U.S. increased by 12% in 2022.

•Significant Policy Shifts or Developments:

- India's "Neighborhood First" and "Act East" policies continued to guide its approach to South Asia and Southeast Asia.
- The "Quad" alliance with the U.S., Japan, and Australia gained momentum.

•Key Diplomatic Efforts and Engagements:

- Diplomatic visits and summits, including the QUAD Summit and visits to neighboring countries.
- India hosted the G20 Summit in 2023, showcasing its role on the global stage.

• Notable Achievements & Challenges:

- Achievements: India secured a non-permanent seat on the UN Security Council in 2021.
- Challenges: Ongoing border tensions with China and managing relations with Pakistan.
 FOREIGN POLICY IN INDIA
(2020-2023):
India's foreign policy during this period aimed at enhancing its global influence,
economic growth, and national security.
•Key International Relationships and Alliances:
- India strengthened its ties with key partners, including the United States, Russia, and neighboring countries.
- Statistics: Bilateral trade with the U.S. increased by 12% in 2022.

•Significant Policy Shifts or Developments:

- India's "Neighborhood First" and "Act East" policies continued to guide its approach to South Asia and Southeast Asia.
- The "Quad" alliance with the U.S., Japan, and Australia gained momentum.

•Key Diplomatic Efforts and Engagements:

- Diplomatic visits and summits, including the QUAD Summit and visits to neighboring countries.
- India hosted the G20 Summit in 2023, showcasing its role on the global stage.

• Notable Achievements & Challenges:

- Achievements: India secured a non-permanent seat on the UN Security Council in 2021.
- Challenges: Ongoing border tensions with China and managing relations with Pakistan.
 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
(2020-2023):
1. Neighborhood First Policy: India continued its emphasis on its “Neighborhood First” policy, strengthening bilateral relations with neighboring
countries, such as Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka. This included infrastructure development, trade agreements, and security cooperation.
2. Act East Policy: India’s “Act East” policy, aimed at enhancing engagement with Southeast Asian nations, saw notable progress with initiatives like the
BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) and the India-ASEAN partnership.
3. Indo-Pacific Strategy: India’s evolving Indo-Pacific strategy focused on ensuring a free and open Indo-Pacific region, with a commitment to regional
stability and freedom of navigation. This policy aligns with the QUAD alliance’s goals.
4. Vaccine Diplomacy: India’s foreign policy leveraged its role in vaccine production and distribution to enhance diplomatic ties. Vaccine supply initiatives
extended to neighboring countries and beyond, strengthening India’s global influence.
5. Bilateral Agreements: India signed a range of bilateral agreements with key partners. For example, agreements with the United States included the Basic
Exchange and Cooperation Agreement (BECA) for geospatial cooperation, furthering defense and security collaboration.
6. Trade and Economic Outreach: India pursued trade agreements and economic partnerships with various countries, aiming to diversify its economic ties
and reduce trade barriers.
7. International Organizations: India actively engaged in international organizations such as the United Nations, the G20, and BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India,
China, South Africa), advancing its positions on global issues.
8. Climate and Environmental Policy: India’s foreign policy showcased a commitment to climate change action and sustainable development, notably
through its participation in the COP26 summit.
 CONCLUSION &
FUTURE OUTLOOK
• Evolution of India's Foreign Policy:
- Non-alignment, Panchsheel (Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence), and a focus on self-reliance were the cornerstones.

• Key Phases:
- Non-Alignment (1950s-1980s): India pursued a policy of not aligning with any major power bloc during the Cold War.
- Economic Liberalization (1990s): India opened up its economy, leading to greater international engagement.

India’s foreign policy reflects a dynamic and multifaceted approach. Our country has strived to enhance its regional and
global standing by strengthening ties with neighboring nations, deepening alliances, and actively participating in
international initiatives. India’s commitment to a free and open Indo-Pacific, vaccine diplomacy, and engagement in climate
action demonstrate its evolving role on the world stage. As we look back from the founding principles of non-alignment to
the present day, India’s foreign policy has continually adapted to the ever-changing global landscape, fostering diplomatic
relationships and pursuing economic opportunities. The future of India’s foreign policy holds promise as the nation
continues to navigate complex international challenges and opportunities.
Thank you!