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● Foreign Policy Basic

○ Objective
■ Changing the behaviour of other countries and adjusting own activities
according to changing international scenario for his own interest.
○ Factors Influencing foreign policy
■ Culture/civilization-Indian context always non aggressive
■ History-Colonial past
■ Geography
■ Domestic Factors-related to Sri Lanka
■ International environment
■ Economic Interests
1. Energy Security
2. Trade
■ Diaspora interest
■ Strategic interest
○ Phases of Indian Foreign Policy
■ Nehruvian(1947-65)
1. More ideology and moral principles: Panchsheel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Five_Principles_of_Peaceful_Coexistence
2. Elements of Nehruvian policy in contemporary foreign
policy?
○ Multipolar world with UN @ Center
○ relevance of NAM
○ Peaceful Nuclear Use and Disarmament
○ Respect for Sovereignty and Unity: Syria(Regime
Change), Sri Lanka(UNHRC Vote), Maldives(Regime
Change)
○ Leader of LDCs
■ Mid 1960-Upto Rajiv Gandhi Era
1. More insular
2. Socialism-during Indira Gandhi
3. Pokhran test-sanctions
4. No USSR criticism for Afghan war
5. Criticised US for Vietnam war- both the above led to the closure of
PL-480(Public Law - 480 in US) programme
6. Relationship with neighbours worsened (Sri Lanka, Pakistan,
Bangladesh)
■ Rajiv Gandhi Era
1. Revamping of foreign policy
2. Historic visit to China - Boundary commission
3. Active in International forum
○ Palestine case-1988
○ Nuclear disarmament

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4. SAARC was set up in 1985

5. Improved relationship with neighbours
○ Pak - Benazir Bhutto
6. IPKF
■ 1990 onwards
1. End of cold war era USSR disintegration
2. LPG policy
3. Closed tie with west - Israel relationship start in 1992
4. Gujral Doctrine
○ With neighbours like Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal and
Sri Lanka, India does not ask for reciprocity, but gives and
accommodates what it can in good faith and trust.
○ No South Asian country should allow its territory to be used
against the interest of another country of the region.
○ No country should interfere in the internal affairs of another.
○ All South Asian countries must respect each other’s territorial
integrity and sovereignty.
○ They should settle all their disputes through peaceful
bilateral negotiations
5. Look East Policy
6. 1998 - Pokhran II
○ More sanctions from west, Mainly on technology transfer
■ 2000 Onwards
1. 9/11 attack, London Bombing
○ Changed perspective of west towards terrorism
○ India got more sympathy of world
○ West wanted more closed cooperation as this region is
the epicenter of terrorism
2. 2nd fastest growing economy
○ A big middle class emerged whose population is more
than the total population of Europe so big market
opportunity
○ Investment opportunity
○ IT sector growth
3. Role of Indian Diaspora
4. Rise of China
○ India’s Foreign Policy Objectives
■ Security - Sovereignty and territorial
■ Building a unified and integrated India on democratic principles
■ Eco. development for self reliance
■ Removing poverty and improving the quality of life of people
■ Promoting peace and stability in world
■ Promoting multilateral global world order
○ Success Stories
■ New brand image of India -from the land of snake charmers to Land of

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technocrat , IT hub, Software industry

■ Non permanent membership with 187/192 votes-growing clout
■ Voice heard on multilateral forums - like WTO, IMF(increased role),
Environment summits, G20
■ Perception amongst strategic community - SCO, USA
■ In 2010, all P-5 members head visits India,
■ Obama invited Manmohan as the first state visitor just after the
elections
■ 2008 waiver @ NSG: Special preference in NSG
■ Technology transfer
■ Reorientation relationship with south
1. LDC summit in new Delhi - Long term assistance
2. Second Indo-Africa summit
3. Opening new missions
4. Use of soft power
■ Hillary Clinton “India should play a leadership and responsible role”
■ But India is Punching below its weight. It must play creative and
proactive role & not only reactive role
○ Challenges
■ Outside
1. Country Based
○ Neighbours
■ Pakistan, Nepal, Afghanistan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka,
China, Indian Ocean(String of pearl, Piracy,
International Presence)
○ Big Power and other countries
■ Balancing act between big powers
■ ASEAN
■ Iran, Israeli Issue
■ Arab world
■ European crisis
■ Economic relationship - (Aircraft purchase)
○ International Institutions
■ Reforms in WTO, IMF, UN
■ Make SAFTA, SAARC workable
■ SCO membership
■ WTO issues
■ NSG, Australian Group, Wassenaar Group, MTCR-
control regimes
2. Issue Based
○ Terrorism
○ Drugs and Human Trafficking - latest at Punjab border
○ Economic Interest - Against - Protectionism, IPR
○ Climate change

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○ Security: Food, water, Energy

○ Piracy
○ Welfare of Diaspora
○ Strategic interests - (Indian Ocean, Central Asia)
○ Tropical diseases - India and Brazil are top investor
■ Domestic
1. Economic
○ Economic slowdown
○ Economic Policy direction - 2G issues(Norway, Russia)
2. Political
○ Rise of regional parties that influence foreign policy (TN,
W. Bengal)
○ Lack of Will power
3. Other issues
○ India as a vulnerable spot for terrorist attack and it will
make difficult balancing relation with countries. ex - Delhi
attack of Israeli diplomat attack.
○ Lack of Professionals
○ Lack of coordination (e.g. Subsidy issue during Bhutan
Elections; Foreign minister visit Pakistan and home
secretary comments on ISI )
○ There are also doubts whether foreign investment in the
nuclear energy sector would materialize on account of
protests against nuclear energy. India may face serious
power shortages in the near future. This will further impact
the economy.
○ Delay, red tapism,
○ Suggestions
■ include points to improve above-mentioned issues
○ New Diplomacy
■ diplomacy: the communication between two parties to resolve the
conflict between the two or to have better coordination so as to
achieve national interests is called diplomacy
■ Economic Diplomacy
1. In Line with global shift towards Geo-economics
2. Till the end of cold war era, diplomacy mainly governed by political
- India- China relationship
3. In era of globalisation, Communication - > Economic foreign
policy get important role
4. Now, political and economic relation become inseparable and
need to go hand in hand
5. Definition - Formulation of policies that govern production and
exchange of goods and services and facilitating cross border
investments by reducing barriers

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○ Includes loan to poorer countries

○ Access to market, capital and resources
○ Flow of professionals
6. In 2010, for the first time India made a separate budget for
economic diplomacy to create “Brand India”
7. Recent eg.
○ Stages of Economic Integration: PTA->FTA->CECA-
>CEPA-> Custom Union-> monetary Union->Economic
Union
○ DTAA, TIEA
○ Investment Protection agreement-recently BIPPA with
Nepal
○ Social security agreements - Denmark, Sweden, South
Korea
○ WTO talks
○ CEO forums and delegation visits
○ Internationalization of Indian Rupee
○ “Invest India” - vehicle to guide
■ official agency dedicated to investment promotion and
facilitation. Set up as a joint venture with private
■ mandate is to become the first reference point for the
global investment community.
■ provides granulated, sector-specific and state-specific
information to a foreign investor, assists in expediting
regulatory approvals, and offers hand-holding services.
■ Its mandate also includes assisting Indian investors
make informed choices about investment opportunities
overseas.
○ Chequebook diplomacy - $2 bn to IMF, 4th largest donor
to Afghanistan, $5 bn to Africa, $500 mn to Sri Lanka, $1
bn to Bangladesh, $10 Billion promised to IMF for EU
8. India Objectives -
○ To create external environment that promotes economic
growth and facilitates the flow of capital, technology and
innovations
○ To promote free, fair and open global trading.
○ To create an economic environment with neighbours so
that we can fulfill the common objectives (India - China eg.)
○ New interconnection building that improve the living
conditions of people
■ South Asian power grid
■ Trans Asian Railway and highway
■ Food bank
○ India wants to become anchoring element so that whole
world can benefit by “Rising India”

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9. Positives for India

○ Foreign trade has increased
○ Normalised relationship with neighbours
○ Increase foreign reserves
○ Mitigating impact of global crisis
○ Able to diversify our energy sources
○ Increase export
○ Indian companies are becoming MNC’s (Tata, Airtel in
Africa, OVL)
10. Negatives for India because of increased economic interactions
○ Increase black money
○ Increase money laundering
○ Imported inflation
11. Conclusion
○ Going to continue important tool of India’s foreign policy.
We need to remove hurdles and try to make best use of
this tool
○ Soft & Hard Power Strategy
■ Power is the ability to alter the behaviour of others to get what you want,
and there are basically three ways to do that: coercion (sticks),
payment (carrots) and attraction (soft power)
■ hard Power
1. Use of force, threat or forming military alliance(SCO)
2. USA - Taliban and Osama
3. India : Instances of hard Power
○ Refugee crisis from Sri Lanka - During Indira Gandhi
Period
○ Nuclear doctrine - Nuclear submarine, 5th generation
aircraft
○ Joint military exercises
○ Joint missile and weapon development program
○ aircraft carrier
○ Gunboat Diplomacy -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy

■ Soft Power
1. Economic
○ Rise as a soft power (IT, Financial, Banking hub, pharma)
2. Cultural
○ Bollywood-Role of Amitabh in 2006 in ASEAN, Central
Asia
○ Buddhism, Islam, Jain, Hinduism main centers. Also
known for its secular character
○ Cultural heritage sites e.g. Tajmahal, gaya

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○ Literature more english novel writers winning booker

prizes
3. Indian Diaspora - India’s biggest “instrument” of soft power
was its diaspora.(America (123 agreement) civil nuclear deal
and normalization of relationship with America)-Kamla Aunty,
4. Social and Other factors
○ Educational
○ Space Mission
○ Health-medical tourism for developed as well as
developing
5. Beyond its cultural and civilisational riches, its vibrant (if at times
chaotic) democracy, it's free media, it's mostly independent
judiciary, its dynamic civil society, and the impressive struggle
for human rights since independence all make it attractive to
publics in much of the world where these characteristics of its
national experience are known. In addition, India’s largely non-
violent defeat of colonialism served as an important beacon for
freedom movements and newly independent countries elsewhere
in the 1950s and 1960s.
6. Challenges
○ democracy-corruption
○ human rights performance poor
○ problem of casteism
○ communal riots
7. Potential
○ India’s soft power potential lies, among other things, in its
democratic credentials, secular values, pluralistic
society, considerable pool of skilled English-speaking
professionals, varied culture (particularly Bollywood
movies), and its food and handicrafts.
8. China India comparison in soft power
○ China’s principal calling card has been its economic
success, while India has relied on a mix of constitutional,
political, economic, and cultural assets.
○ India’s emergence as a major actor on the global stage,
offering a development model that for some years now has
been strikingly successful in terms of growth (while failing
depressingly in terms of distribution) has allowed it to
establish a meaningful partnership with two other leading
democracies in the developing world, each a dominant
actor on its own continent.
9. Conclusion
○ Shashi Tharoor says-The concept of “smart power”
(involving elements of both soft and hard power), soft

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power alone cannot achieve much in an often-contentious

world. And no amount of cultural promotion can undo the
damage internationally caused by spectacular corruption
scandals such as the alleged 2G spectrum scam currently
under investigation and the the CWG scam in contrast to
the successful and taint free organization of the London
Olympics
○ New World Order & India
■ Just after 1991 world was Unipolar - Political, Economic, Cultural
■ New world order is shaped by Globalization, innovation in
communication
■ 21st century world is going to be multipolar - Why??
1. Economic
○ Growing economic strength of rising economies like
China, India, Brazil, South Africa, Russia
○ Economic crisis - New growth engine and world is looking
for coming out of this crisis towards developing worlds
2. Militarily/Strategic Power
○ Tectonic shift of power from Atlantic to Asia Pacific
region[US Naval forces shifting from Atlantic to Asia
Pacific]
○ USA struggle in Afghanistan and Iraq crisis
3. Tectonic shift from north to south
4. Cultural
○ China - Global sports power-increasing cultural influence
of the other powers

○ Some Important Foreign Policy Doctrine

■ Gujral Doctrine
1. The Gujral Doctrine is a set of five principles to guide the conduct
of foreign relations with India’s immediate neighbours as spelt out
by Gujral
○ With neighbours like Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal
and Sri Lanka, India does not ask for reciprocity, but
gives and accommodates what it can in good faith and
trust. (Unilateral assistance)
○ No South Asian country should allow its territory to be
used against the interest of another country of the
region.
○ No country should interfere in the internal affairs of
another.
○ All South Asian countries must respect each other’s
territorial integrity and sovereignty.
○ They should settle all their disputes through peaceful

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bilateral negotiations.
2. Through this we can not only change mindset of ruling elites but
also ordinary people - Public Diplomacy
3. The non-economic gains may far outweigh economic losses
■ Look East Policy
1. Envisioned by the Narasimha Rao government in 1991
2. Objective- to outline a focused foreign policy approach towards
South East Asia, a region of high economic prosperity at that
time
3. “India’s Look East Policy is not merely an external economic
policy, it is also a strategic shift in India’s vision of the world and
India’s place in the evolving global economy. Most of all it is about
reaching out to our civilization neighbors in South East Asia and
East Asia”-- Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh
4. Success Stories
○ Organizing “Milan”—a congregation of navies organized
by the Indian Navy biennially since 1995 in Port Blair
involving social and professional interactions, including
combined exercises. In 2008, 11 Navies including
Australia participated.-Indian ocean rim. [4 in 1995 to 14
member in 2012]
■ terrorism, poaching, piracy, rescue, capacity
building
○ Becoming a member of the ASEAN Regional Forum(ARF)
—1996.
○ Completion of the 160 Km India-Myanmar Friendship road
from Tamu to Kalemyo to Kaletwa built by the Border
Roads Organisation—2001
○ Becoming a summit level partner of ASEAN—2002.
○ Entering into a Framework Agreement on Comprehensive
Economic Cooperation (for establishing a FTA in a time
frame of 10 years)—2003. Similar FTAs have been
entered into with some ASEAN nations independently
○ Acceding to The Treaty of Amity and Cooperation on which
ASEAN was formed in (1967)—2003.
○ Becoming a founding member of EAS—2005.
○ South East Asia was the focus in the India International
Trade Fair (IITF) in 2005 which happened to be the Silver
Jubilee of the fair. Companies from Indonesia, Malaysia,
Vietnam and Thailand took part in the fair.
○ Under the open skies policy, today, there are over 215
direct flights every week between India and Singapore,
115 with Thailand and 50 with Malaysia. Recently started
with Myanmar also.

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○ Finalizing the Kaladan Multi-modal Transport project in

2009 especially in the context of Bangladesh being
reluctant to allow transit facilities. By this the port of Sittwe
in Myanmar (250 km from Mizoram border)will be
connected to the Indian ports and Kalewa (Myanmar)will
be linked with the National Highway 54 at Nalkawn in
Mizoram.
○ Appointing an Ambassador to ASEAN in order to
accelerate the growth in the bilateral relations in all
spheres of activity
○ Mekong-Ganga Cooperation
5. Shortcomings
○ India still remains outside the Asia Pacific Economic
Cooperation (APEC) forum
○ India has entered into a number of pacts, agreements and
FTAs with nations of ASEAN but its record for
implementation of such accords has been poor. The
Indian industry has doubts about its own competitive
efficiency or it does not want competition at home or it is
scared of cheaper exports to India from these countries.
○ India lags behind China and Japan in almost all spheres
of Pan East Asian cooperation
○ Some analysts feel that India’s Look East Policy lacks a
strategic vision despite seeking defense cooperation
with some ASEAN nations (Myanmar, Indonesia and
Vietnam) and securing a role for joint patrolling in the
Malacca Straits. India does not take an assertive role
perhaps due to its limited military capability
○ There are some domestic political compulsions which
impinge on the desired reforms and the struggle the
liberalization process. India has come under harsh criticism
for the big negative items list and the delay of over six
years in finalizing the ASEAN-India FTA.
6. Opportunity
○ India’s objectives in Look East Policy can be furthered
through areas—education (human resources
development), democracy and culture—where it has a
comparative advantage over Asian countries. In this
context the Nalanda project which envisages the setting
up of an international university is noteworthy.
○ India has a lead in Information Technology. Many South
East Asians are not only interested in our IITs and IIMs but
also want campuses opened in places like Kuala Lumpur
and Jakarta.

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○ Tourism is an area where much can be done to reverse

the trend of more Indians going to South East Asia
(Singapore) for shopping. Places of Buddhist interest
like, Bodh Gaya, Sarnath and Nalanda and places of
Muslim interest like Taj Mahal, Fatehpur Sikri Ajmer, and
Hyderabad have to be suitably promoted for establishing
people to people contacts.
○ At the strategic level, India’s Look East policy envisages
the ASEAN states and Japan as key partners in East
Asia. Ties with South Korea are also strengthening. With
India-US relations also expanding in scope and content,
India can become a stabilizing and balancing force in this
region.
○ India’s inclusion ab initio into the Group of Twenty
Economies (G-20) has boosted its image in this region.
Six of the 20 (Australia, China, Japan, India, Indonesia and
South Korea) are from East Asia.
○ The crux is that this Look East policy should reinforce and
demonstrate India’s commitment to this region which
accounts for about one-third of India’s trade. It should
also be made clear that this commitment will not be
influenced in any way by the improving relations
between India and the US and EU.
■ Look West Policy
1. Adoption of the Look West policy in 2005 reflects India's
increased desire for engagement with its West Asian neighbors.
The Gulf region is important for India because of increased
cooperation in the fields of trade, business, politics and security.
2. Importance of Policy
○ **Energy security**
○ Trade and investment
○ Forging strategic ties
○ Military cooperation
○ Fighting piracy
○ Strengthening soft power
○ Protecting interests of diasporas
○ type of Membership in multilateral fora
■ Member state
■ Dialogue Partner - This article regards Dialogue Partner as a state or an
organisation who shares the goals and principles of the SCO and
wishes to establish relations of equal mutually beneficial partnership with
the Organisation
■ Observer State - Observers generally have a limited ability to participate
in the IGO, lacking the ability to vote or propose resolutions.

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■ Guest attendance
○ NAM & its relevance in today’s India foreign Policy
■ History
1. The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a group of states
considering themselves not aligned formally with or against any
major power bloc. As of 2012, the movement had 120 members
and 21 observer countries
2. The organization was founded in Belgrade in 1961, and was
largely the brainchild of
○ Yugoslavia's President, Josip Broz Tito
○ India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru
○ Egypt's second President, Gamal Abdel Nasser
○ Ghana's first president Kwame Nkrumah
○ Indonesia's first President, Sukarno
○ Ethiopia's emperor Haile Selassie.
3. Objective
○ The national independence, sovereignty, territorial
integrity and security of non-aligned countries" in their
"struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neo-
colonialism, racism, and all forms of foreign aggression,
occupation, domination, interference or hegemony as well
as against great power and bloc politics.
■ From India’s perspective, it would appear that while it has little or no
significance as an ideology, it continues to have significance in
providing a forum for a group that represents nations whose voice
needs to be heard in the evolving global scenario.
■ Dr. Manmohan Singh views on NAM
1. Relevance of the Non-Alignment Movement (NAM has) "never
been greater than today" and called for greater solidarity among
members in tackling global challenges, including the financial
crisis, energy security, climate change and the UN reforms.
2. A great stake in ensuring that steps planned to revive the global
economy take into account the concerns of developing
countries
3. These include the challenges of food security, energy security,
the environment and the reform of institutions of global
governance
○ NAM 2.0
1. Strategic autonomy of decision making - essence of NAM 2.0
2. China
a. Suggest to play Tibet card-ask China to settle the dispute with
Dalai Lama
b. Expresses concern at the asymmetry in bilateral trade with
China

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c. but it has the impractical suggestion that China's interest in

our infrastructure projects could be used as a leverage to
secure political concessions in areas of interest to us.
d. Advice to strike the right balance between competing concepts
such as cooperation and competition, economic and political
interests.
e. It is ironic that our single most important challenge in the years
ahead should be with a country with which we have a strategic
partnership agreement.
3. The broad conclusion is that India shall have to offer many more
unilateral concessions to reassure our neighbours of our good
intentions-the non economic gains would be much more than the
economic losses
4. The paper rightly reminds us of the imperative need to work single-
mindedly for the economic integration of the South Asian region.
5. Pakistan
a. India must continue to take the soft approach
b. We must “ensure” that no serious terrorist attacks — defined as
those with significant domestic impact — are launched on Indian
territory by groups based in Pakistan.
c. How does one “ensure” this? The authors' advice to maintain
channels of communication even in the event of a major
provocation is not likely to command consensus in the country,
though in practice there might not be any other option, since not
talking is, at best, a temporary response.
6. Afghanistan
a. We should reactivate the Northern Alliance in case Pakistan
attempts to subvert the legitimate government in Kabul after
the departure of the Americans.
7. The paper is strongly supportive of nuclear energy as an
indispensable element of our search for energy security. -suggest to
increase it from current 3% to 10 % by 2030
8. The eminent authors have more than once cautioned against our
depending on others for solving our problems either with Pakistan or any
other. They are absolutely right.
9. They also seem to be in favour of India becoming a permanent member
of the Security Council even without a veto,
10. Positives
a. This is the first time in Indian foreign policy that a healthy debate
started with putting this paper in public domain
11. Negatives
a. lose use of the term ‘strategic’
b. Much more emphasis on “Soft Power”
c. No chapter on USA

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d. China “Cooperate and Competition”

e. Ambiguity in name-not strategic neutrality but a strategic
autonomy
○ North South Cooperation
○ South South Cooperation
■ South-South Cooperation (SSC) received considerable attention as a
philosophy for development during the 1960s and 1970s.
■ These were the times when developing countries -> coming out of the
yoke of colonization -> struggling with the poverty and
underdevelopment. The lack of financial and technological resources and
the western apathy forced them to look to collective self-reliance as an
engine of growth.
■ SSC suffered a setback during the late 1980s and the 1990s, however,
as a large number of developing countries faced financial crisis against
the backdrop of declining resource flows and were forced to approach
the Bretton woods institutions for assistance which generally came
with the conditionality binding them firmly with the Washington
Consensus.
■ With continuous struggle for development, things have changed over time
and the South has now emerged as an important player on the world
economic stage. In terms of GDP, saving, investment, exports, imports,
foreign exchange reserves, financial assets at home and abroad, quality
and size of its corporate world, IT capabilities, and capability in
manufacturing, the South is rapidly catching up with the North.
■ Importance of South-South Cooperation
1. Developing country skills are evolved in an environment of
similar factor endowments e.g. labour abundance and relative
capital scarcity.
2. Technological solutions are evolved in an environment of
relatively poorer infrastructure
3. Expertise may be more attuned to similar geo-climatic conditions
(e.g. tropical rather than temperate climate)
4. Technologies and expertise available in developing countries are
likely to be scaled down to scales more appropriate to the size of
markets in developing countries compared to mass production
skills in industrialized countries.
5. Technologies and expertise cost effectiveness
■ Challenges
1. Disparities in the South, between regions and within regions.
2. Developing countries face major challenges in achieving the
internationally agreed Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
3. Development patterns of the past decades suggest that the South
is no longer one 'backward' group. Different countries and even
sub-regions within the countries are at vastly different 'stages of

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development'.

■ India and South - South Cooperation

1. India has assisted Bhutan in exploiting her hydroelectric power
generation potential through assisting in construction of Chukha
and Tala hydroelectric projects,
2. Equipment and expertise for agricultural development were
provided to Ghana, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Mali, and
Suriname.
3. India has built hospitals in Afghanistan, Nepal, Maldives, Laos,
and Ethiopia.
4. India is also extending health services throughout the SAARC
region through telemedicine networks.
5. Vocational training centers, SMEs and entrepreneurship
development centers have been set up in Vietnam, Cambodia,
Laos, Zimbabwe and Senegal, and Indonesia (for construction
sector), a vocational training centre for women in Afghanistan,
Machine Tools Centre in Nigeria, SME development in Tanzania,
and a plastic technology centre in Namibia.
6. TEAM-9(Techno-Economic Approach for Africa-India Movement ) under
which India offered a concessional credit of US$ 500 million and
technical assistance and critical technologies.
7. Several programmes in ICT, the most ambitious of which is the
setting up of a pan-African e-network connecting 53 African
countries through a satellite link.
8. Under the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC)
Programme, 45 institutions in different parts of the country
conduct 206 training courses covering nearly 4000 foreign
trainees from 156 countries every year.
9. India is involved in a number of programmes of sub-regional
cooperation such as MGC (Mekong-Ganga Cooperation) with
CLMV(Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam) countries and
Thailand, BIMSTEC with South Asian countries, Thailand and
Myanmar.
10. Under the Initiative for ASEAN Integration(IAI), it has set up
training centers for entrepreneurship development in the CLMV
countries besides offering places for training in India as a part of a
multifaceted ASEAN-India cooperation.
11. India announced a duty free entry for products of LDCs
covering 94 per cent of total tariff lines and covering 92.5 per cent
of India’s imports from them.
■ New Pattern of Triangular development cooperation
1. New provider countries are those which, in the past, were
recipients of international cooperation and have attained a level of

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technical and economical development that enables them to

pass their experiences, knowledge and lessons learned on.
2. Beneficiary countries are those that participate in international
cooperation by receiving technical, financial and operational input
from new providers and traditional donors.
3. Traditional donor countries are those that have been working
with bilateral or multilateral cooperation and that nowadays count
on the help of new providers to promote triangular cooperation.

Dealing relationship with any country this can be the right approach
● Bilateral
● Regional Level
● International Level

1. Middle East

a. Background
i. If we gave them the zero and the numeric system, we received
knowledge of navigation and sea-faring; if the tales of the panchatantra
reached them, in the Persian translation, as the stories of kalila wa
dimna , then we received the metre and the rhyme of sufi poetry not to
mention its theology. There were similar exchanges in the field of
mathematics, astrology and astronomy, and medicine as also in craft-
skills like carpet-making and brocade weaving ( zardodzi and kinkhab).
ii. Manmohan Singh Statement - “the Gulf region, like South-East and South
Asia, is part of our natural economic hinterland. We must pursue closer

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economic relations with all our neighbours in our wider Asian

neighbourhood. India has successfully pursued a ‘Look East’ policy to
come closer to the countries of South-East Asia. We must come closer to
our western neighbours in the Gulf.”
b. Regional Perspective
i. Importance
1. Energy security
a. 75% oil imports come from west Asia - 25% Saudi Arabia
and ~10% Iran
b. Qatar for natural gas
2. Trading partner
a. UAE and Dubai
b. Region india’s merchandise export
c. India has entered into a negotiation with the GCC to
finalise a Free Trade Agreement(FTA).
3. Indian diaspora
a. 4 million Indians are working there whose security will be
threatened and also remittance big source
b. Profile of Indian workers is changing from blue collar to
white collar
4. Investment
a. Petro $ economies large surplus India is favourable
destination for these countries
b. Vallarpadam Terminal eg. 50:50 partnership between
JNPT and Dubai port world
5. Increasing defence ties with gulf countries
a. These countries are also apprehensive of Al-Qaeda
influence in Arabian peninsula
b. India can provide military training
c. Annual naval exercise with Qatar and Oman
d. Indian Air Force conducted a joint exercise with Oman
codenamed ‘Eastern Bridge’ at the Royal Air Force of
Oman (RAFO) base at Thumrait.
e. West Asians also want Indian navy to carry out anti-piracy
operations
f. Abu Jundal extradition from Saudi Arabia and talks are on
for extradition of Fasih Ahmed
6. Increasing strategic ties
a. India has already discussed its intention of joining the
United Nations Security Council (UNSC) as a permanent
member with the Gulf countries.
b. leveraging Saudi Arabia against Pakistan such as in
Organization of Islamic Countries(OIC)
ii. India’s soft power in gulf region

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1. Cultural Ties
a. There is a conscious effort on the part of India to bring
back Indian cultural influence in the region which India
enjoyed in the past.
b. In recent years India has attempted to strengthen cultural
ties with the Gulf countries by signing and renewing the
existing cultural exchange programmes.
c. India signed an Executive Programme for Cultural
Cooperation for 2007-2010 in 2007.
2. Education
a. Under the Education Exchange Programme 2009-2011,
signed between India and Kuwait, both the countries have
agreed to exchange information on studies and researches
in the fields of education and learning and exchange
specialists in the fields of general education, adult
education, special-needs education, and social and
psychological services.
b. An MoU on education was signed between India and
Oman in December 2007 which encourages cooperation
between the two countries through visits of academics,
officials and students from universities and academic
institutions, organising seminars, scientific
programmes and training courses, and exchange of
books scientific documents and library materials.
c. India has also pledged to assist Saudi Arabia in setting up
an ICT Centre of Excellence as well as institutes of
higher learning, involving both education and research in
the field of technology.
iii. Challenges
1. Balancing act between different states(Iran and Saudi Arabia)
2. Regions instability
3. Pressure from western powers
4. The growing threats of Islamic extremism, terrorism and
maritime piracy have become concerns for both India and the
Gulf countries.
5. There is a growing concern over the rise of criminal activities,
money laundering and illegal arms trade between the two regions-
through Dubai
6. social security for Indians
iv. Organisations
1. GCC
a. The Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, also
known as the Gulf Cooperation Council is a political and
economic union of the Arab states bordering the Persian Gulf
and located on or near the Arabian Peninsula, namely Bahrain,

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Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates.

Jordan and Morocco have been invited to join the council
b. GCC forces were sent to Bahrain; concept of No Fly zone
2. Arab League
a. Regional organisation of Arab states in North and Northeast
Africa, and Southwest Asia (Middle East).
b. It was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945 with six members:
Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan (renamed Jordan in 1949), Lebanon,
Saudi Arabia, and Syria.
c. The Arab League currently has 22 members (including Syria,
whose participation was suspended in November 2011).
d. The main goal of the league is to "draw closer the relations
between member States and coordinate collaboration
between them, to safeguard their independence and
sovereignty, and to consider in a general way the affairs and
interests of the Arab countries.
e. Role of Arab league in Arab spring
i. The League's effectiveness has been in
question the past few decades, as its members
rarely agree on issues. When members reach
consensus (as they did in their support for the
Palestinian cause, for example),such agreement
rarely goes beyond rhetorical declarations, with
little operational effect.
ii. The League's handling of the Libya situation is
significant for two reasons.
1. It proves that members of the League can
reach a definitive consensus on an
important political and military issue,
resulting in an effective international
response.
2. The League's decision lent legitimacy to
NATO's intervention, inadvertently
creating a new standing and position for the
League. With bodies like NATO and the
United Nations looking to it for guidance, the
League is beginning to be taken seriously in
the international arena.
iii. Post-Libya, the League is sensing the powerful
role it could play in the region in the future.
iv. created new standards for it amongst the Arab
people. Citizens are beginning to look to the
League to take action against member
governments in order to protect them, placing
the welfare of citizens ahead of ruling regimes.
v. More democratic in nature - Forum not only discuss

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the regional issues but listen about the problems of

people
v. Arab Spring
1. Chronologically, the Revolution started in Tunisia. Zinadin Ben
Ali,was in power for 26 years when he fled to Saudi Arabia in
January 2011. It was the suicide of a 27 year young street vendor
Mohammed Bouazizi. Bouazizi died on January 4, 2011 and
within ten days Ben Ali fled as the army surrounded his palace.
2. Spread to Egypt from Tunisia. Mohammed Hosni Sayyid
Mubarak, Tahrir Square main center
3. Moving to Libya, Gaddafi
4. The next major threat to a regime is in Bahrain, which is close to
Saudi Arabia. Bahrain has a Shia majority, but the electoral
system has been manipulated to give the Sunnis (in power) a
majority. The King initially tried to suppress protests and failed.
5. Yemen where President Ali Abdallah Saleh has been in power
since 1978, getting reelected with surprisingly high majorities. He
has been a US ally in the ‘war on terror’ but has accused the US
and Israel of instigating the revolt against him.
6. Causes
a. Local
i. Political-lack of political freedom and equality
ii. Economic-Economy was increasing in numbers
only no actual increase in the human development
levels; high poverty; high inflation
iii. Cultural-generally ruling class was the minority and
forced their culture on the other classes
b. Global
i. Global world power interest
ii. Geopolitical
iii. Oil Politics
7. Response of World
a. India’s response??
8. Evaluation
a. Regional Evaluation
i. Movement started on the name of providing more
democratic form of government and human
right protection
ii. But largely failed to achieve the above said target.
Now one set of dictators thrown out and new set of
dictators hold the power. Arab Spring to Arab
Winter
iii. On the local level, most of the authoritarian regimes
will fall or weaken. The possibility that

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democratic and secular regimes will emerge

exists but it is not very likely. What appears to
be more likely at the moment is that Islamic
anti-western regimes in some form or another
and military regimes integrated with Islamic
elements will prevail. The rising power of radical
elements is challenging the overall international
order.
iv. Tunisia
1. Ennahda party ruling.
2. Hard line muslims named as Salafist had
gone on a rampage, violence and terror
activities but government didn’t take any
action.
3. Moderate islamist rights are under
constant threat in this regime
4. Salafist want to implement the Sharia law in
the country
v. Egypt
1. Tight control over the power by
SCAF(Supreme council of Armed Forces)
2. SCAF gave to itself control over the
national budget, the right to appoint a
panel to draft a new constitution,
immunity from democratic oversight and
the power to veto a declaration of war.
3. The new president, Mohamed Morsi, is also
expected to have no say in foreign policy
particularly on relations with the United
States.
4. The US gives Egypt $1.3 billion in annual
military aid which, therefore, means that the
Pentagon will continue to have a major say
in the affairs of the Egyptian military.
vi. Libya
1. After the overthrow of the odious Gaddafi
regime is still in the throes of ‘war lordism.’
It is presently in a state of semi-
disintegration
vii. Bahrain
1. Pearl Roundabout
2. About 16 months ago thousands of
Bahrainis, who are mainly Shiites, rose up
demanding political liberties, social equality

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and an end to corruption.

3. The Bahrain Sunni monarchy, seen both by
the United States and Saudi Arabia as a
strategic ally and a bulwark against Shiite
Iran, never had to face opprobrium as the
others did.
4. More than a thousand Saudi troops
helped put down the uprising and remain in
Bahrain, making it a virtual Saudi
protectorate.
viii. Syria
1. Still war continue and major violation of
Human rights
b. General
i. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Impact_of_the_Arab_Spring
ii. On the regional level, the possible struggle for
regional hegemony of the "new" regional power,
mainly Islam oriented, is expected to rock
regional stability and to lead to international
involvement due to negative implications for global
stability.
iii. On the global level, the competition among the
superpowers over regional influence in the Middle
East has the potential to lead to global instability
through the expansion of this competition to new
areas.
iv. Geo Political implication
1. Threat to Israeli security if Islamists parties
from the government at most of the places
2. Iran interest and future policy depend on the
fall of Syria
c. India
i. Challenges
1. New geo political strategy should be
emerged; new establishment to deal with in
the countries
2. Iran and Israel conflict
3. Israel and Palestine issue
4. Setup of democracy in the region
ii. Opportunity
1. In setup of democracy-brand India Model
2. Regions where India can use its soft power
for its influence

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3. It can increase its global presence

4. to give a modern touch to the Foreign
Policy by taking independent decisions
on important geo strategic issues-especially
in UNSC
c. Bahrain
i. The 400,000-strong Indian expatriate community in Bahrain accounts for
over a third of the population of Bahrain.
ii. Inspired by the regional Arab Spring, protests started in Bahrain on 14
February.
iii. The government responded harshly, Pearl Roundabout. Later,
protesters were allowed to re occupy the roundabout where they staged
large marches amounting to 150,000 participants.
iv. Saudi-led GCC forces were requested by the government and entered
the country, which the opposition called an "occupation".The following
day state of emergency was declared and protests paused after a brutal
crackdown was launched against protesters including doctors and
bloggers.
v. Protests resumed after lifting emergency law on 1 June, several large
rallies were staged by the opposition parties including a march on 9
March 2012 attended by over 100,000. Smaller-scale protests and
clashes outside of the capital have continued to occur almost daily.
d. Egypt
i. Mohammad Morsi (Muslim Botherhood) elected as a president against
Ahmed Shafiq
ii. Supreme council of Armed force(SCAF) control the major power
iii. Parliament dissolve dispute
iv. By now, the realization has sunk in among protesters that Mubarak’s fall
only marked the political demise of a dictator, but the dictatorship,
built on the foundations of a network of crony capitalists, is fully alive.
Led by the military junta, it is unprepared to depart from its gilded towers
and give up without a fight.
v. India- Egypt
1. Mr. Krishna's visit – the first high-level exchange after the exit of
the former Egyptian President, looking towards the future, both
sides, steering clear of sticky ideological issues, gave a
technocratic slant to the relationship during its rebuilding stage.
2. Documents signed on Information Technology, Agriculture,
Culture, Env Protection
e. Iran
i. Nuclear Issue
1. The IAEA has passed 11 resolutions from September 2003 to
November 2011
2. It referred the issue to the UN Security Council (UNSC) in

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February 2006 for the first time after Iran re-started its enrichment
activities
3. Some Enrichment plants: Parchin, Busher, Natanz Nuclear
facility
4. In May 2012, the IAEA reported that Iran had increased its rate of
production of low-enriched uranium enriched to 3.5% and to
expand its stockpile of uranium enriched to 19.75%, but was
having difficulty with more advanced centrifuges
5. Israel want to attack it’s all nuclear facilities
6. Washington has however, proved to be a less than interested
party in actively pursuing a military solution and has even
restrained Israel from doing so
ii. Oil Payment Issue
1. Under the new arrangement worked out by India and Iran,
payments for nearly half of its Iranian oil imports will be made in
rupees, which will be used by Iran to buy Indian goods.
iii. Western Sanctions
1. The US pressure on India to cut back on its energy links with Iran
is in tune with its ‘dual-track’ policy of “sanctions in pursuit of
constructive engagement,”
2. Secretary Clinton announced on March 20, 2012 that the
administration had made the assessment that 11 nations which
were importing Iranian crude (Belgium, the Czech Republic,
France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands,
Poland,Spain, and the United Kingdom) have ‘significantly’
reduced their imports
3. The second round of exemptions was given to India, Malaysia,
South Korea, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Turkey and Taiwan on
June 11.
4. China and Singapore also exempted by US from its Iran related
sanctions
5. Countries that are still under the scanner include China,
Indonesia, Singapore, Philippines and even Pakistan
6. The EU in recent times has complemented the US’ unilateral
approach to force Iran to come to the negotiating table. In its
Foreign Affairs Council meeting in Brussels on January 23, 2012,
it imposed an oil embargo (to be effective from July 1, 2012),
restrictions on the Iranian central bank, export restrictions on
gold and sensitive dual-use items, a freeze on the assets of
eight companies controlled by the Islamic Revolutionary
Guards Corps (IRGC) and visa bans on three individuals.
7. India has made efforts to reduce its imports of Iranian crude.
a. India imported 21.81 million metric tonnes (MMT) during
2008-09,

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b. its imports during 2011-12 (April 2011-January 2012) were

14.78 MMT.
c. Target fixed for import of crude oil from Iran for the year
2012-13 is approximately 15.5 MMT subject to techno-
commercial and other considerations’.
d. India’s imports from Iran were about 279,000 barrels per
day (bpd) in April 2012 as compared to about 410,000 bpd
in March and 450,000 bpd in April 2011
e. India bans US sanctioned Ships as GoI withdrew CIF[Cost
insurance and freight]
8. New sanctions imposed by Obama administration by making
sanctionable the purchase or acquisition of Iranian petrochemical
products. The new sanctions also targeted China's Bank of
Kunlun and Iraq's Elaf Islamic Bank as institutions that
Washington says have helped Iran evade sanctions. The
banks will now be cut off from the US financial system.
9. Secretary Clinton during her visit to Kolkata and Delhi in May 2012
urged her interlocutors to continue to support measures to
constrict Iran’s oil revenues
10. It is, however, pertinent to note that the past record indicates
that such pressure has not elicited the required cooperation
from Iran
iv. Iran-Israel issue
1. Israel has been at the forefront of efforts urging more muscular
efforts including military strikes to deal with the Iranian nuclear
issue.
2. Israeli policy makers have long maintained that a nuclear
capable Iran, coupled with its help to groups like the
Hezbollah and Hamas, the rhetoric against Israel emanating from
Tehran, and the ‘denial’ of extremely sensitive issues like the
Holocaust constitutes an existential threat
3. The apparently successful use of computer worms like Stuxnet
to damage Iranian centrifuges has been one such effort.
4. The Israeli secret service Mossad has also been speculated as
being responsible for the ‘untimely’ deaths of members of the
Iranian nuclear energy programme.
5. The killing of Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan in January 2012 in
Tehran is the latest such instance of alleged covert efforts.
v. Strait of Hormuz clash

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1.
2. The Iranian authorities have brought the Strait of Hormuz into
military focus to deter recession hit western economies from
banning Iranian oil exports.
3. Missile test - Qader (mighty)
4. Ghader, or Capable in Farsi, is a ground-to-ship cruise missile
5. Vilayat 90 marine exercise
6. Strait of Hormuz-a key passage through which nearly 20 per cent
of the world oil supplies pass.
7. Iran could harass tanker traffic through the Strait through a range
of measures without necessarily shutting down all traffic.
8. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18848986
9. Iran capabilities
a. Mines. Iran is believed to possess as many as 5,000 mines
of different types, including moored mines, advanced
mines such as the MDM-3 that can be dropped from
aircraft, and other types.
b. Small Boats.
c. Submarines
d. Coastal Cruise Missiles. The IRGC Navy controls several
batteries of CSS-C-2 “Seersucker” and China-made C-
801 and C-802
vi. Saudi Arabia stand
1. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries led by Saudi
Arabia have been wary of the Iranian nuclear efforts and have
urged that a solution be found to address their concerns.
2. Iran is locked in a geo-political struggle for regional dominance
with countries of the GCC led by Saudi Arabia. It is pertinent to
note that the GCC was in fact formed in 1981 as a direct
response to the Iranian revolution and its stated goal of
exporting its brand of Islam to other countries.
3. Saudi Arabia is also important for a very obvious reason – that of
being the world’s biggest oil exporter. As Western sanctions
begin to bite and curtail Iranian supply, there is greater pressure

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on Riyadh to help meet world demand, especially from countries

like India, China, Japan, and South Korea.
4. Saudi output in January 2012 was 9.9 million barrels per day
(mbpd) and according to the IEA, the maximum pumping capacity
of Riyadh was 11.9 mbpd.
vii. Turkey‘s Role
1. Turkey has been active diplomatically in a bid to restart the
stalled negotiation process. After Foreign Minister Ahmet
Davutoglu met his Iranian counterpart Ali Akbar Salehi in January
2012, prospects of re-starting negotiations brightened with Salehi
expressing optimism about the outcome of such an effort.
2. Its most prominent involvement was the May 2010 nuclear swap
deal that Iran entered into with Turkey along with Brazil. Iran
was to have transferred 1200 kg of low enriched uranium to
Turkey and then on to Russia for enrichment which would then
pass it onto France for converting it to uranium fuel rods for use in
the Tehran Research Reactor (TRR).
3. Analysts note that Turkey’s willingness to host the P5+1
negotiations is based on two premises – Iran should guarantee
that its nuclear programme does not have a military
dimension while the P5+1 agrees that Iran has the right to
develop peaceful nuclear energy.
viii. Internal Politics
1. Election in March 2012 for Majlis - The main fight was between
Ahmadinejad’s supporters who formed the Resistance Front
(Paidari) and conservative supporters of Supreme Leader
Ayatollah Khamenei who organised themselves into the United
Front (Motahed).
2. Given that his supporters got the upper hand in the elections
winning close to 75 per cent of the seats, Khamenei, who is the
ultimate decision-making authority on all matters of state including
the nuclear issue, could seek to tune down the looming
confrontation with the West in contrast to the defiant and
confrontationist approach adopted by Ahmadinejad.
3. On the other hand, Ahmadinejad and his supporters could ramp
up the nuclear rhetoric in order to reclaim lost political space.
However, given that they will be in a weak political position, there
could be greater opportunities to reduce the ‘temperature’ and
rhetoric regarding Iran’s nuclear quest
ix. India role
1. India’s continuing dilemmas in the rapidly evolving situation vis-à-
vis the Iranian nuclear issue, are evident across three sets of
important bilateral interactions. These include India-US, India-
Israel and India Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Each of

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these relationships is important for India in their own right.

2. India voted against Iran thrice at the IAEA (September 2005,
February 2006 and November 2009) despite critics labeling such
a policy as acting as a ‘surrogate surrogate’.
3. Evidence of these policy determinants ‘in action’ in recent times
include India continuing its energy and trade cooperation with Iran
despite rising roadblocks to such interaction. India for instance did
not desist from sending a trade delegation to Tehran on March 9,
2012, despite US Congressmen viewing the move as hurting the
international sanctions regime and aimed at thwarting the regime’s
finances.
4. Such trade cooperation also seems not to be affected by the
ongoing investigations into the February 13, 2012 attack on an
Israeli Embassy vehicle in New Delhi, which purportedly show an
Iranian hand. Israeli policy makers were quick to blame Iranian
agencies and organisations supported by it, like the Hezbollah, for
the ‘coordinated’ attacks on Israeli targets in Georgia, India and
Thailand.
5. It is therefore crucial for India not to let itself or its territory
be used for proxy wars between these countries. Cutting
down on the nature of its interactions with either of these
sets of countries in order to ‘please’ the other will neither
help matters nor secure its core national interests.
6. Policy Options for India
a. Greater diplomatic role -India, in fact, is held to be better
placed than Turkey (by some regional observers)
b. Maintain ‘pragmatic balance’
c. Special Envoy/Policy Coordinator
d. Multi-lateral sanctions - India has been insisting that it
is not against multi-lateral sanctions but against
unilateral measures. However, the possibility of such a
move is precluded by the fact that the tough unilateral US
and EU sanctions (according to reports as well as senior
Iranian officials) have begun to seriously affect the Iranian
economic situation negatively.
e. Adding to the weight of the international opinion: India is a
member of the UNSC as well as of key groupings like
Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa (BRICS) and
India, Brazil, South Africa (IBSA) Forum. Countries of
these groupings have been engaged diplomatically in
finding a solution to the issue, the May 2012 Brazil–Turkey
nuclear swap deal being a pertinent example.
f. Tough choices on energy security
g. Central Asia Connectivity Prospects: India will have to

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continue to be prepared for the situation if and when the

Iranian nuclear issue gets resolved or if some sort of
solution is arrived at.
f. Iraq
i. Iraq is the third largest exporter of crude oil to India.
ii. India is the preferred destination for Iraqis looking for reliable medical
treatment, higher studies and tourism.
iii. Internal Issue
1. US troops withdrawal at the end of 2011
2. US left behind an Iraq that is divided by sectarian and ethnic
fault lines
3. Kurd issue - North region mainly dominated by Kurd. Aim to build
sovereign Kurdistan. Oil resources mainly in northern region. So
use it for infrastructure development for realization of the dream
of the Kurdistan. Mainly Pro American, Turkey buying oil from
Iraqi Kurdistan without the central government’s permission.
4. Noor-Al- Maliki Shia Prime minister
5. Tareq Al-Hashemi - Sunni Vice President Charges of indulging in
terrorist and orchestrating bomb attack activities.Pro Saudi and
Anti Iranian. Now asylum in Turkey
iv. USA interest
1. In Iraq oil is nationalised in 1973 and USA has no say in oil
production but after the Iraq attack now major USA oil companies
invested heavily in Iraq eg. ExxonMobil, BP, Shell
2. Arm export to Iraq
3. Most expensive US embassy in Iraq. Present 16,000 personnel
g. Israel
i. History – Israel creation-May 14, 1948
ii. India recognized Israel just after the creation but diplomatic relationship
started in 1992 (20 years of diplomatic relationship)
iii. PLO(Palestine Liberation Organization) – Umbrella organization which is
fighting for independence of Palestine
iv. 1991 Oslo peace accord signed between Israel and PLO for creation of
two states solution based on 1967 borders
v. Palestine Authority was created for self governance in West bank and
Gaza strip
vi. Issues
1. Status of Jerusalem
a. Two solutions proposed
i. East part(Arab dominated) with Palestine and west
part with Israel
ii. Jerusalem is to be made UN protected and both
countries to have common capital
b. But Israel is changing its demography very rapidly

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2. Jewish Settlement -22% of west bank under Jewish. Israel is

reluctant to give it back
3. Return of Palestinian refugees -Compensation, Place and
funding
4. Water issue -River Jordan most part of it flow from new
Palestinian state
5. Transit - Between West bank and Gaza
6. Security - Israel also want that independent Palestinian state
cannot have separate military as it shall jeopardize its security
vii. Fatah controls West Bank (moderate group) while Hamas controlled
Gaza strip(Extreme group)
viii. Recent Issue
1. A meeting of international envoys due to be held in the West Bank
to show support for the Palestinian leadership was scrapped on
Sunday after Israel refused to admit attendees from four countries
(Malaysia, Indonesia, Cuba and Bangladesh) on the grounds
the four countries do not recognise the Jewish state.
ix. Israel India Relationship
1. Based on three foundations Economic, Defense and People to
people contact.
2. FTA negotiation going on between India and Israel
3. Focus areas between relationship is agricultural technology-
hydroponics, Bio technology, IT, water management,
telecommunication, high tech industries, and homeland
security.
a. Indo-Israel Agriculture action plan [2008-2010]
i.
4. Defense
a. Israel is becoming major arm supplier destination for India
In the post-2007 period, concluded mega deals include
that of Spyder surface-to-air missiles worth $1 billion,
Barak-8 tactical air defense systems for $1.4 billion.
b. Projects under joint development included long-range
surface-to-air missile (LRSAM) for the Indian Navy worth
Rs 2606 crore and medium-range SAM (MRSAM) for the
Indian Air Force worth Rs 10,075 crore.
c. Future deals could include Spike anti-tank missiles worth
$1.8 billion.
5. Nearly 50,000 Israelis visited India in 2010, making up close to 20
per cent of all foreign tourist arrivals from West Asia during
that year. India is also the primary source country of tourists from
Asia to Israel—40,000 visited Israel during 2010, more than
double the number in 2009. Given that the tourism sector is one
of India’s primary employment generators (9 per cent) and an

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important element in the gross domestic product (GDP; 7 per

cent), such numbers from a small country like Israel are indeed
noteworthy.
6. Among the deliverables achieved during the visit included the
signing of an extradition treaty and India agreeing to the Israeli
proposal for opening a Consulate in the hi-tech hub of
Bengaluru.
7. Agriculture Technology
a. up-gradation of agricultural productivity, agricultural
infrastructure and food processing facilities remain major
requirements’ for India both countries were set to adopt the
next agricultural plan to further boost cooperation.
b. An agricultural work plan programme was launched
initially in 2006; since then, cooperation has expanded
dramatically.
c. For instance, the Indo-Israel Centre of Excellence for
Vegetables was set up in Haryana in January 2011.
Similar centres are expected to come up in Maharashtra,
Rajasthan, and West Bengal as well as other states.
8. Important conclusion - Given India’s rising geo-strategic
footprint, great power ambitions as exemplified by its desire for
UNSC permanent membership, and the need to more effectively
safeguard its core national interests vis-à-vis issues like the
Iranian nuclear programme, there is an imperative need for India
to be more proactive in its strategic engagements with countries of
the region. Only then will there be opportunities to shape the
evolving regional dynamics to suit India’s interests rather than be
reactive to developments that could negatively affect it.
h. Palestine Issue
i. Palestine entry into the UNESCO in 2011
ii. Palestinian bid for statehood in 2011 in UN General Assembly
iii. Challenge USA warned Veto for its statehood
iv. Oslo Peace agreement 1993 was supposed to lead to full statehood for
Palestine, but the Israeli pockmarked the west bank with the settlements
of 60,000
v. Palestine want the recognition of 1967 borders
vi. Hamas and Fatah groups
i. Jordan
i. One of the largest exporter of fertilizer for India
j. Kuwait
i. The 640,000 Indians constitute the largest single expatriate community in
Kuwait
ii. Fair conducted for 'Indian Medical Tourism Destination 2011'. An
Indian Medical Tourism Destination Exhibition and Conference-2011 was

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organised.
iii. The Special Kuwait Cell (SKC) deals with the compensation claims of
the Gulf War (1990-91) returnees. All the valid claims of the Indian
returnees have already been settled.
k. Lebanon
l. Oman
i. Of the total population of 3.2 million, the over 700,000 Indians make up
for the largest single expatriate community.
ii. The commissioning of the Bharat Oman Refinery Limited (BORL)
refinery complex in Bina on 20 May, 2011, was the highlight of bilateral
investment relations between the two countries.
iii. Omani Oil Company has a 26 per cent equity stake in the Bharat
Petroleum Corporation Ltd (BPCL)- US$ 2.4 billion refinery complex.
iv. Jindal Shadeed Iron & Steel LLC, a private sector plant, acquired by
Jindal Group of India in 2010 for US$ 464 million, also started commercial
operations in January 2011.
v. (2010 News)India is actively considering building a 2,000-km-long
deepwater transnational gas pipeline from Oman for transporting
natural gas sourced from Turkmenistan, Iran and Qatar and passing
through UAE.
m. Qatar
i. As many as 500,000 Indians live and work in Qatar, making them the
largest single expatriate community.
ii. recently India wants to sign a deal to ensure the supply of LNG
n. Saudi Arabia
i. Energy Security - Saudi Arabia is currently the largest supplier of crude
oil to India. With particular reference to the ‘Strategic Petroleum
Reserve’, India needs to move beyond mere commodity trade and
engage with Saudi Arabia through energy interdependence.
ii. Trade and Investment
iii. Indian Diaspora - Approximately two million strong Indian diaspora in
Saudi Arabia have acted as a medium through which the Saudis have
shaped their perception of India and its people.
iv. Saudi Arabia as a gateway for India to the Arab and Islamic world -
Mecca and Medina two most important holy places for muslims. It also
enjoys influence in organisations such as the Gulf Cooperation Council
(GCC), the Arab League and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
(OIC).
v. Defence cooperation - Defence cooperation between the two has not
received adequate attention. It is only in recent years that the two
countries have begun to conduct joint naval exercises.
vi. Counter terrorism - After 2011 attacks Saudi Arabia has taken steps to
check the flow of money and disrupting terrorist networks. Abu Jundal
deportation. Faish Mohammad (involved in Bangalore stadium attack)

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vii. Anti piracy - Piracy in the Gulf of Aden and surrounding regions remains
a threat to Sea Lines of Communication and thus to the security of the
transshipment of goods
viii. Recent engagement
a. The foundations for the new cooperation between Riyadh
and New Delhi were laid when King Abdullah came to India
in 2006, the first such visit in 51 years, followed by the
visits of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh(2010) and
Defence Minister A.K. Antony(2012)to Riyadh recently.
b. Bilateral engagements at the top were followed by closer
contact on the security front.
c. At the same time, India’s ties with Iran have entered
awkward terrain after the US sanctions on Tehran and the
attack on the Israeli diplomat in Delhi, where the Delhi
police claimed the role of Iranian operatives.
o. Syria
i. The conflict began on 15 March 2011 with public demonstrations as part of the
wider Arab Spring and developed into a nationwide uprising, and a civil war in
2012.
ii. Syria is a country of
1. 21 million people with a Sunni Muslim majority (74%)
2. significant minorities of Alawites - the Shia heterodox sect to
which Mr Assad belongs
3. Christians.
4. Mr Assad promotes a secular identity for the country, but he has
concentrated power in the hands of family and other Alawites.
5. The key players in Syria are the U.S., Israel, Turkey, Russia,
Iran and the Arab League.
6. USA -
a. Want to remain only superpower.
b. President Assad never publicly antagonized America like
Libya's Muammar Gaddafi, nor did his government ever
provide overt support for anti-American terrorism
c. There is plenty of evidence Syria aided militias and
groups in neighboring Iraq fighting against American
forces.
d. Syria is not a major supplier of oil or other natural
resources to America.
7. The Arab League -
a. Arab League observers that Assad allowed
b. Arab League peace plan that the U.N. is mulling over.
c. It may be Arab League that will get Russia and China to
drop their objections to some form of concerted
international action, possibly including a joint Arab-UN
peacekeeping force.

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8. Israel -
a.Share a disputed 40-mile or so border, and the two nations
are still technically at war.
b. Golan Heights with Israel since the Six Day War in 1967
c. Assad regime provides direct support for Hezbollah in
Lebanon and Hamas and Islamic Jihad in the Israeli
occupied territories.
d. Israel has already been affected by the conflict. A reported
20 Syrians were killed by Israeli forces in June along the
border during pro-Palestinian demonstrations that some
said were orchestrated by the Assad government to
distract from the growing crackdown on its own
demonstrators.
e. Israel's interests is how the outcome in Syria would affect
its ongoing conflict with Iran. Many observers view Syria as
Iran's closest regional ally.
9. Turkey -
a. In recent years Turkey had been cultivating Assad in an
effort to open Syria up as part of a trade route between
Europe and the Middle East.
b. Syria also represents a chance for Turkey to improve upon
its already robust position as an important regional power
broker.
c. The Erdogan government has cultivated that image in
recent years as it negotiates for European Union
membership.
d. Turkey, along with France, is the co-chair of the
"Friends of Syria" conference currently in Tunisia
e. And Now Turkey has started openly opposing the
Assad regime after Syria bombed down Turkish Helicopter
on breach of air space.
f. Patriot Missile system have been installed by US and EU
near Turkey-Syria Border inside Turkey
10. Russia -
a. Russia has been a primary sponsor of Syria for decades,
and has a crucial naval base in the Syrian port of Tartus
on the Mediterranean.
b. Since Soviet times, Russia has seen the Assad
government as an important regional counterweight to
U.S. and Israeli interests.
c. Syria is the most powerful Israeli neighbor that has not
signed a peace treaty with the Jewish state.
11. Iran -
a. On first glance, Iran's religious orthodoxy and Syria's more

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secular approach to society seem to conflict, but Assad's

family are Alawites,
b. Syria and Iran initially found firm common ground trying to
prevent Saddam Hussein's regional domination
c. Ties are now deep and well developed. There are reports
that Iran is sending security personnel, advisers, arms and
supplies to bolster the Assad regime.
d. Iran has also long been involved in Lebanon through its
proxy Hezbollah, which it supplies through Syrian territory.
12. A proxy war between Iran and the Saudis and between the
great powers is also in the offing. Three different wars are
being fought on the soil of Syria.
a. The Sunni axis led by the Saudis and supported by
Turkey and Qatar
b. Equally determined is the Shiite-led block headed by
Iran with active support from fellow Shiites from Lebanon.
c. It is indeed a geographical oddity that most of the oil
bearing areas in the Middle-East are in areas
dominated by the Shiites.
13. Indian Perspective -
a. Striking a fine balance between its Arab world
compulsions and long-held position on regime-
change,
b. With regime and claiming armed extremist [April 2010] ->
sided Russia and China on UNSC failed resolution [Aug,
2010] -> India, Brazil and SA team visit to Syria; here
condemned violence and asked for partial investigation
into violence - > abstain from UNHRC voting on Syria[Oct,
2010] -> abstain in failed UNSC [Oct 2011] -> Delhi asked
citizens to avoid travelling to Syria[Jan 2012] -> Voted in
favor of failed UNSC and passed UNGA resolution [Feb
2012]-> absent on UNGA resolution[Aug 2012]
c. India abstained from the UN general assembly
resolution shift from its early stands where it support the
west and Arab league resolution in security council. that
called for political transition in the Syria. openly called for
President Assad to step down from power and for other UN
members to severe diplomatic relations and contacts with
Syria
d. Unilateral action of any kind will not resolve the crisis. It will
only exacerbate the problem and cause greater instability
and violence
e. India has called for “a peaceful and inclusive political
process to address the grievances of all sections of

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Syrian society.” Also, India opposes any kind of external

intervention in Syria to end the conflict as societies cannot
be reordered from outside.
f. Thus, India supports a non-military solution
g. Trying to maintain good relationship with Syria. Too
early to gauge the negative impact of the conflict on the
India-Syria relationship as the situation is still unfolding..
h. India has had good ties with the current regime. President
Pratibha Patil had visited the country in November 2010

iii.
iv. 2012 events
1. Houla Massacre- first major violation of Anan 6 point plan
2. Al Qubeir Massacre
3. Turkey F-4 Airplane
4. On 18 July, Syrian Defense Minister Dawoud Rajha, former defense
minister Hasan Turkmani, and the president's brother-in-law General
Assef Shawkat were killed by a bomb attack in the city
5. On 19 July, Russia and China vetoed a U.N. resolution that would add
sanctions against the Syrian government, showing again the divide in
international opinion towards the conflict
6. Conflict has reached a decisive stage in late July 2012, with the
government forces and the armed opposition locked in a high intensity
battle over control of the country’s largest city, Aleppo. Fighting over
Aleppo is acquiring a greater significance after government troops
flushed out most of the fighters from Damascus.
7. Kofi Annan Plan (Peace Plan for Syria)
1. Start negotiation with Envoy
2. UN supervised Cease fire
3. Allow Humanitarian aid
4. Ensure freedom of movement
5. Ensure right to demonstrate peacefully

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6. Release detainees captured arbitrary

a. commit to work with the Envoy in an inclusive Syrian-led
political process to address the legitimate aspirations and
concerns of the Syrian people, and, to this end, commit to
appoint an empowered interlocutor when invited to do so by the
Envoy;
b. commit to stop the fighting and achieve urgently an effective
United Nations supervised cessation of armed violence in all its
forms by all parties to protect civilians and stabilise the country.
To this end, the Syrian government should immediately cease
troop movements towards, and end the use of heavy weapons
in, population centres, and begin pullback of military
concentrations in and around population centres. As these
actions are being taken on the ground, the Syrian government
should work with the Envoy to bring about a sustained cessation
of armed violence in all its forms by all parties with an effective
United Nations supervision mechanism. Similar commitments
would be sought by the Envoy from the opposition and all
relevant elements to stop the fighting and work with him to bring
about a sustained cessation of armed violence in all its forms by
all parties with an effective United Nations supervision
mechanism;
c. ensure timely provision of humanitarian assistance to all areas
affected by the fighting, and to this end, as immediate steps, to
accept and implement a daily two hour humanitarian pause and
to coordinate exact time and modalities of the daily pause
through an efficient mechanism, including at local level;
d. intensify the pace and scale of release of arbitrarily detained
persons, including especially vulnerable categories of persons,
and persons involved in peaceful political activities, provide
without delay through appropriate channels a list of all places in
which such persons are being detained, immediately begin
organizing access to such locations and through appropriate
channels respond promptly to all written requests for information,
access or release regarding such persons;
e. ensure freedom of movement throughout the country for
journalists and a non-discriminatory visa policy for them;
f. respect freedom of association and the right to demonstrate
peacefully as legally guaranteed.
8. Under the sanctions imposed by the Arab League, US and EU,
Syria's two most vital sectors, tourism and oil, have ground to a
halt in recent months. The IMF says Syria's economy contracted
by 2% in 2011
p. Turkey
q. UAE
i. An Indian fisherman was killed and three others were wounded yesterday
when a security team onboard a US Navy ship fired at their small boat off
the Dubai coast.

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ii. Importance
1. Energy Security
2. Infrastructure investment
3. Double taxation avoidance agreement
iii. UAE blood money - 17 Indians
r. Yemen
i. The 2011–2012 Yemeni revolution followed the initial stages of the Tunisian
Revolution and occurred simultaneously with the Egyptian Revolution and other
mass protests in the Arab world in early 2011. The uprising was initially against
unemployment, economic conditions and corruption, as well as against the
government's proposals to modify the constitution of Yemen.
ii. The protestors demands then escalated to calls for President Ali Abdullah
Saleh to resign.
iii. After an election, power was transferred to the vice president, Abd Rabbuh
Mansur Al-Hadi, for a two-year term starting in February 2012.
iv. Al-Hadi will oversee the drafting of a new constitution, followed by parliamentary
and presidential elections in 2014.
s. Shia Crescent

i.
ii. 80% sunni and 20% Shia in the world population
iii. In Iraq 60% Shia traditionally ruled by Sunni minority but now Shia in
power. So support for Iran because at the time of Saddam Husain Iran
provided them asylum
iv. Kuwait 35% Shia
v. Saudi Arabia Majority Sunni but Eastern provinces that are oil rich
dominated by Shia

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vi. Lebanon 60% Shia

vii. Bahrain 70% Shia ruled by Sunni royal family
viii. UAE 35-40% Shia
ix. Shias in these reason feel that they are being discriminated by Sunni and
look upto Iran for their spiritual and strategic support
x. Wahabis(Sunni extremist group) don’t even consider Shia as a muslim so
tension increase with increasing influence of wahabism in these regions
xi. Saudi Arabia consider itself as the leader of all Muslim world(Mecca and
Medina)
xii. The influence of anti-US, anti-Israel and anti-sunni increase the Shia
crescent
xiii. Infact Wikileaks have shown that Saudi Arabia has given permission to
Israel to fly over Saudi Arabia to attack Iranian nuclear facilities.
t. CHEMICAL WEAPON SYRIA
2. Central Asia

a. General
i. Region Importance
1. India’s primary interests there are in
a. Energy
i. Kazakhstan has substantial oil, largest uranium
producer;
ii. Turkmenistan has gas;
iii. Uzbekistan has more modest hydrocarbon
resources;
iv. Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan have surplus
hydropower.
v. Around 7.62% gas reserve of the world in this

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region
b. Minimizing Pakistani influence
i. prevent to attain strategic depth
ii. the islamic countries in central Asia can be used in
OIC
c. Trade and investment
i. New market for Indian export
ii. With Russia joining the World Trade
Organisation, and Kazakhstan playing a crucial
role in the integration efforts of the newly formed
Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and
Russia, the scope for seeking strategic and
economic depth by partnering both at bilateral as
well as on a regional level has opened up
substantially for India.
d. Establishing itself as a significant player in the interplay
of outside powers that is taking shape.
e. India’s engagement with Central Asia could facilitate
options for transcontinental transit to Eurasia. Russia,
Iran and India are already in agreement to further develop
the North-South Transport Corridor.-covered by Kahnani
2. Challenges
a. Connectivity problem; transport plus power sharing
network
b. China’s presence - Entry into SCO
c. Security issue - TAPI gas pipeline from vulnerable Afghan
region
d. Region stability - Centrifugal forces remain very strong
i. Uzbekistan is a fragile state, while Tajikistan and
Kyrgyzstan are on the brink of failure. Rivalry and
lack of trust between the states are intractable as
far as this generation of rulers is concerned.
Lamentably, genuine integration of Central Asian
countries is not near in sight.
e. Non conventional threat - terrorism, extremism, drug
trafficking
3. Policy of India towards the region
a. “Connect Central Asia” Policy Of India
i. Policy focus on certain flagship projects, including
the establishment of Central Asian University at
Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
ii. Connecting Central Asia through an e-Network in
telemedicine and other critical areas of
commercial activities

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iii. Opening up of hospitals

iv. Centres of excellence in IT, CICA and improving air
connectivity.
v. Further stressed upon the need to continue with the
current defence and Strategic partnership
through training and joint research between India
and the Central Asian Republics (CARs).
b. International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC)
projects.
c. New Silk route?
d. Trans Asian highways and rail networks - These
networks are going to pass from all the countries of the
region
e. The country has also been a consistent supporter and
active participant of the Conference on Interaction and
Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA).
f. The first India-Central Asia Dialogue, a Track-II initiative
organized on 12-13 June 2012 in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan,
was yet another step towards building a long-term
partnership with the Eurasian region. It was during this
regional conference that Minister of State for External
Affairs, Mr E. Ahmad, pronounced India’s new “Connect
Central Asia” Policy.
4. Future Perspective
a. India and the CARs share common concerns on
terrorism, extremism, and drug–trafficking.
b. The current developments in Afghanistan and the
proposed western military pullout by 2014 raise serious
questions on the stability of the region as a whole.
c. India plans to further strengthen its strategic and security
cooperation with all the CARs with a focus on military
training, joint research, counter-terrorism coordination and
close consultation on Afghanistan within the framework of
its “Connect Central Asia” policy.
d. Emphasised upon the need for giving a strategic
content to the partnership between India and CARs,
greater interaction between the youth, establishment of
Central Asia University, relaxation of Visa rules, greater
engagement at the multilateral level, need for a high level
dialogue for regional stability and peace and more
emphasis on track 1.5 and track 2 levels of engagement.
5. Comparison with China
a. China started its engagement with this region just after
the fall of USSR

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b. Resolved all the boundary disputes-eg. handed over

territory to Tajikistan to resolve the issue
c. Get important economic depth in the region
d. Through SCO also made strategic depth in the region
b. CIS
i. Commonwealth of Independent States is a regional organization
whose participating countries are former Soviet Republics, formed during
the breakup of the Soviet Union.
ii. It is more comparable to the Commonwealth of Nations.
iii. Although the CIS has few supranational powers, it is aimed at being more
than a purely symbolic organization, nominally possessing coordinating
powers in the realm of trade, finance, lawmaking, and security.

c. SCO
i. intergovernmental mutual-security organisation which was founded in
2001 in Shanghai by the leaders of China, Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,
Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.(Turkmenistan is not part of it)
ii. Except for Uzbekistan, the other countries had been members of the
Shanghai Five, founded in 1996; after the inclusion of Uzbekistan in
2001, the members renamed the organisation.
iii. The SCO is primarily centered on its member nations' Central Asian
security-related concerns, often describing the main threats it confronts
as being terrorism, separatism and extremism. However, evidence is
growing that its activities in the area of social development of its
member states is increasing fast.
iv. Western media observers counterbalance to NATO and the United
States
v. The United States applied for observer status in the SCO, but was
rejected in 2006
vi. Military - Regular military exercises and counter-terrorism drills
vii. Economic relation - Strong economic ties between member countries
and members are talking about starting new regional bank and
development fund for SCO member countries
viii. Cultural cooperation - In 2012 member countries also signed an
agreement for cultural cooperation
ix. 12th SCO summit(Beijing Summit)
1. Afghanistan and Turkey were included as observer and
dialogue partner, respectively.
2. Pursue the establishment of a Special Account and
Development Bank.
3. Approval of a development strategic plan.
4. Vows to foster and facilitate trade and investment.
5. Vows to enhance cooperation in the finance, transportation,
energy, telecommunications and agriculture sectors in line with a

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furtherance of regional economic development

6. Agreement on the necessity to enhance cultural and
educational exchanges and create opportunities for more
people-to-people contact.
x. India membership in SCO
1. India had joined the SCO as an observer at the fifth summit
meeting held in July 2005 in Astana.
2. It was in 2009 at Yekaterinburg, Russia, that an Indian prime
minister participated in a SCO summit for the first time.
3. India’s inclusion as a full member of the SCO is backed by
Russia and the Central Asian countries
4. China perspective over expansion of SCO that first expansion of
its mandates and then the expansion of SCO
a. Why should the SCO expand? What is the objective? And
what does the SCO charter say about expansion?
b. China has not explicitly opposed India joining the SCO,
but insiders say that Beijing is looking for a deal with New
Delhi whereby it becomes a member of the South Asian
Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) in return
for getting India inside the SCO tent.
c. If India is admitted as a member, Pakistan, China's ally,
too will be accommodated.
5. As per the statute, any country wanting to join the SCO
a. must be located in the Eurasian region
b. must have diplomatic relations with all SCO member
states
c. must already be an observer or a dialogue partner
d. it must maintain active trade, economic and
humanitarian ties with SCO members
e. it should not be under UN sanctions
f. it should not be involved in an armed conflict with
another state(s)
g. Finally, a country wishing to join the SCO must send an
official request to the chairman of the council of the SCO
heads of state through the chairman of the SCO council of
foreign ministers
6. Advantages of membership
a. The first and foremost advantage of full membership will be
greater visibility in the affairs of the Eurasian region.
b. Full membership will also provide a forum where India can
constructively engage both China and Pakistan in the
regional context.
c. Most importantly, cooperation in the three crucial areas of
energy, transportation and counter-terrorism

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cooperation can be facilitated through full membership in

the SCO.
7. Challenges
a. India will have to face the challenge of playing second
fiddle to China and Russia, which have been the leaders
since the SCO’s inception.
b. Moreover, given China’s domination of the SCO, India’s
ability to assert itself will be minimal.
c. India will also have to contend with China's use of the SCO
for enhancing its own role not only in the Eurasian
region but also in Southern Asia.
d. In return for granting India full membership in the SCO,
China may seek full membership in SAARC. What are the
implications of China’s entry into SAARC?
e. India will have to deal with the China-Pakistan nexus in
the SCO, especially given the complementarity in Chinese
and Pakistani interests in the Central Asian Republics.

d. CICA forum (Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures

in Asia)
i. It is an intergovernmental forum for enhancing cooperation towards
promoting peace, security and stability in Asia.
ii. It is a forum based on the recognition that there is close link between
peace, security and stability in Asia and in the rest of the world.
iii. Last summit in 2010
iv. India member
e. CSTO
i. The Collective Security Treaty Organization is an intergovernmental
military alliance which was signed on 15 May 1992.
ii. In 2002, the Presidents of Armenia, Belarus,Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Russia and Tajikistan signed a charter in Tashkent founding the CSTO.
iii. The CSTO charter reaffirmed the desire of all participating states to
abstain from the use or threat of force. Signatories would not be able to
join other military alliances or other groups of states
iv. Uzbekistan withdrew its membership in 2012
1. The decision to withdraw might be less about love and more
about cash.
v. Under CSTO regulations adopted last winter, no member can invite a
foreign military to open a base without the consensus of the others
– i.e. Russia gets a veto.
vi. That stipulation must have been especially vexing to Tashkent, which is
earning a fortune cooperating with NATO.
vii. Uzbekistan already hosts a German base in the border town of Termez,
and hosted an American base, K2, until Washington criticized

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Karimov for massacring hundreds of his own civilians in Andijan in

2005.
viii. Increase tension between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan
f. Kazakhstan
1.Current Agreements
1. Agreement between ONGC Videsh Limited and Kazmunaigas on
Satpayev Exploration Block
2. Agreement for Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy
3. will provide them nuclear reactors to harness their nuclear
reserves
4. Joint Action Plan for furthering Strategic Partnership between
India and Kazakhstan
2.Foreign Office Consultations at the level of Deputy Foreign Ministers are
held annually to discuss the entire range of bilateral relations and exchange
views on international issues.
3.Inter-Governmental Commission:instrumental in developing bilateral trade,
economic, scientific, technological, industrial and cultural cooperation
4.Joint Working Groups: Counter Terrorism, Information Technology,
Hydrocarbons, Transport and Science and Technology, Textiles have been
actively contributing to development of bilateral cooperation.
5. cooperate under the aegis of Multilateral Fora including CICA(Conference
on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia,is the only Central
Asian forum of which India is a member), SCO and the UN organizations.
6. cooperation in spheres of Oil and Gas, Civil Nuclear Energy,
metals and minerals, agriculture, public health, information technology,
education, culture and defence are promising.
7.ITEC(train specialists and scholors),Indian Culture Centre conduct classes
in Yoga,Hindi and Kathak dance,ICCR scholorships

ii. Current Relationship

1.
iii. Challenges and Perspectives
g. Kyrgyzstan
h. Tajikistan
i. Turkmenistan
i. 4th largest natural gas reserve in world including the world’s second
largest South Yolotan gas field. It also has significant reserves of crude
oil.
ii. Being the richest country in natural gas in Central Asia and located in
India’s extended neighbourhood, Turkmenistan is important for India’s
energy security.

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iii. TAPI pipeline

iv. Turkmenistan still depends on import of some food items, viz., rice, sugar,
milk and milk products, fruits & vegetables, etc.
v. The Turkmen economy is dynamic and grew by 9.9% in the year
2011. So lots of opportunity to Indian companies
j. Uzbekistan
3. Russia
a. Russia India Relationship
i. Military Relation
1. Today, the cooperation is not limited to a buyer-seller relationship but
includes joint research and development, training, service to service
contacts, including joint exercises.
2. Two programmes that evidence this approach are the projects to form
Indian-Russian joint ventures to develop and produce the Fifth
Generation Fighter Aircraft (FGFA) and the Multirole Transport Aircraft
(MTA).
3. BrahMos cruise missile program
4. 5th generation fighter jet program
5. Sukhoi Su-30MKI program (230+ to be built by Hindustan Aeronautics)
6. Ilyushin/HAL Tactical Transport Aircraft
7. Additionally, India has purchased/leased various military hardware from
Russia:
a. T-90S Bhishma with over 1000 to be built in India
b. Akula-II nuclear submarine Nerpa (2 to be leased with an option
to buy when the lease expires)
c. INS Vikramaditya aircraft carrier program
d. Tu-22M3 bombers (4 ordered)
e. US$900 million upgrade of MiG-29
f. Mil Mi-17 (80 ordered)
g. Ilyushin Il-76 Candid (6 ordered to fit Israeli Phalcon radar)
h. The Farkhor Air Base in Tajikistan is currently jointly operated by
India and Russia.
8. However, more recently the defense relationship between India and
Russia has been drifting apart. The relationship has been strained due to
delays and frequent pricing changes for INS Vikramaditya, and repeated
delays in delivery of several critical defense systems. In May 2011,
Russia canceled joint army and naval exercises with India allegedly in
response to the elimination of Mikoyan MiG-35 from the Indian MRCA
competition

ii. Economic Relation

1. http://indrus.in/articles/2011/11/16/
whats_in_russias_wto_entry_for_india_13255.html
2. http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-india-russia-
still-need-each-other/20120413.htm
3. http://www.idsa.in/taxonomy/term/551
4.

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iii. Energy Sector

1. In 2001, ONGC-Videsh Limited acquired 20% stake in the Sakhalin-I oil
and gas project in the Russian Federation, and has invested about US $
1.7 billion in the project.
2. The Russian company Gazprom and Gas Authority of India Ltd. have
collaborated in joint development of a block in the Bay of Bengal.
3. Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project with two units of 1000 MW each is
a good example of Indo-Russian nuclear energy cooperation.
iv. Space
1. These space cooperation programmes are under implementation.
Chandrayaan-2 is a joint lunar exploration mission proposed by
theIndian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the Russian
Federal Space Agency (RKA)
2. GLONASS
3. Cryogenic engine
4.
v. Science and Technology
1. The ongoing cooperation in the field of science & technology, under the
Integrated Long-Term Programme of cooperation (ILTP) is the largest
cooperation programme in this sphere for both India and Russia. ILTP is
coordinated by the (DST)Department of Science and Technology from
the Indian side and by the Russian Academy of Sciences and Russian
Ministry of Industry & Science and Technology from the Russian side.
Development of SARAS Duet aircraft, semiconductor products,
super computers, poly-vaccines, laser science and technology,
seismology, high-purity materials, software & IT and Ayurveda have
been some of the priority areas of co-operation under the ILTP. Under
this programme, eight joint Indo- Russian centers have been
established to focus on joint research and development work. Two other
Joint Centres on Non-ferrous Metals and Accelerators and Lasers are
being set up in India. A Joint Technology Centre based in Moscow to
bring cutting edge technologies to the market is also under processing.
An ILTP Joint Council met in Moscow on 11–12 October 2007 to review
cooperation and give it further direction. In August 2007, an MoU was
signed between Department of Science and Technology and Russian
Foundation of Basic Research, Moscow to pursue scientific cooperation.
vi. North South Corridor
1. This "International North-South Transport Corridor" will have its starting
point from JNPT Port in Mumbai, and via transhipment the goods will
reach Bandar Abbas Port(near Straits of Hormuz) in Iran, then a railway
link will be established between Iran, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and
it will finally reach Russia. If the proposed Railway line is transformed
into reality then trade with Afghanistan may also be possible, since there
is well established surface route from Chah Bahar port to Zarang Lake
(Border of Afghanistan).
vii. Culture
1. India–Russia relations in the field of culture are historical. Five Chairs
relating to Indology have been established in Moscow, Saint

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Petersburg, Kazan and Vladivostok. Days of Russian Culture were

held in India in November 2003, in Delhi, Kolkata and Mumbai. "Days of
Indian Culture" in Russia were organized from September- October
2005 in Russia. 130th birth anniversary of Nikolai Roerich and 100th birth
anniversary of Svyatoslav Roerich were celebrated in India in October
2004. Chief Minister of National Capital Territory of Delhi led a delegation
for participating in the event "Days of Delhi in Moscow" from 28 May 1
June 2006. The "Year of Russia in India" was held in 2008. It was
followed by the "Year of India in Russia" in 2009. There is a Hindi
Department, in the University of Moscow.
viii. Terrorism
1. Russia has supported the Indian draft at the UN on Comprehensive
Convention on International Terrorism [CCIT]. The two sides signed a
MoU on cooperation in combating terrorism in December 2002. A
Joint Working Group on Combating International Terrorism meets
from time to time and its fourth meeting was held in Delhi on 24 October
2006.Both Russia and India have faced the problem of terrorism, India
has seen it in the context of its military presence in Kashmir and Russia
has seen it in Chechnya and both the countries are supportive of each
other on the issue of terrorism. Indian and Russian militaries will hold
joint anti-terrorist exercises Indra-2012, from August 5 to 16 near
Russia’s border with Mongolia and China. A combined group of Russian
and Indian armies will carry out reconnaissance, blocking and destruction
of terrorist groups
ix. Nuclear deal
1. On 7 November 2009, India signed a new nuclear deal with Russia apart
from the deals that were agreed upon by the two countries earlier. India
and Russia are in discussion for construction of two more nuclear
power units at Kudankulam. The two units already set up are ready for
operationalisation
b. Russia Internal Issues
i. Putin election
ii. Chechnya
iii. Russia - Pakistan growing relationship

To see

1. NAM summit Iran

2. Chemical Weapon Syria

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