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UNSC RESEARCH

Indonesia

General information:
• Democratic Muslim country with presidential system.
• World’s 3rd largest democracy.
•
• President; Joko Widodo. Vice President; Ma’ruf Amin.
• Ongoing conflicts: Papua conflict, conflicts with Abu Sayyaf (Jihadist militant and pirate
group)(attacks on Sabah)
• Shares borders with Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, and East Timor. Other neighbouring
countries include Singapore, the Philippines, Australia, and the union territory of the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India.
• Indonesia is a newly industrialised country and ranks 130th on the Human Development
Index.
• 273.8mil population. Largest Muslim population.
• Indonesia is the world's fourth most populous nation, the world's 10th largest economy
in terms of purchasing power parity, and a member of the G-20. An emerging middle-
income country, Indonesia has made enormous gains in poverty reduction, cutting the
poverty rate to more than half since 1999, to 9.8% in 2018.
• Indonesia also borders the South China Sea, which has the world’s busiest sea lanes —
over $5 trillion in cargo and as much as 50 percent of the world’s oil tankers pass
through the South China Sea every year.
• Located across the southern edge of the South China Sea, Indonesia, the resource-laden
nation with a fast-growing trillion-dollar economy and a large population, is a big prize in
the geopolitical battle between Washington and Beijing for influence in Asia. And its
strategic location, with about 17,000 islands straddling thousands of miles of vital sea
lane, is a defensive necessity as both sides gear up for a possible conflict over Taiwan,
the island democracy that China claims it possesses. (China seems to be winning with
investments of $5B+ compared to US $2B.)

• Foreign policy:
• “The Government is of the firm opinion that the best policy to adopt is one which does
not make us the object of an international conflict. On the contrary, we must remain the
subject who reserves the right to decide our own destiny and fight for our own goal,
which is independence for the whole of Indonesia.” (Mohammad Hatta, ‘Mendayung
Antara Dua Karang,’ 1976).
• These principles are the foundation of Indonesia’s foreign policy, which is independent
and active. The policy is independent because Indonesia does not side with world
powers. (against the country’s national philosophy)
• Indonesia’s independent and active policy is not a neutral policy, but it is one that does
not align Indonesia with the super powers nor does it bind the country to any military
pact.
• Essentially, it is a policy designed to serve the national interest while simultaneously
allowing Indonesia to cooperate with other nations to abolish colonialism and
imperialism in all their forms and manifestations for the sake of world peace and social
justice.
• To support national development with priority on economic development, as set out in
the Five-Year Development Plans;
• To preserve internal and regional stability conducive to national development;
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• To protect the territorial integrity of Indonesia and safeguard the peoples place of abode.
• Foreign relations shall be conducted on the basis of the independent and active foreign
policy and dedicated to the national interest, especially to supporting national
development in all spheres of life, and for the purpose of establishing a world order
based on freedom, lasting peace and social justice.
• International relations must strive to strengthen international and regional friendships
and cooperation through various multilateral and regional channels according to national
interests and opportunities.
• Indonesia's role in solving international problems, especially those that threaten peace
and are against justice and humanity, will be continued and strengthened in the spirit of
the Bandung Ten Principles.
• The country's efforts to achieve national goals, such as the implementation of the
principle of insularity and the expansion of export markets, should be continued.
• In order to encourage the creation of a new world order based on freedom, lasting
peace and social justice, more efforts must be made to strengthen solidarity and
develop common positions and cooperation among developing countries through
various international organizations such as the United Kingdom.
• In order to achieve the specific goal of building a new world economic order, we must
continue to cooperate with other developing countries, speed up the implementation of
the international basic commodity agreement, and remove trade barriers and
restrictions on the export of developing countries established by industrialized
countries, and expand economic and technical cooperation between developing
countries.
• https://kemlu.go.id/portal/en/page/42/keanggotaan_indonesia_pada_dk_pbb

• Main allies of indonesia:-

Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines. (ASEAN members)

• International Organizations Indonesia is a part of:-

• (United Nations-UN), Non-Aligned Movement-NAM, Council of Europe-CE, Organization of
Islamic Cooperation-OIC, UNESCO, WHO, WTO, UNWTO, G-20, G-15, D-8, Colombo
plan, ILO, G-77 and China, IMO, ITU, ICAO, IPU, WMO, UNCOPUOS, ASEAN.

• Plus points for Azerbaijan:

• Afghanistan (2021-2.19M; 2022-2.43M) . Grant Distribution
• Palau (2021 7.26M) . Gambia (20231,62 M)
• LDKPI . Ethiophia (2023 - 2,15M)
• Antigua and Barbuda (2021 - 1.27M) . Nigeria (2023 - 30,3 M)
• Palestine (2022 - 14.4M) . CARICOM SICA (2023 - 4.6 M)
• Fiji (2020 - 23.66M) . Senegal (2022 - 3,2 M)
• Papua New Guinea (2021-3.6M) . OACPS Secretary (2023 -0,59 M)
• India (2021-7.83M) . Zimbabwe (2021-2.1M)
• Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2021-1.73M) . Laos (2022 -0.35M)
• Solomon Island (2020-2.88M) . Ukraina (URCS) (2022-3.6M)
• Madagascar (2021-2.23M) . Suriname (2021-1.46M)
• Mozambique (2021 - 2.16 M)
• Timor Leste (2020-2.88M; 2021-0.12M; 2022-0.75M 2023-5,7M)
• Multi-Beneficiary Countries (2022 - 1.31M)
• Melanesian Spearhead Group (2022 -0.31M)

• Indonesia on Russo-Ukraine War:

• Condemned Russian invasion, however has not placed any sanctions on Russia.
• Provided Ukraine aid of 3.6M.
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• Indonesia's Defence Minister Prabowo Subianto proposed a plan on June 3 to end the war
between Russia and Ukraine at a defence summit in Singapore, an initiative that drew quick
criticism from attendees.
• "Indonesia is prepared to contribute units to a potential UN peacekeeping operation," he
added.
• Proposed a ceasefire "at present positions", and demilitarised zones that would be
guaranteed by observers and United Nations peacekeeping forces. He also suggested an
eventual "referendum in the disputed areas" organised by the UN.
• Jakarta, which favours non-aligned diplomacy, had previously attempted to mediate peace.
• Indonesian President Joko Widodo travelled to Kyiv and Moscow and met the nations'
leaders last year, while his country chaired the G20 bloc of major economies.
• EU Foreign Policy Chief Josep Borrell criticised it saying peace in Ukraine had to be
achieved on “just” terms not a “peace of surrender”.
• Mr. Subianto responded: "Ask Indonesians how many times they have been invaded. There
are violations of sovereignty not only in Europe. I’m putting forward a conflict resolution
plan,” he added. “I’m not saying who is right or who is wrong.”

• South China sea tensions:

• Despite Indonesia's position as a non-claimant state in the South China Sea dispute, two
countries were inevitably involved in this territorial dispute; as parts of China's unilaterally
claimed nine-dash line is intersecting with Indonesia's exclusive economic zone near
Natuna islands.
•

•
economic zone:
strait malacca

D. Nations of Geopolitical Importance:

1. Russia:
-Russia is known for its strong military capabilities and its influence in global affairs. It has a complex
foreign policy that aims to protect its national interests and maintain its sphere of influence in
neighbouring countries. Russia has been involved in various global issues such as conflicts in Syria
and Ukraine, and it has a significant role in energy politics due to its vast reserves of natural
resources.

2. United States of America:

-It is the world's most powerful country in terms of military strength, economy, and cultural influence. it has a
global reach and plays a dominant role in international affairs. Its foreign policy is guided by principles such as
promoting democracy, protecting national security, and advancing its economic interests. The U.S. has been
involved in numerous global issues, including counterterrorism efforts, climate change, and trade disputes.
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3. United Kingdom:
- The UK has a long history of global influence, and its foreign policy aims to promote its national
interests, maintain strong alliances, and uphold international norms. The UK has been involved in
various global issues, including security cooperation, climate change, and trade negotiations.

4. France:
-It is known for its rich history, culture, and global influence. France has a proactive foreign policy
that seeks to promote its values, protect its interests, and maintain its status as a major power. It
plays an active role in international organizations and has been involved in global issues such as
peacekeeping, climate change, and counterterrorism efforts.

5. China:
- China is the world's most populous country. It has the second-largest economy and is rapidly
expanding its global influence. China's foreign policy aims to protect its sovereignty, promote
economic development, and enhance its international standing. It has been involved in various global
issues, including territorial disputes, trade relations, and climate change.

6. Pakistan:
- Pakistan's foreign policy focuses on safeguarding its national security, promoting regional stability,
and maintaining strong ties with its allies. It has been involved in global issues such as
counterterrorism efforts, regional conflicts, and nuclear non-proliferation.

7. India:
- It has a diverse culture and a rapidly growing economy. India's foreign policy aims to promote its
national interests, enhance regional cooperation, and play a larger role in global affairs. It has been
involved in global issues such as climate change, regional security, and trade negotiations.

8. North Korea:
- North Korea, officially known as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is known for its
isolationist policies and its pursuit of nuclear weapons. North Korea’s foreign policy is centered
around self-reliance, safeguarding its regime, and pursuing reunification with South Korea. It has been
involved in global issues such as nuclear disarmament negotiations and regional security concerns.

9. Israel:
- Israel is a country located in the Middle East, bordered by Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Egypt. It has
a unique geopolitical position and is known for its strong military capabilities. Israel's foreign policy
focuses on ensuring its security, maintaining regional stability, and strengthening its international
alliances. It has been involved in global issues such as the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, regional
security, and counterterrorism efforts.

10. Iran
- It has a rich history and is known for its geopolitical significance in the region. Iran's foreign policy
aims to protect its national interests, promote its Islamic ideology, and challenge what it perceives as
Western dominance. It has been involved in global issues such as nuclear negotiations, regional
conflicts, and energy politics.

11. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

- It is known for its vast oil reserves and its role as the birthplace of Islam. Saudi Arabia's foreign
policy focuses on safeguarding its national security, promoting stability in the region, and maintaining
strong ties with its allies. It has been involved in global issues such as energy politics,
counterterrorism efforts, and regional conflicts.
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12. Japan
- It is known for its technological advancements, strong economy, and pacifist constitution. Japan's foreign
policy aims to promote peace, stability, and economic cooperation. It has been involved in global issues such as
regional security, climate change, and trade negotiations.

13. Germany
-it is known for its economic strength, technological innovation, and leadership in the European
Union. Germany's foreign policy focuses on promoting multilateralism, European integration, and
global cooperation. It has been involved in global issues such as climate change, migration, and
international trade.

14. Taiwan
- Taiwan, officially known as the Republic of China (ROC), has a unique political status and is claimed
by China as its territory. Taiwan's foreign policy focuses on maintaining its international presence,
promoting its democracy, and seeking support from its allies. It has been involved in global issues
such as cross-strait relations, regional security, and international recognition.

15. Ukraine
-it gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Ukraine's foreign policy aims to strengthen its
sovereignty, promote European integration, and resolve the conflict in Eastern Ukraine. It has been
involved in global issues such as territorial disputes, energy politics, and regional security.

16. South Korea

- South Korea, officially known as the Republic of Korea (ROK), is known for its technological
advancements, strong economy, and vibrant culture. South Korea's foreign policy focuses on
promoting peace, stability, and economic cooperation in the Korean Peninsula and the region. It has
been involved in global issues such as North Korean denuclearization, regional security, and
international trade.

17. Turkey:
- It has a unique geopolitical position bridging Europe and Asia. Turkey's foreign policy aims to protect
its national interests, promote regional stability, and enhance its global influence. It has been involved
in global issues such as regional conflicts, migration, and counterterrorism efforts.