VOLUME 1- CRIMINOLOGY Table of Contents Tables of Specification CRIM1-Introduction to Criminology CRIM2-Theories of Crime Causation CRIM3- Human Behavior and Victimology CRIM4-Professional Conduct and Ethical Standard CRIM5-Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile Justice ... 106 CRIM6-Dispute Resolution and Crisis/Incident Management 123 CRIM78&8-Cri 162 inological Research 1 & 2... ‘Amici Review Center 1|PageCRIMINOLOGY BOARD EXAMINATION SUBJECT Exam Weight - 20% SUMMARY OF TOPICS, ITEM, and PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION ‘SPECIFIC PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE OUTCOMES FOR THIS SUBJECT: | Percentage | Number of Weight and | Items and ‘The registered criminologist can perform the following professional practice | Distribution | Distribution ‘outcomes for his/her inital entry into the practice ofthe profession: 1. Conduct criminological research on crimes, crime causation, victims, and offenders to include deviant behavior. 2. Demonstrate competence and broad understanding of law enforcement and criminal justice 3. Apply the principles and jurisprudence of criminal law, evidence, and criminal procedure. 4. Ensure offenders’ welfare and development for their reintegration into the ‘community. 5. Effectively communicate orally and in writing using both English and Filipino, 6.__Ad in fecognition of professional, socal, and ethical responsibilty TOPICS: ‘K._ INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY 3% 5 "THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION 3% 5 C._ HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY i 1 D. PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS: 7 a JUVENILE DELINQUENCY AND JUVENILE JUSTICE i id F,_ DISPUTE RESOLUTION AND CRISIS/INCIDENT MANAGEMENT | >, Wd . CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH 1 AND 2 afl oe 20% 100 Percentage Weight Number of A. INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY and Items Distribution | and Distribution ‘The registered criminologist can perform the competencies under the | 3597, 00 following sub-topics: 3% 15 T. Describe, explain and use the basic theories of classical and positivist | 1.0% 5 in explaining the etiology of crime, criminal behavior, deviant behavior, and human behavior. %_Interpret and differentiate the fundamental concepts of law, crime, | 60% 3 Criminology, criminal justice, deviance, and delinquency. 3. Distinguish typologies of crimes, delinquents, and criminal offenders. | 60% 3 Understand and introduce innovation on the concepts of punishment, | 40% z sentencing, and rehabilitation; aed ciscpline/fields of criminology. 5, Learn and explicate The Philippine Criminology Profession and career | 40% z paths versus criminologsts in other countries. ‘THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION Percentage | Number of Weightand |items and Distribution Distribution ‘Amici Review Center 2|Page“The registered criminologist can perform the competencies under the | 20% 100 following sub-topics: 3% 5 T._ Recalland explain the fundamentals of crime causation with emphasis 01 biological or medical, psychological, psychiatric, and sociological determinism 40% 2 2, Enumerate and distinguish biological and psychological theories of | 40% z crime causation. 3. Apply and. illustrate ecological and economic theories in | 1.0% 5 Understanding the causes of crimes. 4. Explain and correlate bio-psychosocal theories of the causes of cimes. | -80% 4 5. Understanding theories on female offenders. 0% z HUMAN BEHAVIOR & VICTIMOLOGY Percentage | Number of Weight and | ttems and Distribution 20% 100 ‘The registered criminologist can perform the competencies under the following sub-topics: 3% 5 T._ Understand and interpret the concepts, theories, and evolution of | 40% 2z human development. 2._ Classify and differentiate typologies of human behavior, criminal, and | 4.0% 5 personality disorder. 3._Krow the legal consequence on account of behavior issues and | 80% a appropriate responses to offenders suffering from a mental disorder such as but not limited to insanity, PTSD, minority, senility, and others. 4. Define the nature and concept of victimology and victimizaton, the | 80% a typology of crime victims, and the Intervention to help tims of cme. D. PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT Percentage | Number of AND ETHICAL STANDARDS Weight and | Items and Distribution Distribution ‘The registered criminologist can perform the competencies under the | 20% 100 following sub-topics: 2% 10 '5. Understanding the philosophy of ethics, morality, values, socal norms, | 40% 2 and standards ._ Relate and demonstrate the Professional Regulation Commission Oath | .60% a and Philippine Registered Criminologists Code of Professional Conduct and Ethical Standards. 7. Learn and observe the Oath f Office for Public Officers and Employees, | 60% 3 and Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards. ameng Government Officials and Employees (R.A. 6713). 3. Familiarize and demonstrate the Law Enforcement Code of Professional | 20% 1 Conduct and Ethical Standards. 9. Understand and correlate human and public rations 20% 7 Percentage | Number of Weight and | Items and. E. JUVENILE DELINQUENCY AND JUVENILE JUSTICE Distribution | Distribution 20% 100 ‘Amici Review Center 3|Page‘The registered criminologist can perform the competencies under the | 3% s following sub-topics: T. Define and distinguish the nature, extent, and theories of juvenile | 60% z delinquency. 2. Identify and explain the factors and causes of juvenile delinquency. 60% z 3. Define and enumerate parental rights, responsibilty, and dscipiinary | 40% 2 ‘authority over their children [4 Distinguish and explain the Rights, Welfare, and Protection of Chidren under | 40% z applicable laws. . Enumerate and identify Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Programs. 20% 1 (6. Identify and compare Models of Juvenile Justice System. 20% 1 7. Leam and apply the provisions of R.A. 9344 as amended and other relevant | 40% 2 ‘and applicable laws and UN declarations. Percentage | Number of Weight and | ttems and F._ DISPUTE RESOLUTION AND Distribution | Distribution (CRISIS/ INCIDENT MANAGEMENT 20% 100 The registered criminologist can perform the competencies under the following sub-topics: 2% 20, ‘L_Know and understand the Principles of Negotiation, Arbitration, Mediation, and | -40% z Conciliation, and the Court Annexed Mediation; Judicial Mediation; and Litigation 2s Mode of Dispute Resolution. 2 Compare and differentiate Restorative Justice from Retributive Justice. | -60% 3 (Methods, Techniques, and Strategies of Negotiation, Arbitration, Mediation, and Conciliation). 3. Understand and Interpret R.A. 9285 “Alternative Dispute Resolution Act of | .20% 1 2004” and other applicable policies and issuances of the Court or Agency ‘concem. Discuss and apply the principles of Police Critical Incident Management “20% 7 5. Identify and demonstrate the various Types, Characteristics, Phases, and | .40% z methods of Critical Incident Management (6, Determine and evaluate the various typesiof Crises, Disaster Management and | .20% t Assessment. G. CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH 1 AND 2 pprentene A) esendier ‘The registered cr following sub-topics: jologist can perform the competencies under the | Weight and | Items and oN Distribution | Distribution 20% 100 3% a5 T. Recall and explicate the use of the different types, kinds, and classification of research, and. its __methodologies including the pars of a ‘Thesis/Research/Scientfc Article, 1.0% 5 2. Explain or apply the rules adopted in waiting technical papers under the APA - | 3.20% 6 “American Psychological Association, under the following but not limited to: Basic Formatting of Thesis/Research Paper; Verb, Tone, Punctuations, Rules in writing Numbers, Tables, and Figures; Quotation and Paraphrasing, Citations and Reference. 3. Recall and apply the DOs and DONT of the Ethical issues in research writing. | 2 4. Apply the rules in developing a problem, collect and gathering of primary and | 2 ‘secondary data sources. and data collection technique 5. Understand the research design, Research Framework, Statement of the | 1.0% 5 Problem, Hypothesis, application, and relevance of Literatures and Related studies, Research Designs, Instrument or data gathering tools, sampling techniques and applicable statistical tools. ‘Amici Review Center 4|PageCRIM. 1: INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY OF CRIMES CRIMINOLOGY ‘According to Edwin H. Sutherland, “criminology Is the entire body of knowledge regarding crime as 2 social phenomenon. It includes within its scope the process of making of laws. of breaking of las, and the society's reaction towards the breaking of, laws.” ‘A body of knowledge regarding crimes, criminals and the efforts of society to prevent and repress them. ‘The scientific study of the causes of crime in relation to man and society who sets and define rules and regulations for himself and others. to govern, Other Definitions Criminology explores the etiology (origin), extent, and nature of crime in society. It is concerned with identifying the nature, extent, and cause of crime. Criminology is an interdisciplinary science that ‘gathers and analyzes data on various aspects of ciminal, delinquent, and general anti-social behavior. Tt also refers to the scientinc study of crimes, aiminals, and victims. Tt also deals with the prevention, and solution of crimes. (R.A. 11131) ‘SOCIOLOGICAL CRIMINOLOGY ~ the study of ‘rime focused on the group of people and society ‘85a whole. Itis primarily based on the examination, Cf the relationship of demographic an ¢ group variables to crime. Variables such as_socio- ‘economic status, interpersonal relationships, age, race, gender, and cultural groups of people are probed in relation to the environmental factors that ‘are most conducive to criminal action, such as ime, place, and circumstances surrounding the crime, R.A. 6506 — “An Act Creating the Board of Examiners for Criminologists in the Philippines and for other purposes”. R.A, 11131 ~"An Act Regulating the Practice of Criminology Profession in the Philippines, and ‘Appropriating Funds therefor, repealing for the Purpose R.A. 6506 otherwise known as “An Act Creating the Board of Examiners for Criminologists In the Philippines”. ‘Also known as “The Philippine Criminology Profession Act of 2018" RA, 10912 — “An Act Mandating and Strengthening the Continuing Professional Development Program for All Regulated Professions, Creating Continuing Professional Development Council, and Appropriating Funds ‘Therefor, and for Other Related Purposes” ‘Also. known as "Continuing Professional Development Act of 2016". ‘Amici Review Center Professional Criminologist Association of the Philippines (PCAP) ‘The legitimate organization of Criminologists recognized by the Professional Regulation Commission. Philippine Educators Association for Criminology Education (PEACE) Created on January 13-25, 1983; primarily its role is to professionalize criminology education in the context of national development. Registered Criminologist ‘any person who is a graduate of the Degree of Griminology,..who has passed the examination for ‘criminologists and is registered as such by the Board of Examiners of the Professional Regulation Commission (PRO). (R.A. 6506) Refers to a natural person who holds a valid certificate of registration and an updated professional identification ‘card as criminologist issued by the Board and the Commission pursuant to R.A. 11131. Origin of the word “Criminology” Etymologically, the term criminology came from the Latin word "crimen" meaning crime and Greek word “Logos” which means "to study". In 1885, Rafael Garofalo, an Italian Law Professor coined the term “criminologia’: In 1889, Paul Topinard, French Anthropologist, Used the term criminology in French “criminologie” for the first time: Sociology ~ It is the mother discipline of Criminology. It Is the study of human society, its origin, structure, functions and direction, Principal Divisions of Criminology 1, Etiology of Crimes/ Criminal Etiology - the scientific analysis ofthe causes of crimes and the criminal behavior. = An attempt at scientific analysis of the cause of crime, 2. Sociology of Law ~ refers to the investigation Cf the nature of criminal law and its administration. = _Anattempt at scientific analysis of the conditions under which criminal laws has developed as a process of formal or social control 3. Penology ~ the study of the control of crimes and the rehabiltation of offender Its a division of criminology which deals with punishment of crime and jail management, = Concerned with cime control by repressing criminal activities through fear of punishment. Some other authors suggest that CRIMINALISTICS is another branch of division oF branch of criminology. 5|PageCRIMINALISTICS - the sum total application of entire science in crime detection, The profession and scientific discipline directed to the recognition, Identification, individualization, and evaluation of physical evidence by application ofthe physical and natural sciences to law-sciences matters CRIMINALIST ~ An individual who is trained in science of application of instruments and methods to the detection of cime. ‘According to George Wilker, criminology cannot become a science because it has not yet: acquired universal validity. Edwin H. Sutherland, the "Dean of Modern Criminology", hoped that it will become a science in the future since the causes of crimes are almost the seme which may be biological, environmental or combination of the ‘two. GEORGE L. WILKER ~ A criminologist who in his rmanuscrigt. “The Scentfic Adequacy of Criminological Concept” argued that criminology cannot possibly become a science. Accordingly, ‘general proposition of universal validity is the essence of science. WHO IS EDWIN SUTHERLAND? Author of the “Differential Association Theory Note: DAT proposed that criminal behavior is a product of learning process through socialization ‘with other people that possess criminal behavior. Goined the phrase “White Collar Crime” Note: WCC = these are crimes which are committed by People belonging to higher social or economic status, Sometimes called as_economic crime, financial crime or crime of the upper-world. »Comprehersively defined "Criminclogy” » Considered as the Dean of Modern Criminology. > Father or Pioneer of American Criminology Edwin Sutherland is dear/on expaining that criminology focuses on studying crime as something or an event that could be considered as 2 social phenomenon or something that can happen ina repetitive manner, Sutheriand also pointed that criminology not only deals with understanding the nature of criminal laws that exists in our society but also with understanding the reasons why people espe of existing laws sil break and violate laws. Finally, Sutheriané suggested in his definiton. of criminology that this study must also give attention to the proper punishment or penalty to prevent and repress crime and criminal behavior. Nature of Criminology 1. Its an applied science because criminology as @ body of knowledge has already established Lniversally accepted principles and concepts used by other fields of study. It is the use of sciences in the practice of criminology. The process is called “Instrumentation”. 2. Ttisa gocal science because it studies crime as 2 social phenomenon. Crime is a social problem which has a great impact to society. Crime is a social creation ‘and it exists in a society being 2 social phenomenon. ‘Amici Review Center 3. It is dynamic becouse the concepts of criminology and its applications adapt to the changing time. Criminology changes as a social condition change. It is concomitant with the advancement of other sciences that have been applied to it. 4 It |S nationalistic because the study of criminology takes into consideration the history, culture and social norms and the laws of the country. Each country has its own sets of laws and crimes are defined by the laws of the country. The study of crimes must be in relation with the exsting criminal law within a territory or country. The question as to whether an acts a crime is dependent on the criminal law of a state. Scope in the Study of Criminology Study ofthe origin and development of criminal aw Study of the causes of crimes and development of criminals Study of other sciences that examine criminal behavior Using scientific methods such asi Criminal Demography ~ the study of the relationship between criminality and population. Note: RAWSON W. RAWSON - utilized crime statistics to suggest a link between population density and crime rates with crowded cities creating an environment conducive for crime. Criminal Epidemiology ~ the study of the relationship between environment (milieu) and criminality Note: HENRY MAYHEW - used empirical methods and an ethnographic method to address social questions and Poverty. Criminal Ecology ~ the study of criminaity in relation to the spatial distribution in a community. Criminal Physical Anthropology ~ the study of ‘criminality in relation to physical constitution of men. Criminal Psychology — the study of human behavior in relation to criminality. Criminal Psychiatry ~ the study of human mind in relation to criminality ‘Criminal Politics ~ An integrated approach tothe study of organized crime, politics, and violence. It is also a science consisting of principles with which the State organizes its fight against criminality. The bases are knowledge of criminal lav, criminality, penalties and other measures of social defense. = A science consisting of principles with which the Government organizes its fight against criminality. The bases are knowledge of criminal law, of criminality, penalties and other measures of social defense. 6|PageVictimology ~ the study of the role ofthe victim In the commission of a crime, VICTIMOLOGY defined Victimology (victima ~ “Year”) is the study ‘bout victims of crime. Iti a branch of criminology that deals purely on the underiying factors of victimization and the contributory role of the victims in the commission of crimes. Victimology, being the study of “crime targets", showed thet a person becomes a Victim of crime consciously (knowingly) and Lunconsciously (unknowingly). A person could become a victim due to his own action or fault. He somehow contributes to the commission of crime because of his own making. Criminal victims could be key actors in the criminal justice process, but more often they are kept at the discussion, The victim of crime often becomes the FORGOTTEN PERSON of the criminal justice system while the criminal is the celebrity. Victims are only valued for their capacity to report crimes and to appear in court as witnesses. ‘Typology of Criminal Victims. General Classes of Victims (Based on the classification of Hans Von Hentig, a European lawyer) 1. The Young ~ the weak by virtue of age and immaturity 2. The Female - often less physically powerful and ‘easily dominated by males. 3. The Old - the incapable of physical defense and the common object of confidence scheme. 4, The Mentally Defective ~ those that_are Unable to think clearly. 5. The Immigrant — those that are unsure of the rules of conduct in the surrounding society. 6. The Minorities - racial prejudice may lead to victimization or unequal treatment by the agency of justice Psychological Types of Victims 1. The Depressed -submissive person by virtue of emotional condition 2. The Acquisitive or Greedy — person who ‘wants more than what is suffident makes a natural victim of crime 3. The Wanton or Overly Sensual — person ruled by passion and thoughtlessly seeking pleasure 4, The Lonesome — person who eventually becomes a victim by virtue of wanting companionship or affection 5. The Heartbroken — one who is emotionally cisturbed by virtue of heartaches and pains 6. The Tormented - a victim who asked for it, often from his own family or friends BENJAMIN MENDELSOHN ~ often referred to as the "FATHER OF VICTIMOLOGY. His major contributions, were arguably the term ‘general victimology’ and a typology of crime victims ‘Amici Review Center Benjamin Mendelsohn is generally credited as the initiator of the word VICTIMOLOGY as well as the ‘concept of PENAL COUPLE. Penal Couple is a term that. describes the relationship between the victim and the criminal. He also coined the term VICTIMAL to describe the victim counterpart of the criminal and the word VICTIMITY which signifies the oppasite of criminality. Anather class of victim is the ‘LOSER’ or one who i intially the attacker but later, the situation is reversed. An example could be the case of {3 mugger or a bully who ends up injured or a swindler becomes swindled. Dynamics of Victimization There are 2 number of procedural models, Which can be applied to the study of the victimization process for the purpose of understanding the experience of the victims. 1. “Victims of Crime Model” (by Bard and Sangrey). According to this model, there are three stages involved in any victimization: ‘a, Stage of Impact & Disorganization - stage during and immeciately following the criminal event b. Stage of Recoil ~ stage during which the victim formulates psychological defenses and deals. with conflicting emotions of guilt, anger, acceptance, and desire of revenge (said to last three to eight months), Reorganization Stage ~ stage during which the victim puts his or her ife back to normal daily living. ‘Some victims, however may not successfully adopt the victimization experience. anda maladaptive reorganization stage may last for many years. 2. “Disaster Victim's Model ~ this model was ‘developed to explain the coping behavior of victims of natural disaster. According to this model, there are four stages of victimization: a. Preimpact - stage describe the victim's condition prior to being victimized. by» Impact - the stage at which victimization occur. © Post-impact = stage which entails the degree ‘and duration of personal and socal disorganization following victimization. d. Behavioral outcome ~ stage that describes the vyictin’s adjustment to the victimization experience Factors of Victimization 1. Hedonism 2. Materialistic Culture 3. Sex Values Decay of Discipline 5. Public Morality, Victimology & Damages “If there is a complainant, there must be a defendant.” Thus, there could never be 2 victim if there is no offender, except in what is known 2a victimless crimes. The only thing that does away with criminality is decriminalization. This is otherwise known as LOGOMACY. Logomacy is a statement that we have no crime if we had no criminal law, and that we could eliminate all crime by abolishing al criminal laws. Man has a juridical capacity and capacity to act. He is normally enttied to the following civil damages. T|Page1, Moral Damages - the compensation awarded toa person's physical suffering, ‘mental anguish, right, serious anxiety, besmirched reputation, wounded feelings, ‘moral shock, social humiliation, and similar injury. 2. Actual or Compensatory Damages - the Compensation awarded to a person for such pecuniary loss suffered by him as he has duly proved 3. Nominal Damages — amount awarded to a victim in order that his right that had been violated or invaded maybe restored or recognized 4, Temperate Damages ~ moderate damages, the compensation that is more than rominal but less than compensatory damages given to a person when the court finds that he has suffered some pecuniary loss, but its amount cannot, from the nature of the case, be proved with certainty 5. Liquidated Damages — damages that agreed ‘upon by the parties to a contract to be paid in case of BREACH OF CONTRACT 6. Exemplary Damages ~ corrective damages; those that imposed by way of example or correction forthe public good, in addition to the ‘moral, temperate, liquidated or ‘compensatory damages WHY MUST MEMBERS OF SOCIETY INTERESTED IN CRIME? > CRIME IS PERVASIVE - nearly all participants of ‘a free society are once upon a time a victim of an ‘offender of a criminal act. Criminal as an associate Of society affects almost all people regardless of ‘age, sex, race, nationality, religion, financial ‘concition, education and other personal ‘dircumstances. > CRIME IS EXPENSIVE = the government and private sector use an enormous amount of currency for crime detection, prosecution correction and prevention. Those expenses are either: > CRIME IS DESTRUCTIVE = many lives have been vanished because of crimes like murder, homicide and other violent deaths. Properties have been lost or devastated on account of- robbery, theft and arson. > CRIME IS REFLECTIVE ~ crime rate orineidence in a given locality is reflecting of the efficiency of the social defenses employed by the people primarily that of the police system. > CRIME IS PROGRESSIVE ~ the progressive Lpsurge in the volume of crime is on account of the ever-increasing population. The ever-increasing, crime rate and their technique show the progress. thinking ofthe society for advancement. SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT IN CRIMINOLOGY School of Thought ~ refers to a group of beliefs or ideas that supports a specific theory. 3 Main Schools of Thought 1. Classical School ‘Amici Review Center Theory ~ set of statements devised to explain behavior, events or phenomenon especially one that has been repeatedly tested and widely accepted. ‘THREE (3) TYPES OF EXPLANATIONS TO ‘THE EXISTENCE OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR (S-E-M- D 1, SINGLE/UNTTARY THEORY — contends that crime is produced by ane factor. It may be biological, sociological, or psychological. 2. MULTIPLE FACTOR THEORY ~ views that crime isnot a product of a single cause or factor but a ‘combination of several factors 3. ECLECTIC THEORY — That crime stemmed by ‘one or more factors while in other instances it is «caused by another set of factors. 4, INTEGRATED THEORY — A theory that ‘combines two or more theories to generate a single ‘model or framework. 1. DEMONOLOGICAL THEORY - asserts that a Person commits wrongful acts due to the fact that he was possessed by demons, 2. __ CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY ‘The classical school of criminology grew out of a reaction against the barbaric system of law, punishment and justice that existed. There was no real system of criminal justice in Europe at that time. Some crimes were specified, some were not. Judges had discretionary ower to convict a person for an act not even legally defined as criminal. This school of thought is based on the assumption that individuals choose to commit crimes after weighing the consequences oftheir actions. According to classical criminologists, individuals have “ree wil. They can choose legal or illegal means to get what they want; fear ‘of punishment can deter them from committing a crime and society can control behavior by making the pain of punishment greater than the pleasure of criminal gains This-theory, however, does not gWve any Gistinction between an adult and a minor oF a mentally- handicapped in as far as free willis concerned. Founders Of classical school of criminology are Cesare Beccaria ‘and Jeremy Bentham, Cesare Beccaria (Cesare Bonesana Marchese di Beccaria) (1738-1794) = —__ He's best known for his essay, "On Crimes and Punishment” which presented key ideas on the abolition of torture as a legitimate means of extracting confession. = His book contains almost all modem penal reforms but its greatest contribution was the foundation It aid for subsequent changes in criminal legisiation. = His book was influential in the reforms of Penal Code in France, Russia, Prussia and it influenced the first ten amendments in the US Constitution Beccaria believed that: +5. people want to achieve pleasure and avoid pain. ». crime provides some pleasure to the criminal.. to deter crime, he believed that one must administer pain in an appropriate amount to counterbalance the pleasure obtained from committing a crime. . Famous in sayings “Let the punishment fit the crime” HIGHLIGHTS OF CESARE BECCARIA'S IDEAS. REGARDING CRIMES AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM 1. In forming a human society, men and women sacrifice a portion of their liberty so as to enjoy peace and security. 2. Punishments that go beyond the need of preserving the public safety are in their nature Unjust. 3. Criminal laws must be clear and certain. Judges ‘must make uniform judgments in similar crimes. 4, The law must specify the degree of evidence ‘that will justify the detention of an accused offender prior to his trial 5, Accusations must be public. False accusations should be severely punished. 6. To torture accused offenders to obtain a ‘confession is inadmissible. 7. The promptitude of punishment is one of the ‘most effective curbs on crimes. 8. The aim of punishment can only be to prevent ‘the criminal from committing new crimes against his countrymen, and to keep others from doing likewise, Punishments, therefore, and the method ‘of inflicting them, should be chosen in due proportion to the crime, so as-to-make:the most lasting impression on the minds of men. 9. Capital punishment is efficacious and its place should be substituted by life imprisonment 10. It is better to prevent crimes than to punish them, That is the chief purpose of all good legislation. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) = His contribution to classical! school of criminology is the concept of utiitarianism and the felicifc calculus. ~ He proposed *Utitarian Hedonism" which explains that person always acts in such a way to seek pleasure and avoid pain. = _ He founded the concept of UTILITARTANISM ~ assumes that all our actions are calculated in accordance with their likelihood of bringing pleasure and pain. = He devised the pseudo-mathematical formula called “felicific calculus” which states that ingividuals are human calculators who put all the factors into an equation in order to decide whether 2 particular crime is worth committing or nat. = He reasoned that in order to deter incividuals from committing crimes, the punishment or pain ‘must be greater than the satisfaction or pleasure he would gain from committing the crime Utilitarianism - It's a philosophy which argues that what is right isthe one that would cause the greatest {good for the greatest number of people. ‘Amici Review Center Others refer to it as the greatest happiness principle ‘or the principle of utilty. + From this principle, Bentham formulated the " feliciic caleuls’. Felicific Calculus or the "pleasure and pain principle’ ~ It isa theory that proposes that individuals calculate the consequences of his actions by weighing the pleasure (gain) and the pain (suffering) he would derive from Going the action, MODERN OUTGROWTHS OF CLASSICAL SCHOOL Rational Choice Theory, Routine Activities Theory, General Deterrence Theory, Specific Deterrence, Incapacitation DETERRENCE - the prevention of a certain act or acts (uch as a crime) through fear of punishment. A. GENERAL DETERRENCE - A crime control Policy that hinges on the fear of criminal penalties. General deterrence measures, such as long prison sentences for violent crimes, are aimed at convincing the Potential law violator that the pains associated with crime outweigh its benefits, B. SPECIFIC DETERRENCE - A crime control policy proposing that punishment be severe enough to convince convicted offenders never to repeat their criminal activity. ‘THREE (3) CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EFECTIVE DETTERENT (CE- SE - CE) 1. CELERITY OR SWIFTNESS- the rapidity with .whicl punishment follows a crime. 2. SEVERITY: the complexity or unpleasantness of a sanction, 3. CERTAINTY - the likelinood that a crime will be detected and punished. Rational Choice Theory by William Glasser z It states that individuals use rational ‘calculations. to_make rational choices and achieve ‘outcomes that are aligned with their own personal ‘objectives. These results are also associated with an individuar's best, self-interests. - Itis aiso known as Choice Theory or Rational ‘Action Theory. Itis a framework for understanding and ‘often formally modeling social and economic behavior. Routine Activity Theory by Marcus Felson and Laurence E. Cohen - It emphasizes that crime occurs when three elements converge: (1) @ motivated offender; (2) a suitable target; and (3) the absence of a capable guardian. This theory includes the routine activities of both offender and victim. It is a sub-field of crime opportunity theory that focuses on situations of crimes. In this theory “opportunity and vulnerability” are the reasons of crime. NEOCLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY 9|PageThis theory modified the doctrine of free will by stating that free will of men may be affected by ther factors and crime is committed due to some compeling reasons that prevail. These causes are ‘pathology, incompetence, insanity or any condition ‘that wil make it impossible for the individual to ‘exercise free wil entirely. In the study of legal provisions, this is termed as either mitigating or ‘exempting circumstances, 4, POSITIVIST SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY = The term aositiviem” refers to a method of analysis based on the collection of observable scientific facts. = Positvists believe that causes of behavior can be measured and observed. = Tt demands for facts and scientific proof, thus, changing the study of crimes and criminals into scientific approach. = Positive theorists were the first to claim the importance of looking at individuals’ differences ‘among criminals. These theorists _ who concentrated on the individual structures of persons stated that people are passive and ‘controlled whose behaviors are impased upon them by biological and environmental factors. Behavioral Theory = The human actions are developed through earning experiences rather than focus on Unconscious personality traits and cognitive ‘development patterns produced early in childhood. Evolutionary Theory by Charles Darwin = The behavior is genetic and passed down from ‘one generation to the next through evolutionary process of natural selection and survival. = This theory of evolution by natural selection is, first formulated in Darwin’s book "On the Origin of Species’ in 1859. It is the process by which ‘organism changes over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits ‘August Comte - He was a French philosopher and sociologist and is believed to be the one who reinvented the French term sociologie, = He was recognized as the "Father of Sociology and Positivism”, ‘THE (UN) HOLY THREE (3) OF CRIMINOLOGY 1, Cesare Lombroso. 2. Enricco Ferri 3, Raffaelle Garofalo EZCHIA MARCO “CESARE” LOMBROSO/ Cesare Lombroso ~ He is recognized as the "Father of ‘Modern and Empirical Criminology’ due to his application of modem scientific methods to trace minal behavior. However, most of his ideas are now discredited. ‘Amici Review Center Known for the concept of atavistic stigmata (the physical features of creatures at an earlier stage of development). he claimed that criminals are distinguishable from non-criminals due to the presence of atavistic stigmata and crimes committed by those who are born with certain recognizable heredity tral. + According to his theory, criminals are usually in possession of huge jaws and strong canine teeth; the arm span of criminals is often greater than their height just like that of apes who use their forearms to push themselves along the ground. + Other physical stigmata include deviation in head size and shape; asymmetry of the face; excessive ‘dimensions of the jaw and cheekbones; eye defects and peculiarities; ears of unusual size; nose twisted; Upturned or flattened in thieves; or aquline or beakilke in murderers, fleshy lips, swollen and protruding, and Pouches in the cheek like those of animals’ toes. - Lombroso’s work supported the idea that a criminal '5. biologically and physically inferior person, ATAVISM - The return of a trait or reappearance of previous behavior ater a period of absence. ATAVISTIC ANOMALY - physically, their resemblances on the evolutionary scale to more primitive times where people were savages. ~ According to him, there are four (4) classes of criminals: a. Born Criminals - individuals with atleast Sve ‘@latavistic stiamata, b. Insane Criminals - those who became criminals becausé of some brain defects which affected their abilty to understand and differentiate what is right from what is wrong, 9 Criminaloids - those with makeup of an ambiguous group) that include Aabatual criminals, _Giminals by passion and other diverse types. 4. PSEUDO-CRIMINALS - those criminals who committed a felonious act due to self-defense. Enricco Ferri - He focused his study on the influences of psychological factors and sociological factors such ‘as economics on crimes. . He believed thet criminals could not be held morally responsible because they did not choose to ‘commit crimes but rather were driven to commit crimes by concitions of their lives. Advocated the "Theory of Imputability and the Denial of the Free Will” in 1878. Raffaelle Garofallo He treated the roots of the criminals’ behavior not to physical features but to their psychology equivalent which he referred to as moral anomalies. He rejected the doctrine of freenil = Classified criminals as Murderers, Violent Criminals, Deficient Criminals, and Lascivious Criminals. to| Page= Classified criminals as: 1, MURDERERS - motivated by revenge 2. VIOLENT CRIMINALS - committed violent 3, DEFICIENT CRIMINALS ~ committed crimes against properties 4, LASCIVIOUS CRIMINALS — committed crimes against chastity and other sexual crimes. ‘THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION {BIOLOGICAL THEORIES = These refer to the set of theories that point to physical, physiological and other natural factors as the causes for the commission of crimes of certain, incividuas. = These explain the existence of criminal traits associates an individual's evil disposition to physical disfigurement or impairment. 2. Physiognomy ~ It is the study of facial features and their relation to human behavior. 1. Glambatista dela Porta - He isthe founder of human physiognomy ~ Recording to him, criminal behavior may be predicted based on facial features of a person. 2, Johann Kaspar Lavater - He supported the belief of dela Porta, «He believed that a person’s character is revealed ‘through his facal characteristics. b. Phrenology, Cranialogy or Cranioscopy = It's the study of the external formation ofthe skull in ‘elation to the person's personality and tendencies toward criminal behavior. 1. Franz Joseph Gall He developed cranioscopy which was later renamed as phrenology. 2. Johann Kaspar Spurzhel He was an assistant of Gall in the study of phrenology.. = He was the man most responsible for popularizing and spreading phrenology to 2 wide audience. 3, EARNEST HOOTON (1887 - 1954) ‘Tall thin men tend to commit forgery and fraud; ~ Undersized men are thieves and burglars; Short heavy person commits assault, rape and other sex crimes ‘Whereas mediocre (average) physique flounder round among other crimes. = He also contended that criminals are originally inferior and that crime is the result ofthe impact of environment. c. Physiology or Somatotype ~ It refers to the study of body build of a person in relation to his ‘Amici Review Center temperament and personality and the type of offense he is most prone to commit. 1. Emst Kretschmer - He distinguished three (3) principal types of physiques: asthenic, athletic, pyknik and dysplastic. a. Asthenic ~ characterized as thin, small and ‘weak. b. Athletic - muscular and strong. ——Pyknic~ stout, round and fat . —__Dysplastic ~ combination of two body types 2. William Herbert Sheldon formulated his own group of somatotypes: ectomorph, _mesomorph and endomorph. a Ectomorph ~talland thin; less social and more intellectual than the other types. Relative pre~ ‘dominance of skin and its appendages which includes the rervous system; it has fragile and delicate bones; with roopy shoulders, small face and sharp nose, fine hair. Cerebrotonic ~ an introvert which Is prone to allergies, skin troubles, chronic fatigue, insomnia, sensitive skin ‘and sensitive to noise and with relatively small body. b. __Mesomorph- has well-developed muscles and an athletic appearance, with relative predominance of muscles, bones and motor organs of the body with large wrist and hands. Romotonic active, dynamic; walt, talks and gestures assertively and behaves aggressively ©. Endomorph ~ heavy build and slow moving; relatively large digestive viscera; round body;, short tapering limbs; bones; smooth, velvety skin. Viscerotonic - generally relaxed and comfortable small person, loves luxury and essentially extrovert. Heredity ~ Itis the transmission of traits from parents to offspring. KARYOTYPE STUDIES - examination and comparison of chromosomes. Nature Theory. (Heny Goddard, Willam Healy, ‘Augusta Bronner) 5 It argues that intelligence is largely determined genetically; that ancestry determines 1.Q.; and that low Inteligence as demonstrated by lov I.Q,, is linked to ‘criminal behavior. Nurture Theory s It refers to all the environmental variables that Impact who we are including our early childhood experiences; how we were raised; our social relationships; and our surrounding culture. 7 It assumes that correlations between environmental factors and psychological outcomes are caused environmentally. For example, how much parents read with their children and how well children learn to read, it appears to be related. People select, modify and create environments correlated with their genetic disposition 1, Richard Louis Dugdale 11 [Page= He conducted a study of the Jukes family by researching their family tree as far back 200 years. He discovered that most of the ascendants of the Jukes were criminals. 2. Henry Goddard - He traced the descendants of the Martin Kalikak from each of his two wives and found a distinct difference in terms of qualty of lives of his descendants. He coined the term “moron. 3. Charles Goring = He believed that criminal traits can be passed from parents to offspring through the genes. - He proposed that individuals who possess criminal characteristics should be prohibited from having hilren. 4, FRANCIS GALTON - He developed EUGENICS" or the science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics. Developed largely as a method of improving the human race, 5. Schulsinger (1972) ~ He found criminality in adoptive boys to be higher ‘when biological fathers had criminal records. 6. Hutchings and Mednick (1977) + They studied 1,145 male adoptees with criminal records and found the criminality of the biological father was a major predictor of the child's behavior. 7. Sir Jonathan Edwards = He was a femous preacher during colonial period. His family tree was traced, none of the descendants, ‘was found to be criminal. Out of his pedigree many became Presidents ofthe United States, Governor, Members of the Supreme Court, famous writers, preachers and teachers. Bio-Chemical = Grime, especially violent, is a function of diet, vitamin intake, hormonal imbalance, or food allergies. 2. Katharina Dalton’s study-of "Menstruation and Crime” found that nearly half of the-crimes of her sample of female inmates had occurred during ‘menstruation or pre-menstruation. This is called as, Pre-Menstrual Syndrome”. b. In Schauss’ study comparing nutritional differences of delinquents and non-delinquents, the surprising major difference found was that delinquents crank more milk. . Low blood sugar (HYPOGLYCEMIA) also. has bbeen claimed to be linked to impaired brain function and violent crime, HYPOGLYCEMIA - a cendition that occurs when the level of blood sugar falls below an acceptable range. 3, PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES ‘fer to the theories that attribute criminal behavior of individuals to psychological factors such 2s emotion and mental problems. ‘Amici Review Center PSYCHOLOGY ~ the science of behavior and mental processes of the criminal I is focused on the individual criminal behavior-how it is acquired, evoked, maintained and modified. Both the environmental and personality influences are considered, along with the mental processes that meciate the behavior. CRIMINAL PSYCHO-DYNAMICS ~ The study of mental processes of criminals in action, the study of the genesis, development and motivation of human behavior that conflicts with accepted norms. and standards of society. This study concentrates on the study of individuals as opposed to general studies of ‘mass populations with respect to their general criminal behavior. COMMON TYPES OF INSANITY 2, DEMENTIA PRAECOX = A collective term for mental disorders that begin at or shortly after puberty ‘and usually lead to general fallure of the mental faculties with the corresponding physiological impairment. Also known as Schizophrenia, b, MANIC DEPRESSIVE (characterized by mania ‘and mental depression) PARALYSIS - condition of helpless inactivity (oF of inability to act. d. SENTLE - mental deterioration often ‘accompanying old age (Dementia and Alzheimer’s, Disease). ALIENIST ~ This term is applied to a specialist in the study of mental disorders. HALLUCINATION ~ An apparent or false perception without any corresponding external object, especialy in psychiatry, any of the numerous. sensations, auditory, visual o tacie experienced without external stimulus and caused by mental derangement, intoxication or fever hence, may be 2 sign of approaching insanity, DELUSION — A false belief; an idiosyncratic belief or impression that is firmly maintained despite being contradicted by what is generally accepted as realty or fational argument; typically, a symptom of mental disorder, ATTENTION DEFICIT ~—_—-HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD) - A psychological cisorder in which a child shows developmentally inappropriate impulsivity, hyperactivity, and lack of attention. ‘CLASSES OF MENTAL DEFICIENCY IDIOTS ~ person whose case there exist mental defectiveness of such a degree that they are unable to guard themselves against common physical dangers. Their mentality is compared to a two years, ‘ld person. —IMBECILES ~ persons in whose case there exist mental defectiveness which thought not ‘amounting to idiocy, is yet so pronounced that they are. incapable of managing themselves or their affairs. Their mentality is ike a child of 2 to 7 years ol. 12 [Page% FEEBLE-MINDED PERSONS ~ those in whose case there exist mental defectiveness which ‘thought not amounting to imbeciity, is yet so pronounced that they require care, supervision and control for their own oF for the protection of others, or in the case of children, they appear to be permanently incapable by reason of such efectiveness or receiving proper benefit from the Intrusion in ordinary schools. ‘ MORAL DEFECTIVENESS ~ person wherein defect exists coupled with strong vicious or criminal propensities, and who require care and supervision, ‘and control for their ovn or for the protection of others. INTELLIGENCE AS A FACTOR IN CRIMINALITY ‘The classic studies of the Juke and Kallikak families were among the first to show that feeblemindedness or low-intelligence can be Inherited and transferred from one generation to thenext. Numerous tests were also conducted that lead to the development of the use of 1Q tests as a testing procedure for offenders. The very first results seemed to confirm that offenders had low ‘mental abilities and they were found to be mentally impaired. ALFRED BINET — a French psychologist who developed the frst 1Q test. - The test measured the capacty of individual chiléren to perform tasks or solve problems in elation to the average capacity oftheir peers. ALBERT ADLER (1870- 1937) = founder of individual psychology and coined’ the term “inferiorty complex"; peaple who have feelings of inferiority as children and spend the rest of their lives trying to conpensate for those feelings. ERIK ERIKSON (1902-1984) = described the so called “identity crisis"; 2 psychological state in which youth face inner turmoil and uncertainty about life roles. AUGUST AICHHORN - Is considered to be one of the founders of psychoanalytic education. He is remembered for his work with juvenile delinquent and disadvantaged youth. He believed. that Imposed discipline and suppression which were practiced in traditional reformatories yielded few positive results. a. Sigmund Freud = He is recognized as the FATHER OF PSYCHOANALYSIS. ~ He is known for his psychoanalytic theory. = According to him, criminality is caused by the Imbalance of the three (3) components of personality: the id, the ego, and the superego. = According to him there are three parts of ‘personality: ‘Amici Review Center 1. ID ~ this stands for instinctual drives. It is governed by the “pleasure principle”. The id impulses are not social and must be repressed or adapted so that they may become socially acceptable. 2. EGO - this is considered to be the sensible and responsible part of an individual's personality and is governed by the "realty principle". It is developed early in life and compensate for the demands of the id by helping the individual guide his actions to remain within the boundaries of accepted social behavior; it is the objective, rational part ofthe personality 3. SUPEREGO - serves as the moral conscience of an individual It is structured by what values were taught by the parents, the school and the community as well as belie in God. Its largely responsible for making a person follow the moral codes of society. PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF = HUMAN DEVELOPMENT EROS ~ The most basic human drive present at birth (the instinct to preserve and create life); expressed sexually. Oral Stage — Usuelly during the first year of ife when the cild attains pleasure by sucking and biting (Birth to 1 year). ‘Anal Stage — Focus on the elimination of bodily wastes uring the second and third years of life (1 to 3 years old), Phallic Stage - During the third year when child ‘focuses their attention on their genitals (3° to 6” year). Oedipus Complex’ A stage of development when male begins to have sexual feelings for their mother. Electra Complex ~ A stage of development when giris begin to have sexual feelings for their fathers. Latency - Begins at age 6; feelings of sexuality are expressed until the genital stage begins at puberty. This marks the beginning of adult sexvaity (6" year to puberty). Genital - This is the last stage of Freuc's psychosexual theory of personality development and begins in puberty. It is a time of adolescent sexual experimentation, the successful resolution of which s settling down in a loving ‘one-to-one relationship with another person in our 20's. Sexual instinct is directed to heterosexual pleasure, rather than selfpleasure like during the phallic stage (Puberty to Adulthood), Fixated Person — It exhibits behavior traits characteristics of those encountered during infantile sexual development e.g., an infant who does not receive enough oral gratification during the first year of life if likely as an adult engage in such oral behavior as smoking, drinking, or drug abuse and others PSYCHOPATHY OR PERSONALITY ANTI-SOCIAL 13 [Page~ Personality that is characterized by an inability to learn from experience, lack of warmth and no sense of guilt. Referred to as “manie sans delire” or madness without confusion by the French pysician Philippe Pine! Called as “moral insanity” by James Prichard Referred to “irresistible atavistic impulses” by Gina Lombroso-Ferrero Psychopaths (Sociologists cal them “sociopaths”) 41. Characterized by no sense of oui; 2. No subjective conscience; 3. No sense of right and wrong; 4, They have dificulty in forming relationships with other people; and 5. They cannot relate to other people. ISAAC RAY (1807-1881) - Questioned whether people who were morally insane could be held legally responsible for their acts. CYRIL BURT - gave the theory of general ‘emotionality. An excess of the submissive instinct ‘account for tendency of many criminals to be weak willed or easily led. Fear and absconding may be due to the impulse of fear. SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES = Sociological factors refer to things, places and People with whom we come in contact with and Which play a part in determining our actions and ‘conduct. These causes may bring about-the development of criminal behavior. SOCIOLOGY ~ the study of crime focused on the: ‘Group of people and saciety as a whole. It is primarily based on the examination of the ‘elationship of demographie and group variables to ime. Variables such as socio-economic. status, Interpersonal relationships, age, race, gender, and cultural groups of people are probed in relation to the environmental factors that are most conducive to ctiminal action, such as time, place, and circumstances surrounding the crime. SOCIOLOGICAL FACTORS - refer to things, places and people with whom we come in contact with and which play a part in determining our actions and conduct. These causes may bring about the development of criminal behavior ANOMIE (B — A - N) - is a condition in which society provides litle moral quidance to individuals. This is characterized by breakdown of social order, absence of social norms and normlessness. NOTE: LOGOMACY A statement that we would have no crime if we have no criminal laws and that we could eliminate all crime merely by abolishing all criminal laws. a. David Emile Durkheim or E: Durkheim ‘Amici Review Center He stated that crimes a normal part of the society just lke birth and death. He proposed the concept of "anomie" or the absence of social norms. It is characterized by disorder due to lack of common values shared by individuals lack of respect for authority, lack of appreciation for what is acceptable and not acceptable in a society and lack of social regulations in modem societies. b. Gabriel Tarde = He introduced the theory of imitation which proposes the process by which people become criminals. = According to this theory, individuals imitate the behavior of other individuals based on the degree of their ‘association with other Individuals and It is inferior or ‘weak who tend to imitate the superior and strong. SUGGESTO-IMITATIVE ASSAULTS - A term coined by Gabriel Tarde to describe crime in terms of imitative bochavior. As part of a general theory of crime it depicts crime as socially learned behavior which propagates ‘through society via both the media and interpersonal communication. COPYCAT CRIME - A copycat crime is a criminal act that is modeled or inspired by a previous crime that has been reported in the media or described in fiction. c. Adolphe Quetelet and Andre Michael Guerry - He repudiated the free will doctrine of the clasicists, - He isa founder of cartographic schoo! of criminology. He is @ founder of moral statistics. ~ First Scientific Crminologist = Father of Modern Sociological and Psychological Statistics = Thermic Law (Temperature and Crime) ~ Cartographic school of criminology made use of statistical data such as population, age, gender, occupation, religious affliations and social economic status.and-studies their influences and relationship to Criminalitys=It~also_ states that crimes against person increase during summer and crimes against property increase during winter. “Thermic Law” Of Crime - Observed that crimes ‘against persons increase in warmer climates while property crimes are most prevalent in colder climates (Fox, 1976, p. 64). ROBERT EZRA PARK (1864 - 1944) - He advocated the "Human Ecology Theory”. Human Ecology is the study of the interrelationship of people and their environment. This theory maintains that crime is a function of social change that occurs along with environmental change. It also maintains that the isolation, segregation, competition, conflict, social contract, interaction and social hierarchy of people are the major influences of criminal behavior and crimes. CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY - A dizgram of the ecological structure which, in the words of its 14 [Pageauthor, “represents an ideal construction of the tendencies of any city to expand radially from its central business district’ (Park and E. Burgess, 1925). The theory posits concentric zones round the central area, defined by their residential composition, moving from the very poor and socially deviant, in the inner zone of transition, to a Peripheral suburban commuter ring MODERN SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION - Environmental factors such as the kind of rearing oF family upbringing, quality of teaching in school, influences of peers and friends, conditions of the neighborhood, and economic and other societal factors are believed to be contributory to crime and criminal behavior. Chicago school - arose in the early 20th century, ‘through the work of Robert Park, Emest Burgess and other urban sociologist at_the University of Chicago. Park and Burgess identified ‘ive concentric zones that often exist as cities grow, including the zone in transition which was identified as most volatile and subject to disorder. 1. SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORIES = These refer not only to the physical features of the communities but also to the way society is ‘organized, ‘These include such things as level of poverty ‘and unemployment and the amount of crowded housing which are believed to affect behavior and ‘attitudes of individuals which, in turn-contribute to their commission of crimes, = Also called social enviranment = These include social atsorganization theory, strain theory and cultural deviance theory. {Social Disorganization Theory = This was popularized by Clifford. Shaw and Henry Mekay. According to this theary, crimes in urban areas are more prevalent because residents. have impersonal relationships with each other. = Tnerease in the number of broken families and single parenthood are also very common in cisorganized communities. = Another feature of disorganized community is poverty as evidenced by poor ving conditions such as rundown houses, unsanitary and_unsightiy streets and high unemployment rates. b. Strain Theory by Robert King Merton or Robert Merton Strain refers to the individual's frustration, anger and resentment. = Tt holds that crime is a function of the confi between the goals people have and the means they can use to legally obtain them. This also argues that the ability to obtain these goals is class dependent; ‘members of the lower class are unable to achieve these goals which come easly to those belonging to the upper class. Consequently, they feel anger, ‘Amici Review Center frustration and resentment, failure of @ man to achieve a higher status of life caused them to commit crimes in order for those status/goals to be attained referred to as STRAIN. Four possible adaptation to strain: + Innovation - The innovator buys into the culturally approved goals of society but pursues them through unacceptable means. + Ritualism - This describes a person who, over time, abandonsthe goal of financial success. Despite this, they continue to embrace the accepted means. + Retreatism ~ A retreatist is a social dropout. This type of person will not resort to illegitimate means to achieve widely shared goals. This individual simply withdraws from society. + Rebellion ~ These are individuals who oppose both culturally dominant goals and the means to achieve these goals. The rebel seeks to establish a new social order and embraces a different cultural gol. Cultural Deviance Theory It gives emphasis on the concept of culture and sub-culture, ‘According to this theory, people in the lower class feel isolated due to extreme deprivation or poverty ‘They tend to create a sub-culture with ts own set of rules and values. This is characterized by deviant behavior which resuts in criminal behavior among its members. Culture Conflict Theory Different Groups learn diferent conduct norms and that the conduct-norms of some groups may clash with ‘conventional middle-class rules. It defines what is ‘considered approptiate or normal behavior and what Inappropriate or abnormal behavior is and considered as the source of delinquent behaviors. ‘Sub-culture Theory by Albert Cohen = He claims that lower class cannot socialize effectively as the°middle-class behavior. Thus, the lower class gathered Yogether to share their common Yalues/problems forming a sub-culture that rejects middle-class values. ‘Opportunity Theory by Lloyd 01 = It explains that society leads the lower class to want things and society does things to people. 1. SOCIAL PROCESS THEORIES (Social Learning) = These refer to a group of theories which points to the individual's socialization process as the cause for the commission of crimes. These theories cite interaction ‘with people and experiences and exposure to different elements in the environment 2s. primary factors to criminality. Under this theory is the social learning theory which in turn has three (3) sub-theories: diferential association theory; differential reinforcement theory; and neutralization theory. 15 [Pagea. Differential Association Theory - This was formulated by Edwin Sutherland « his theory states that criminal behavior is learned through socialization. ~ Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with cther persons in a process of communication. b. Differential Reinforcement Theory = According to this theory, individual's behavior depends on how people around him react towards his behavior. ~ An act that is rewarded is repeated; an act that is. punished will be avoided. c. Neutralization Theory This was introduced by David Matza and Gresham sykes. ~ Sometimes referred to as “dnt theory” ~ According to this theory, people know when they are’ doing something wrong. However, they rationalize and justify their actions. This, fationalzing is what we called “neutralization”. Denial of Responsibility ~ It shifts the blame for ‘a deviant act away from the actor. Denial of Injury ~ It is an offender’ claim that no “real” offense occurred because na one was harmed, Denial of Victim ~ it implies that the victim got ‘what he or she deserved. Condemnation of the Condemners — Involves attempts by the offender to share guilt with the ‘condemners by asserting that their behaviors are Just bad as his or hers. ‘Appeal to Higher Loyalties — Elevates the offender's moral: integrity by claiming altruistic motives. 2. SOCIAL REACTION THEORY This is more commonly called labeling theory”. + It states that. people become ctiminals: when significant members of society label them as such and they accept those labels as a personal identity. 1. FRANK TENNEMBAUM - He made the earliest statements of latter-day labeling theory. He describes the process of defining deviant behavior 2s different among juvenile delinquents and conventional society, causing a "tagging" of juveniles as delinquent by mainstream society. The stigma that accompanies the deviant "tag" causes 2 person fal into ceeper non-conformity. 2. ERWIN LEMERT — founder of the "Societal Reaction” theory. This theory explores the journey to social deviance in two stages; primary deviance and secondary deviance which are both incorporated into Labeling Theory as well. ‘Amici Review Center 3. HOWARD BECKER - hailed as the founder of modem labeling theory. He proposes that this label becomes a person's master status, meaning that this is a constant label, affecting and over-riding how others will view them. 4. GEORGE HERBERT MEAD - One of the founders of Social Interactionism. Believed that people are compelled to see themselves as society perceives them to be. TAGGING ~ like labeling, the process whereby an individual is negatively defined by agencies of justice. ‘SOCIAL CONTROL THEORIES + Maintain that everyone has the potential to become ‘criminal but most people are controled by their bonds to society. = Social control refers to the agencies of social control such as family, school, religion or church, government and laws and other identified authorities in society. «There are two (2) sub-theories: containment theory and social bond theory. Containment Theory = It was proposed by Walter Reckless = He stated that inner and outer containments, help prevent juvenile offending. ~ Containment means the forces within and outside the individual that has the power to influence his actions, = Inner containments include positive self-concept, tolerance for frustration and an abilty to set realistic goals. Cuter containments include family. - Social Bond Theory (B-I-A-C) ~ This was propagated by Travis Hirschi + Ths theory views crime as 2 result of individuals with ‘Weakened bonds to social institutions, ~ According to this theory, there are four (4) elements of social bonds: attachment; commitment; Involvement and belief. $ Belief — refers to acceptance of the norms of ‘conventional society Involvement ~ refers to the amount of time an individual spends on a conventional pursuit. @ Attachment - refers to the degree to which an individual care about the opinions of others. Commitment — refers to an individual's investment of energy and emotion in conventional pursuits such 2s getting good grades. Economic Theory (Workers VS Capitalist) ECONOMIC DETERMINIST - Insisted that society's economic substructure shapes all other institutions and relationships, Karl Marx = The emergence of capitalism produces economic inequality in which the proletariats (Workers) are exploited by the bourgeoisie (owners or capitalist class). This exploitation creates poverty and is also at the root ofthe existence of other social problems. 16 | Page