Paras, Saturnino,Jr Z.

DVM-5A
Name Etiology Clinical signs Diagnosis Prevention control Treatment
Zygomycosis Basidiobolus  Pruritus Tissue invasion by the Decreasing your horse's Surgical removal of the lesion,
haptosporus and  Abrasions fungal hyphae as seen by exposure to the desert soil and antifungal drugs, medication to
conidiobolus microscopy dust as much as possible in improve immune system response
coronatus areas where the fungus is known or a combination.
to exist.
Coccidioides  Loss of weight Identifying the fungus in No known prevention May resolve without treatment
Valley fever immitis  Coughing, fever body tissues. Decreasing your horse’s Chronic respiratory signs or
 Musculoskeletal pain exposure to desert soil and dust multisystemic disease are present,
 abscesses of the skin as much as possible in areas long-term antifungal treatment is
 Abortion where the fungus is known to recommended
exist.
Family  Nodules in the skin Microscopic examination Avoid going to decaying Antifungal treatment is longterm
dematiaceae.  Upper respiratory signs, of discharge from a mass vegetative matter and soil (6-12 months)
Phaeohyphomycosis  Masses that form in the lining of or biopsy. Surgical removal of the lesion can
the nasal passages and on the be a cure
legs and chest
Autosomal  Abnormally high body Based on the Stress must be minimized to Suspected to be susceptible to
Malignant dominantly temperature development of signs in prevent malignant hyperthermia malignant hyperthermia
Hyperthermia inherited  Muscle rigidity an animal that has been episodes
disorder  Rapid and irregular heartbeat given an anesthetic agent  Certain precautions should be
 Increased breathing rate or is participating in a taken. These include
 Bluish tinge to skin stressful event. administering a drug called
 Unstable blood pressure dantrolene 1 to 2 days before
 Fluid buildup in the lungs anesthesia and avoiding
certain anesthetic agents.
 Impaired blood coagulation
 Kidney failure
 Death
Strongylus vulgaris  Rapid weight loss Worm egg counts  Proper deworming program Fenbendazole, pyrantel,
Redworms large  Diarrhoea  Regular worm egg counts ivermectin and moxidectin.
 Surgical colic
 Severe cases of infection can
lead to death.
Cyathostomin spp  Weight loss Worm egg counts  Proper deworming Fenbendazole, pyrantel,
Redworms small  Diarrhoea programregular worm egg ivermectin and moxidectin.
 Colic with potentially fatal counts
Genetic mutation in  Muscle fasciculation blood test Lowering diet potassium levels Intravenous calcium protects the
Hyperkalemia the skeletal muscle  Spasm and providing regular exercise heart and intravenous glucose
Periodic paralysis sodium channel  Weakness lowers the potassium level.
gene
Rna virus, classified  Recurring episodes of fever Serologic tests  Prevention is key to  No treatment is available
Equine infectious in the lentivirus  Depression stopping the spread of eia.  Alternative to euthanasia is
anemia genus, family  Thrombocytopenia  Use a sterile needle, permanent isolation and
retroviridae.  Increased heart and respiration syringe, and iv set for all quarantine of the infected
Equine infectious rates injections or treatmen animal at a distance of at
anemia virus  Anemia  Only administer least
 Jaundice commercially licensed blood 200 yards from all other
 Petechiation on mucous or blood products. equids
membranes  Use a sterile needle and
 Epistaxis syringe each time when
 Paras, Saturnino,Jr Z.
DVM-5A

 Dependent edema puncturing a multidose

 Muscle weakness medication bottle.
 Loss of condition  Require proof of a recent
negative eia test upon
introduction of a horse onto
a premises for the first time.
 Practice good fly control by
regular mucking out of
stalls, proper disposal of
manure away from horse
stabling areas, and using fly
sprays or natural predators
to
minimize fly presence.
Burkholderia mallei  Septicemia Confirmed by  Culling of all affected  No vaccine
Glanders  High fever (as high as 106°f  Complement fixation animals  Doxycycline, ceftrazidime,
[41°c]) test,  Complete quarantine gentamicin, streptomycin, and
 Weight loss  Culture  Rigorous disinfection of the combinations of sulfazine or
 A thick, mucopurulent, yellowish  Pcr area involved sulfamonomethoxine with
nasal discharge trimethoprim
 Respiratory signs
 Sarcocystis  Weakness Complete neurological Horse feed or pet food should Antiprotozoal drugs
Equine protozoal neurona  Loss of coordination exam, accompanied by not be left out, and open feed
Myeloencephalitis  Neospora  Muscle wasting in the legs and laboratory tests that bags should be kept in closed
hughesi. torso detect an immunological containers. Bird feeders,
response to infection. garbage, and fallen fruit should
 Depression
Testing of cerebrospinal be removed from the area.
 Abnormal head tilt fluid (csf), with a paired
 Facial paralysis serum, is more predictive
 Vision problems of active disease than
 Behavioral abnormalities serum alone.
 Seizures.
(orthomyxovirus)  High fever (up to 106°f [41.1°c])  Rt-pcr array  Supportive care  Judicious use of nsaids is
Equine influenza a/equine type-2 with depression, anorexia, and  Viral isolation  Biosecurity recommended for control of
h3n8 weakness  Rapid tests  Vaccination fever.
 Serous nasal discharge that  Serology  Antimicrobials are indicated
may become mucopurulent due in horses with secondary
to secondary bacterial infection bacterial pneumonia.
 Submandibular or
retropharyngeal Vaccines
lymphadenopathy (slight)  Influenza vaccines are
 Cough (dry, harsh, and inactivated, adjuvanted
nonproductive) vaccines recommended
primarily for intramuscular
administration.
 An intranasal modified-live
influenza vaccine, designed
to induce mucosal (local)
antibody protection
 Paras, Saturnino,Jr Z.
DVM-5A

loss of inhibition of  Hirsutism, or the presence of an Acth blood test No way to prevent your horse or Prascend® treatment for 6-12
Equine cushing disease the pars intermedia abnormally long and curly coat. pony from developing ppid. weeks
region of the  Laminitis However, with readily available
pituitary gland  Increased drinking and urination blood tests we can detect and
 Lethargy treat cases far earlier.
 Weight loss
 Muscle loss
 Excessive sweating
 Poor performance.
 Many horses have a bulge
above their eyes due to unusual
fat deposition
West nile virus  Impaired vision  Based on signs and  Minimizing potential  No specific treatment
Eastern equine  Aimless wandering by comparing the exposure to infected
encephalitis  Head pressing, circling location of the mosquitoes by managing  Supportive care includes
 Inability to swallow affected horse(s) and the environment intravenous fluids if the horse
 Irregular gait the season of the is unable to drink
 Weakness year with known data  Keeping living areas clear  Use of appropriate anti-
 Paralysis on the insects that of weeds and organic inflammatory agents,
carry the disease. material (feces)  Anticonvulsants if necessary.
 Convulsions
 Detection of certain  Cleaning water tanks and  Good nursing care is
 Fever
blood antibodies buckets at least weekly, essential.
 Death
(igm) against the and removing containers
causative virus that hold stagnant water.
provides additional
support for the
diagnosis.
 Sepsis  Chronic stage of laminitis,  Based on the history  A modified diet that provides  Nsaids, with flunixin
Laminitis  equine depressed and anorectic and (eg, grain overload) adequate nutrition based on meglumine being the drug of
metabolic stands reluctantly and posture of the high-quality forage, choice if the horse is still
syndrome and  If only the forelimbs are horse digestible fiber (beet pulp) systemically ill
pituitary affected, the horse will stand  Increased and oil. Avoid excess  Phenylbutazone is usually
adenoma with the forelimbs placed far temperature of the carbohydrates, especially used in the early chronic
 Supporting limb forward to decrease the weight hooves, from grain. stage when the horse is lame
laminitis on the front digits  Hard pulse in the but does not have signs of
 If forced to walk, the horse digital arteries, and  Routine hoof care, including systemic disease such as
shows a slow, crouching, short- reluctance to move. regular trimming and, in sepsis/endotoxemia
striding gait  Abaxial sesamoid some cases, therapeutic  Other options for analgesia
nerve blocks of the shoeing (additional include detomidine,
 Acute stage of laminitis, the forelimb digits in the radiographs may be needed butorphanol, morphine, or a
entire hoof wall may be warm. very lame horse to monitor progress). constant-rate infusion of a
An exaggerated and bounding allow assessment of “cocktail” of sedatives and
pulse can be palpated and may possible  A good health-maintenance analgesics.
be visible in the digital arteries. involvement of the schedule, including parasite  Deep digital flexor tenotomy
Pain can cause muscular hindfeet (by walking control and vaccinations, to
trembling, and a fairly uniform the animal a few reduce the horse's
tenderness can be detected steps) and enable susceptibility to illness or
when pressure is applied to the full assessment of disease
sole (most commonly in the toe the soles of both feet
region).
 Paras, Saturnino,Jr Z.
DVM-5A

 Possibly a nutritional
supplement formulated to
promote hoof health (biotin
supplements are popular for
promoting hoof growth).

 Avoid grazing lush pastures,

especially between late
morning and late afternoon
hours, since plant sugars
are the highest during these
times. Restrict pasture
intake during spring or
anytime the pasture
suddenly greens up.
Rhinosporidium  Nasal secretion Sections of fixed tissue for Primary prevention is to avoid Surgical removal of the lesions is
Rhinosporidiosis seeberi  Sneezing histopathology swimming in stagnant water, considered to be the standard
 Epistaxis particularly in warm, tropical treatment
 Breathing noise1 climates, or endemic regions.
 Obstruction of the nasal cavity.
 Ocular conjunctiva can be
affected causing epiphora.

 Onchocerca  Dermatitis  Gross findings Total cleanout and disinfection of  Many broad-spectrum
necrotic dermatitis  Cervicalis  Uveitis  Microscopic findings affected houses has decreased antibiotics.
 O gutturosa  Acute edematous necrosis  Detection of bacteria or eliminated gangrenous  water acidifiers have been
 Chronic granulomatous dermatitis infection on farms with used in cases to decrease,
changes, historical problems. Salting of but not eliminate, mortality
floors has also decreased where these rates are low or
bacterial challenge in antibiotic efficacy has been
subsequent flocks. Minimizing poor.
trauma by avoiding overcrowding
is another way to prevent cases
of gd.

In those cases in which gd is

secondary to
immunosuppressive viral
infections, vaccination against
those diseases helps in the
control of gd.
Burkholderia Infection without signs is Confirmed by In areas where the bacteria are Antibiotics
melioidosis pseudomallei, common  Complement fixation common, preventive measures
test, such as minimizing
 Culture environmental contamination by
 Pcr diseased animals and providing
clean (chlorinated and filtered)
drinking water may be helpful.
 Paras, Saturnino,Jr Z.
DVM-5A
 Environmental  A lame foal should be
joint ill factors – assumed to have joint ill
overcrowding, poor until proven otherwise
sanitation, poor
ventilation  Hot, painful and swollen
 Inappropriate tissue around the joints
umbilical disinfection
 Problems with the  Depressed foal that is off
mare – placentitis suck
 Foaling difficulties
Brucella  Thickening of the bursa
fistulous withers abortus and brucella wall.
suis  The bursal sacs are
distended and may rupture
when the sac has little
covering support.
 In more chronic, advanced
cases, the nuchal ligament
and the dorsal vertebral
spines are affected and
may become necrotic.
c albicans.  Gi or mucocutaneous
equine candidiasis candidiasis may have a
characteristic sour or
yeasty odor.
 Veterinary clinical exam Avoid the following:
 Taking a sample of joint  Overcrowding
fluid for analysis and  Poor sanitation
culture (arthrocentesis)  Poor ventilation
 Radiographs
 Cultures sample is best
before antibiotics begin
to determine the best
antibiotics to use
Physical examinatioin:  Keeping horses and cattle
separate
 Initial bursal swellings
may be hardly  Using properly-fitting tack
noticeable or quite and good padding
sizable.  Support your equine’s
immune function with a
 Chronic cases may healthy diet including
progress to abscess balanced vitamins and
formation. minerals as well as
adequate protein
Culture of the organism from  Maintaining a clean, dry (but
a sterile site not too dry) environment
Cytologic evidence from ears,  Cleaning the hooves on a
skin, gi or urogenital tract routine basis
Ultrasound  Adequate excercise
 Proper nutrition and
supplementation can create
denser and healthier frog
and sole tissue that is more
resistant to infection
 Regularly apply a non-
caustic hoof topical or clay to
maintain a healthy hoof
 Antibiotics are the primary
treatment (possibly intra-
articular but definitely
systemically)
 Some may need iv fluids and
other support if systemically
unwell and not nursing well
 Arthroscopic joint lavage with
antibiotic treatment
 Regional limb perfusion with
local high levels of
appropriate antibiotics
 Exercise restriction
 Anti–inflammatories to control
pain
 Broad spectrum antibiotics
continuing after initial
aggressive treatment period
 Gastro protectants (ulcer
protection) while being treated
surgical removal of the infected
bursae, nuchal ligament, and
associated necrotic tissues
 Nystatin ointment or topical
application of amphotericin b
or 1% iodine solution may be
useful in the treatment of oral
or cutaneous candidiasis.
 Itraconazole, amphotericin b,
and echinocandins have
been used for invasive
disease. Amphotericin b, 500
g in 1 l of 5% dextrose, was
administered iv, every 48
hours for 24 days and then
every 72 hours for 15 days, to
successfully resolve arthritis
induced by c fumata in a
horse.
 Paras, Saturnino,Jr Z.
DVM-5A

Aspergillus spp  Pistaxis  Demonstration of tissue  Topical and systemic

equine aspergillosis  Dysphagia invasion antifungal treatment.
 Guttural pouch  Ligation of affected vessels
endoscopy in horses  Medical treatment may be
 Antigen assays, needed depending on the
immunohistochemistry, severity of disease or blood
and molecular loss
diagnostics
 In dogs and cats, ct or
mri may be necessary

Alphaarterivirus equid.  Fever (up to 41°c)  Viral isolation  Travel No specific antiviral treatment
equine abortion  Depression  Serology  Frequent contact with currently
 Anorexia  Rt-pcr large numbers of horses
Available supportive
 Leukopenia  Demonstration of viral  Exposure to horses that
treatment should include:
 Stiffness of gait antigens in tissue have traveled
 Antipyretics
 Petechial hemorrhages on  Compromised or immature
immune system
 Anti-inflammatory drugs
oral mucous membranes
 Diuretics
 Urticaria or hives (localized  Adequate rest
on face, neck, pectoral
region, or generalized)  Good nursing care
 Diarrhea  Gradual return to
breeding activity
 Icterus
 Ataxia
 Abortion
 Fatal pneumonitis or
pneumoenteritis in neonatal
and young foals
 Temporary subfertility in
stallions
Cryptococcus Depend on site of infection; Direct microscopy, culture; Environmental control of bird fluconazole, itraconazole,
cryptococcosis neoformans respiratory disease, meningitis, endoscopy, radiography; droppings (especially pigeons) amphotericin b; surgical removal.
weight loss, nasal discharge, biopsy and histopathology; are important.
cough, abdominal pain; abortion, post mortem.
neonatal pneumonia; skin
granulomas.

Clostridium botulinum  Muscle paralysis
botulism  Disturbed vision,
 Difficulty in chewing and
swallowing
 Overall weakness
 Clinical evaluation with  Control and correction of  Hydration, correcting
characteristic motor dietary deficiencies electrolyte disturbances
paralysis is suggestive  Immunization with region- 
General supportive measures
but not confirmatory specific type toxoid
 The mouse inoculation  Supportive care
test is the traditional  Sometimes, botulinum
diagnostic test antitoxin
 Paras, Saturnino,Jr Z.
DVM-5A

Clostridium septicum  Anorexia  Fine-needle aspirate Proper carcass disposal to  High doses of parenteral
bacterial malignant  High fever and positive gram stain prevent soil contamination penicillin, tetracyclines, or
edema (rods) broad-spectrum antimicrobials
Local lesions  Pcr assay and/or
positive culture
 Develop within 6–48 hours
after predisposing injury or
activation of dormant
spores.

 Soft swellings that pit on

pressure and extend rapidly
because of the formation of
large quantities of exudate
that infiltrate the
subcutaneous and
intramuscular connective
tissue of the affected areas.
Bacillus anthracis  High fever Laboratory analysis of blood  Vaccination programs  Antibiotics,
anthrax in horses  Agitation are quickly samples from the potentially  Rapid detection and  Supportive care.
followed by chills infected animal or human to reporting,  Vaccination programs
 Severe colic confirm the presence of the  Quarantine
 Loss of appetite bacteria.  Antibiotic treatment of any
 Depression animals exposed to the
 Disorientation bacteria (but not yet ill)
 Difficulty breathing  Burning or burial of dead
 Muscle weakness, animals that had suspected
 Seizures. or confirmed anthrax
 Bloody diarrhea may be infection.
observed.  Uninfected horses should
 Swelling of the chest, lower be moved to another
abdomen, and external pasture away from where
infected animals had
genitals may also occur.
pastured and from any
 If spores infect open cuts or
possible site of soil
abrasions, a localized skin
contamination.
infection occurs.

Corynebacterium  Diffuse or localized  Bacterial culture of pus  Isolation of infected  Systemic administration of
ulcerative pseudotuberculosis swellings from external abscesses animals, phenylbutazone or flunixin
lymphangitis  Ventral pitting edema  Abdominal  Comprehensive fly control meglumine relieves pain and
 Ventral midline dermatitis ultrasonographic including insect growth swelling.
 Lameness examination to detect regulators,  General supportive and
 Draining abscesses or tracts internal infection or  Good sanitation are nursing care is indicated.
 Fever abscesses recommended for
 Weight loss  Pcr testing of abdominal prevention of lymphangitis.
 Depression fluid for c
pseudotuberculosis
 Paras, Saturnino,Jr Z.
DVM-5A

Gram positive bacteria  Fever spike  Sample collection  Biosecurity  Antimicrobials,

strangles streptococcus equi equi  Mucoid to mucopurulent  Appropriate screening for
nasal discharge  Diagnostic tests carriers are essential for  Supportive treatment
 Depression control and prevention of
 Submandibular outbreaks
lymphadenopathy with or
without abscessation.
 Difficulty swallowing
 Inspiratory respiratory noise
 Extended head and neck.
Rupture of retropharyngeal
lymph node
Pythium insidiosum. Acute onset of rapidly enlarging Blood test Avoiding wetland environments  Topical essential oils in
pythiosis ulcerated masses of granulation during warm seasons may offset combination with systemic
tissue. contact with this organism. anti-fungal medications
 Immunotherapy vaccine
 Surgery

Tetanus antitoxin  Anorexia  History of plasma  Use of tetanus antitoxin  No specific treatment is
theiller's disease  Hepatic encephalopathy product administration (tat) or other plasma available
 Icterus in the previous 4–10 products is not without risk
 Maniacal behavior
weeks  Routine administration of  Supportive care intravenous
tat to periparturient mares fluids with glucose and
 Central blindness
 Ataxia
 Acute elevations of is potassium added and
plasma hepatocellular strongly discouraged. treatment of the hepatic
 Photosensitivity
enzymes  Use of tat should be encephalopathy may be
 Discolored urine may occur restricted to situations in successful. Nutritional
as a result of high bilirubin which tetanus prophylaxis is support, and sedation if
 Ultrasonographic
concentrations necessitated and a history necessary
examination
 Fever documenting decreased of active tetanus toxoid
liver size and enabling immunization is absent or
biopsy, culture and unknown.
sensitivity evaluation

Neorickettsia risticii  Mild depression  Cell culture of n risticii Minimizing insect ingestion in  Oxytetracycline
potomac horse fever  Anorexia,  Rising paired titers stabled horses by turning off  Fluids and nsaids
barn lights at night
 Fever of 38.9°–41.7°c  Prophylactic cryotherapy
 Moderate to severe  Pcr assay
diarrhea
 Abortion
Trichinella spiralisand No signs of the disease in  Microscopic examination  Rodent control There is no treatment
equinetrichinollosis horses of biopsy samples  Appropriate oversight of
 Artificial digestion of feed for animal consumption
muscle tissues by an  Meat inspection practices
hcl- pepsin solution
 Paras, Saturnino,Jr Z.
DVM-5A

Sporothrix schenckii Single to multiple, firm, well-  Cytology, especially in Avoid contact with infected cats Itraconazole (10 mg/kg every 24
equine demarcated (0.5-5 cm in cats carries a high zoonotic risk. hours)
sporotrichosis diameter), nonpruritic, nonpainful  Yeasts can be confused
cutaneous nodules with other fungal
organisms such as
histoplasma
Corynebacterium  Limb swelling (hind limbs Culturing the bacteria Fly control  Nonsteroidal anti-
equine pigeon fever pseudotuberculosis. C. are affected more Blood antibody test Quarantine and observe new inflammatory drugs
Pseudotuberculosis commonly), cellulitis (skin Ultrasound examination horses  Hot compresses
infection), and draining  Poultices
tracts that follow lymphatics  Lancing and draining, with
in the horse's body.
collection of the infected
material.
clostridium  Loss of appetite  Fine-needle aspirate  Vaccination  High doses of penicillin or
equine malignant septicum  Intoxication and positive gram stain broad-spectrum antibiotics
edema 
 High fever (rods)  Proper carcass disposal Surgical incision of the skin
 Swelling around the site of to prevent soil and underlying tissue to allow
the infection, develop within  Pcr assay and/or contamination drainage
a few hours to a few days positive culture
after a predisposing injury.

Arthroscopy Upper respiratory surgery Laparoscopy Limb correction surgery

common surgical  The camera lets the  Upper respiratory surgery  The surgeon makes  Limb correction surgery
procedure in horses surgeon see the corrects abnormalities or small incisions to insert a changes the growth or
inside of the joint and injuries in the horse's upper small camera and shape of limbs. It aims to
perform various airway. The pharynx, larynx, instruments into the correct congenital or
procedures. These sinuses, nasal passages, abdomen. The camera acquired deformities.
include removing and trachea are all parts of lets the surgeon see the Flexural, angular, and
bone chips, repairing the upper airway. Common inside of the abdomen rotational abnormalities are
cartilage defects, or conditions that affect the and do various a few frequent
treating infections. upper airway are: procedures. These malformations affecting
The surgeon can  Laryngeal hemiplegia include removing horses.
perform arthroscopy (roaring) ovaries, repairing
on any joint in the  Dorsal displacement of the hernias, or treating colic.
horse's body. The soft palate (ddsp) Laparoscopy can also
most common ones diagnose certain
 Ethmoid hematoma
are the knee, fetlock, abdominal conditions
hock, and stifle.  Sinusitis that are hard to detect.

 The surgeon can perform  Less pain, faster

this procedure through recovery, and lesser
laser, endoscopic, or open chance of complications
surgery. The problem and its are the advantages of
location will determine the laparoscopy. The
method to use. Upper surgeon can perform
respiratory surgery can laparoscopy on
improve the horse's standing, sedated
breathing, comfort, and horses or under general
performance anesthesia.
 Paras, Saturnino,Jr Z.
DVM-5A

Equine herpesvirus 1  Respiratory disease  Pcr assay  Natural immunity  Acyclovir administration (10
equine herpesvirus (ehv-1) and equine  Abortion  Virus isolation mg/kg, po, 5 times per day)
herpesvirus 4 (ehv-4) are  
Neurologic disease  Management and Valacyclovir (30 mg/kg, po, q
alpha-herpesviruses
 Serous nasal discharge biosecurity 6–8 h)
 Malaise
 Pharyngitis  Vaccination
 Cough
 Inappetence, and/or
submandibular or
retropharyngeal
lymphadenopathy

inflammation or  Pawing repeatedly with a  Clinical evaluation  nsaid

equine colic ulceration in the stomach front foot  Fluid therapy
or intestine  Looking back at the flank  Clinicopathologic tests  Flunixin can help prevent
region some of the early effects of
 Curling the upper lip and endotoxemia at dosages less
arching the neck than the recommended
 Repeatedly raising a rear dosage (1.1 mg/kg), smaller
leg or kicking at the dosages (0.25 mg/kg)
abdomen  Polymyxin 1,000–5,000
 Lying down, rolling from u/kg, every 8 to 12 hours.
side to side  Surgery
 Weating
 Stretching out as if to
urinate
 Straining to defecate

Eastern equine  High fever (temperature Serologic testing  Remove sources of standing Treatment largely consists of
eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) higher than 103 f) water in pastures on your supportive care for horses with
encephalitis is a mosquito-borne  Dullness, depression, lack property. clinical signs, including
illness caused by an of appetite  Apply fly masks, fly sheets intravenous (iv) fluids and anti-
alphavirus of the inflammatory medications.
togaviridae family.  Walking aimlessly, often in and/or fly leggings to horses
circles when they are at pasture.
 Pressing the head into  Spray horses with insect
corners repellent. Regular fly sprays
 Blindness work but only for a few
minutes. Longer-acting oil-
 Staggering, uncoordinated
based repellents are
gait
available through your feed
 Recumbency store or veterinarian.
 Seizures  Keep horses inside during
the hours around dawn and
dusk. These are the peak
feeding times for
mosquitoes.
 Paras, Saturnino,Jr Z.
DVM-5A

Brucella abortus  Thickening of the bursa
poll evil wall.
 The bursal sacs are
distended and may rupture
when the sac has little
covering support.
 In more chronic, advanced
cases, the nuchal ligament
and the dorsal vertebral
spines are affected and
may become necrotic.
 Abortion
If the horse sustains any  Keeping horses and cattle Surgical removal of the infected
injury to the poll area, the separate bursae, nuchal ligament, and
horse owner or handler associated necrotic tissues.
should check carefully on a  Using properly-fitting tack Ventral drainage should be
regular basis to determine if and good padding established
the area is becoming swollen Support your equine’s immune
or inflamed.
function with a healthy diet
including balanced vitamins and
If an abrasive, heavy, or ill- minerals as well as adequate
fitting halter is causing injury protein
to the poll area, it should be
discarded and a better halter
used to eliminate the
possibility of chafing and
discomfort.

Equine herpesvirus Multiple, circular, red nodules  Based on clinical  Sexual rest is required to Acute phase of the disease,
equine coital type 3 (ehv-3). up to 2 mm in diameter on the signs and confirmed allow ulcers to heal and mares should be bred only
exanthema vulvar and vaginal mucosa, by electron prevent spread to by artificial insemination. No
the clitoral sinus, and perineal microscopy uninfected horses vaccine is available. All horses
skin. should be examined carefully
before they are allowed to breed,
keeping in mind that the
incubation period is up to 10 days.
Paras, Saturnino,Jr Z.
DVM-5A

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Paras, Saturnino,Jr Z.
DVM-5A

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Paras, Saturnino,Jr Z.
DVM-5A

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%20should%20be%20established.