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2
Internal Combustion Engines
Production:
• 80 million produced in China 2016 (140 Million Worldwide ?)
5-2500 mm
0.05-2,300,000 kW
Why Internal Combustion Engines?
Applications:
• Passenger Vehicles
• Commercial Vehicles
• Agricultural, Construction, Industrial, Lawn and Garden, Marine Auxiliary, Marine
Propulsion, Power Generation, Railway, Recreational Products
• Questions to ask
– Why ICEs are so ubiquitous
– Why it will be so difficult to replace them with another technology
– What you will have to do if you want to replace them
– Can we make ICEs zero emission and carbon neutral
– Would the ban on ICE make difference to CO2 emission & global warming?
4
BP Energy Outlook:
14
Boosted Uniflow Scavenged Direct Injection Gasoline (BUSDIG) Engine
Key Features:
• 2-stroke operation
• Uniflow scavenging
o Best scavenging efficiency
o Minimised short-circuiting
Uniflow Scavenge o Even thermal load
• Overhead exhaust valves
• VVA compatibility
• Direct injection
• Boosted operation
• Air-hybrid system
Crossflow and Loopflow
Development of 2-Stroke BUSDIG Engine
Long Stroke
Short Stroke
Optimised designs:
• Swirl Orientation Angle: 20⁰
• Axis Inclination Angle: 90⁰
[2] Xinyan Wang et al. 2016, SAE 2016-01-1049. [3] Xinyan Wang et al.. 2017, SAE 2017-01-1031.
(3) Scavenge plenum design
PL=5mm PL=20 mm
Enlarged chamber
Longer ports
Scavenging parameters
Lambda=1.5
22
Efficiency Walk of BUSDIG engine
v Air-hybrid
v GCI combustion
v Lean/diluted combustion
v Uniflow 2-stroke
3D CFD Simulations
(Design of scavenge ports; Effect of EVO,
ED, engine speeds, boost pressure;
combustion process)
1D engine Simulations
Calibration (Wiebe Combustion Model with
knock model, Chen-Flynn
friction model)
• 2 cylinder, 2-stroke operation Scavenge curve
• Bore/Stroke: 80/100 mm
• Displacement: 1.0 L (0.5 L each)
• 2 exhaust valves on cylinder head
• Scavenge ports on the cylinder liner.
• DI injection timing at 90 CA before TDC.
turbocharger system
Peak brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of BUSDIG engine
Achieved at 1600 rpm, 11 bar BMEP, 180 N*m brake torque
SOI=230/300 CA
BSFC
[kg/kWh]
120
Brake Power
100
112 kW/L
80
60
40
20
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
High Power BUSDIG Engine
160 450
ED=120 CA 151 kW/L
ED=140 CA 420 N*m
400
120 ED=160 CA
350
80 300
BUSDIG 1.0 L
• Extremely high torque and power 1.0litre BUSDIG
engine
• Ultra high performance can be obtained with
Ford Ecoboost Family further optimisation
Summary
• The ICE will remain the dominant moveable powertrain with increasing efficiency and
near-zero emissions
• A more systematic analysis is needed to assess the environmental impact and energy
consumption of varied technologies
• The 2-stroke boosted uniflow scavenged direct injection gasoline (BUSDIG) engine with
the air hybrid operation was proposed and designed to achieve higher performance and
improve the fuel economy.
• The peak brake thermal efficiency of 47% could be achieved with wider range of high
efficiency operations.
• Extremely high specific power and torque output can be achieved with the current engine
and boosting systems.
BUSDIG: a high efficiency 2-stroke Boosted Uniflow
Scavenged Direct Injection Gasoline engine with air hybrid
operation