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新型高功率高效率直喷汽油发动机

Novel high power high efficiency GDI engine


赵华 Hua Zhao
英国皇家工程院院士(FREng)
伦敦布鲁奈尔大学 (Brunel University London)
工学,设计及理学 学院副院长
英国机械工程师学会 (IMechE),动力系统及燃油委员会主任
天津大学特聘教授, 国家973内燃机项目首席科学家
(Adjunct Professor at Tianjin University)

Brunel University London


Content

I. The Big Picture

II. 2-Stroke BUSDIG engine concept

III. Efficiency Walk of BUSDIG engine


Internal Combustion Engines
Production:
• 80 million produced in China 2016 (140 Million Worldwide ?)

30-30000 rpm 0.05-80000 litre

5-2500 mm
0.05-2,300,000 kW
Why Internal Combustion Engines?

Applications:
• Passenger Vehicles
• Commercial Vehicles
• Agricultural, Construction, Industrial, Lawn and Garden, Marine Auxiliary, Marine
Propulsion, Power Generation, Railway, Recreational Products

• Questions to ask
– Why ICEs are so ubiquitous
– Why it will be so difficult to replace them with another technology
– What you will have to do if you want to replace them
– Can we make ICEs zero emission and carbon neutral

– Would the ban on ICE make difference to CO2 emission & global warming?
4
BP Energy Outlook:

Ø The reduction in CO2


emission requires
decarbonization of the
primary energy
source.
Ø ICE ban has little
impact on global CO2
emission
• The transport
sector continues to be
dominated by oil (85%)
despite increasing
penetration of
alternative fuels,
particularly natural gas
and electricity.

Electric cars will


increase, with
projections ranging
from less than 200
million to over 500
million in 2040. The ET
scenario is towards the
top end of this sample.
Ø Electric and Plug-in
hybrid cars will
increase
Ø Majority of cars will
still be powered by ICE
Ø The Fuel Economy of
cars will keep
improving by more
efficiency engine and
electrification
Current Legislation based on Tailpipe Emission

NEDC - WLTP - RDE


The total cycle impact to replace tailpipe emissions
The total cycle impact to replace tailpipe emissions
2030 onwards?
Content

I. The Big Picture

II. 2-Stroke BUSDIG engine concept

III. Efficiency Walk of BUSDIG engine

14
Boosted Uniflow Scavenged Direct Injection Gasoline (BUSDIG) Engine

Key Features:
• 2-stroke operation
• Uniflow scavenging
o Best scavenging efficiency
o Minimised short-circuiting
Uniflow Scavenge o Even thermal load
• Overhead exhaust valves
• VVA compatibility
• Direct injection
• Boosted operation
• Air-hybrid system
Crossflow and Loopflow
Development of 2-Stroke BUSDIG Engine

Determination of B/S ratio , Journal of Automobile


1 Engineering, 2017.
BUSDIG Engine

2 Scavenge port designs, SAE 2016-01-1049

3 Scavenge plenum designs, SAE 2017-01-1031

VVA optimization, International Journal of Engine


4 Research, 2017; IMechE: ICE conference 2017

Combustion system design, International Journal of


5 Engine Research, 2017; SAE 2018-01-0272;
(1) Bore/Stroke ratio selection

Long Stroke

Short Stroke

A longer stroke shows less charge short-circuiting and improved scavenging


performance. The B/S ratio of 0.8 was applied with bore of 80 mm and stroke of
100 mm.
[1] Xinyan Wang et al.. 2017, Journal of Automobile Engineering, 2017.
(2) Scavenge ports design

Optimised designs:
• Swirl Orientation Angle: 20⁰
• Axis Inclination Angle: 90⁰

[2] Xinyan Wang et al. 2016, SAE 2016-01-1049. [3] Xinyan Wang et al.. 2017, SAE 2017-01-1031.
(3) Scavenge plenum design
PL=5mm PL=20 mm

Enlarged chamber
Longer ports

A larger scavenge chamber design can improve the scavenging performances. A


short port length design leads to weaker in-cylinder flow motion.
[2] Xinyan Wang et al. 2016, SAE 2016-01-1049. [3] Xinyan Wang et al.. 2017, SAE 2017-01-1031.
(4) Scavenging Process analysis of VVA exhaust
Characteristic parameters

Intake/exhaust lift profiles Correlation studies

Scavenging parameters

[4] Xinyan Wang et al. International Journal of Engine Research, 2017


(5) Combustion system and fuel injection analysis
1) Piston designs: deep piston bowl 2) Injection strategy: split injection

Lambda=1.5

[6] Xinyan Wang et al. SAE 2018-01-0272;


[7] Xinyan Wang et al. International Journal of Engine Research 2017.
Content

I. The Big Picture

II. 2-Stroke BUSDIG engine concept

III. Efficiency Walk of BUSDIG engine

22
Efficiency Walk of BUSDIG engine

v Air-hybrid

Efficiency improvement v Water injection

v GCI combustion

v Lean/diluted combustion

v Optimal exhaust valve duration (ED) and opening timing (EVO)


v Higher CR

v Uniflow 2-stroke

Baseline Applied techniques in BUSDIG engine


Step 1: CFD-1D coupling simulation of BUSDIG engine

3D CFD Simulations
(Design of scavenge ports; Effect of EVO,
ED, engine speeds, boost pressure;
combustion process)

1D engine Simulations
Calibration (Wiebe Combustion Model with
knock model, Chen-Flynn
friction model)
• 2 cylinder, 2-stroke operation Scavenge curve
• Bore/Stroke: 80/100 mm
• Displacement: 1.0 L (0.5 L each)
• 2 exhaust valves on cylinder head
• Scavenge ports on the cylinder liner.
• DI injection timing at 90 CA before TDC.
turbocharger system
Peak brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of BUSDIG engine
Achieved at 1600 rpm, 11 bar BMEP, 180 N*m brake torque

Achieved at 1600 rpm, 12 bar BMEP, 190 N*m brake torque

Achieved at 1600 rpm, 13 bar BMEP, 213 N*m brake torque

16 120 W/T 0.2 2

10 12 14 140 W/O 0 0.1 1 1.5


80 100
Lean-burn Combustion in BUSDIG engine
3D CFD verification
1D prediction
ISFC=162 g/kWh
Peak BTE=47%
ITE=48.3%
SOI=230 CA
175 g/kWh SACI

SOI=230/300 CA

BSFC
[kg/kWh]

BUSDIG 0.5 L single cylinder engine


BUSDIG 1.0 L engine Lambda=1.8, PPRR=5.4 bar/CA, PP=110 bar
PPRR<10 bar/CA, PP<160 bar, boost<3.6 bar IMEP=14.6 bar, Power= 24.35 kW,
CR=16, ED=120 CA, Lambda=2, water injection
(f/w=0.5/0.5), EGR=0, optimal CA50
Stochiometric combustion in BUSDIG engine, Lambda=1
400
Brake Torque
350 • 2 cylinder 1.0 litre BUSDIG Engine
BUSDIG 1.0 L
300 379 N*m • Bore/Stroke: 80/100 mm PPRR<10 bar/CA
250 • 2 exhaust valves PP<160 bar
200 • Scavenge ports on the cylinder liner. Boost<4.1 bar
150
Ford Eco-boost, 1.0 L • Single-stage turbo-charger
100
50
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

120
Brake Power
100
112 kW/L
80

60

40

20

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
High Power BUSDIG Engine
160 450
ED=120 CA 151 kW/L
ED=140 CA 420 N*m
400
120 ED=160 CA
350
80 300

PPRR<10 bar/CA 250


40 PP<160 bar ED=120 CA
200 ED=140 CA
Boost<4.1 bar ED=160 CA
0 150
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

BUSDIG 1.0 L
• Extremely high torque and power 1.0litre BUSDIG
engine
• Ultra high performance can be obtained with
Ford Ecoboost Family further optimisation
Summary

• The ICE will remain the dominant moveable powertrain with increasing efficiency and
near-zero emissions
• A more systematic analysis is needed to assess the environmental impact and energy
consumption of varied technologies
• The 2-stroke boosted uniflow scavenged direct injection gasoline (BUSDIG) engine with
the air hybrid operation was proposed and designed to achieve higher performance and
improve the fuel economy.
• The peak brake thermal efficiency of 47% could be achieved with wider range of high
efficiency operations.
• Extremely high specific power and torque output can be achieved with the current engine
and boosting systems.
BUSDIG: a high efficiency 2-stroke Boosted Uniflow
Scavenged Direct Injection Gasoline engine with air hybrid
operation

The authors acknowledge the financial support by the EPSRC.


谢谢

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