EMJ36404

ENT 368 Electrical Machines &

Power Systems
Fundamental of Mechanics and
Heat

Wan Khairunizam
Mohd Nasir Ayob

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 Contents

• Torque and Mechanical work

• Power and efficiency
• Kinetic energy of linear motion
• Heat and temperature

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 Torque and Mechanical work

• Force,
F = ma
Where,
F= force of gravity acting on the body [N]
m = mass of the body [kg]
a = 9.8 / an approximate constant that applies
when object are relatively close to the surface
of the earth (within 30 km)

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• Torque,
T = Fr
Where,
T= torque[N.m]
F= force of gravity acting on the body [N]
r = radius [m]
Torque is produced when a force exerts a twisting
action on a body, tending to make it rotates.
Torque is equal to the product of force times the
perpendicular distance between the axis of
rotation and the point of application of the force.

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 Example 1
A motor develops a starting torque of 150
N.m. If a pulley on the shaft has a diameter of
1 m, determine the braking force needed to
prevent the motor from turning.

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 Solution 1

The radius is 0.5 m. Braking force,

F = T / r = 150 N.m / 0.5 m = 300 N.

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Mechanical work is done whenever a force F
moves a distance d in the direction of force.
W= Fd
Where,
W= Work [J]
F = force [N]
d = distance the force moves [m]

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 Example 2
A mass of 50 kg is lifted to a height of 10 m.
Determine the work done.

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 Solution 2

The force of gravity acting on 50 kg mass is

F = 9.8m = 9.8 x 50 = 490 N
The work done
W = Fd = 490 N x 10 m = 4900 J

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 Power
Power is the rate of doing work. It is given by
the equation,
P= W / t
Where,
P= Power [W]
W = work done [J]
t = time taken to do the work [s]

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 Example 3
An electric motor lifts a mass of 500 kg through
a height of 30 m in 12 s. Determine the power
developed by the motor, in kilowatts.

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 Solution 3

P= W / t = Fd / t
F = 9.8m = 9.8 x 500 kg = 4900 N
The work done,
W= F x d
W= 4900 N x 30 m = 147 000 J
The power is
P= W / t
= 147000/ 12 = 12250 W = 12. 25 kW.

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 Power of motor
A mechanical power output of a motor depends
upon its rotational speed and the torque it
develops.
P= nT / 9.55
Where,
P= Mechanical power [W]
T = torque [N.m]
n = speed of rotation [r/min]
9.55 = a constant to take care of units [30/π]

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 Example 4
During a prony brake test on an electric motor, the
spring scales indicates 25 N and 5 N, respectively.
Determine the power output if the motor turns at
1700 r/min and the radius of the pulley is 0.1 m.

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 Solution 4

T= F x r
= (25 – 5) N x 0.1 m = 2 N.m
The power is
P= nT / 9.55 = (1700 x 2) / 9.55
= 356 W

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 Efficiency of a machine
The efficiency of the machine is given by,
η = (Po / Pi ) x 100
Where,
η = efficiency [%]
Po = output power of the machine [W]
Pi = input power of the machine [W]

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 Example 5

A 150 kW electric motor has an efficiency of

92% when it operates at full load. Determine
the losses in the machine.

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 Solution 5

150 kW is refer to the mechanical power

output of the motor.
The input power,
η = Po / Pi
Pi= Po / η = 150/0.92 = 163 kW.
The mechanical output power is P0 = 150 kW.
The losses are,
Pi – Po =163-150 = 13 kW.

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 Kinetic energy of linear motion

A falling stone or a swiftly moving automobile

process kinetic energy, which is due to motion.
Ek = 1 / 2 mv2
Where,
Ek = kinetic energy [J]
m = mass of the body[Kg]
v = speed of the body[m/s]

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 Example 6

A bus having a mass of 6000 kg moves at a

speed of 100 km/h. If it carries 40 passengers
having a total mass of 2400 kg, determine the
total kinetic energy of the loaded vehicle.

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 Solution 6

The mass of the loaded bus is,

m = 6000 + 2400 = 8400 kg
The speed is,
v = 100 km/h = (100 x 1000) / 3600 s
= 27.8 m/s
The kinetic energy is,
Ek=1 / 2 mv2 = ½ x 8400 x 27.82
= 3245928 J = 3.25 MJ

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 Kinetic energy of rotation, moment of inertia

A revolving body possesses kinetic energy. Its

magnitude depends upon the speed of rotation
and upon the mass and shape of the body.
Ek = 5.48 x 10-3 Jn2
Where,
Ek = kinetic energy [J]
J = moment of inertia[Kg.m2]
n = rotational speed [r/min]
5.48 x 10-3 = constant (π2 / 1800)

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 Torque, inertia and change in speed
To change the speed of the revolving body is subject
to a torque for a given period of time. The rate of
change of speed depends upon the inertia and the
torque.

∆n= 9.55T∆t/J

Where,
∆n = change in speed[r/min]
T = torque[Nm]
∆t = interval of time during which the torque is applied[s]
J = moment of inertia [kgm2]

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Moment of inertia J around
around an axis of rotation
Mass m revolving at a
distance r round the axis 0
J = mr2

Solid disc of mass m

and radius r
J = mr2/2

Annular ring of mass m having

a rectangular cross section
J = m/2(R12 + R22)

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 Straight bar of mass m
pivoted on on its center
J = mL2/12

Rectangular bar of mass

m revolving around axis 0
J = m/3(R12 + R22 + R1R2)

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 Example 7

A solid 1400 kg steel flywheel has a diameter 1

m and a thickness of 225 mm.
Determine:
i. Its moment of inertia
ii. The kinetic energy when the flywheel
revolves at 1800 r/m.

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 Solution 7

Moment of inertia, J
J = mr2/2
= 1400 kg x (0.5 m)2 /2 = 175 kg.m2

The kinetic energy,

= 5.48 x 10-3 Jn2 = 5.48 x 10-3 x 175 x 18002
= 3.1 MJ

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 Example 8

A flywheel having the shape given in figure

composed of a ring supported by a rectangular
hub. The ring and hub respectively have a
mass of 80 kg and 20 kg. Determine the
moment of inertia of the flywheel.

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 Solution 8
For the ring
Moment of inertia, J1
J1 = m/2(R12 + R22)
= 80/2(0.42 + 0.32)= 10 kg.m2

For the hub,

Moment of inertia, J2
J2 = mL2/12
=(20 x 0.62) / 12 = 0.6 kg.m2

The total amount of inertia of the flywheel,

J1 + J2 = 10.6 kg.m2

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 Heat and Temperature
Whenever heat is applied to a body, it receives
thermal energy. The temperature rise of a body
depends upon the heat it receives, its mass and the
nature of the material. The relationship is:
Q = mcΔt
Where,
Q = quantity of heat added to (or remove from) a
body [J]
m = mass of the body [Kg]
c = specific heat capacity of the material making up
the body [J/Kg.oC]
Δt = change in temperature [oC]
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 Example 9
Determine the heat required to raise the
temperature of 200 L of water from 10oC to
70oC, assuming the tank is perfectly insulated.
The specific heat capacity of water is 4180
J/kg.oC, and one liter weighs 1 kg.

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 Solution 9

The mass of water is 200 kg, and the heat

required is
Q = mcΔt
= 200 x 4180 x (70-10)
= 50.2 MJ

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 Heat transfer by conduction

If a hot flame is placed near one end of an iron

bar, its temperature rises due to the increased
vibration of its atoms. This atomic vibration is
transmitted from one atom to the next, to the other
end of the bar. The heat is transferred along the
bar by a process called conduction.
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Based on the conduction process, the thermal power
transmitted through the body can be calculated;
P = λA (t1 – t2) / d
P= power (heat) transmitted [W]
λ = thermal conductivity of the body [W/(m.oC)]
A = surface area of the body [m2]
(t1 – t2) = difference of temperature between opposite
faces [oC]
d = thickness of the body [m]

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 Example 10

The temperature difference between two sides

of a sheet of mica is 50oC. If its area is 200
cm2 and thickness is 3 mm, determine the heat
flowing through the sheet, in watts. The
thermal conductivity of mica is 0.36 W/(m.oC).

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 Solution 10

The thermal conductivity of mica is 0.36

W/m.oC. The thermal power conducted is;
P = λA (t1 – t2) / d
= 0.36 x 0.02 m2 x (120 -70) / 0.03 m
= 120 W

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 Heat by convection
The air in contact with the hot steel bar warm up,
and becoming lighter and rise. A hot air moves
upward, it is replaced by cooler air, which in turn,
warm up. A continual current of air is therefore set
up around the bar, removing its heat by a process
called natural convection.

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The convection process can be accelerated by
employing a fan to create a rapid circulation of
fresh air. Heat transferred by force convection is
used in most electric motors to obtain efficient
cooling.

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Natural convection also takes place when a hot body
is immersed in a liquid such as oil. The oil in contact
with the body heat up, creating convection currents
as shown in fig.

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 Looses by convection

The heat loss by natural convection in air is given

by the equation;
P = 3A(t1 – t2)1.25
Where,
P = heat loss by natural convection [W]
A = surface of the body [m]
t1 = surface temperature of the body [oC]
t2 = ambient temperature of the surrounding air [oC]

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In the case of forced convection, such as that
produced by a blower, the heat carried away is
given by;
P = 1280A(t2 – t1)
Where,
P = heat loss by forced convection [W]
A = volume of cooling air [m3/s]
t1 = temperature of incoming (cool) air [oC]
t2 = temperature of outgoing (warm) air [oC]

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 Example 11

A totally enclosed motor has an external

surface area of 1.2 m2. When it operates at
full-load, the surface temperature rises to 60oC
in an ambient of 20oC. Determine the heat loss
by natural convection.

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 Solution 11

P = 3A(t1 – t2)1.25
= 3 x 1.2 m2 x (60 – 20)1.25
= 362 W

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 Example 12

A fan rated at 3.75 kW blows 240 m3/min of air

through a 750 kW motor to carry away the
heat. If the inlet temperature is 22oC and the
outlet temperature is 31oC, estimate the losses
in the motor.

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 Solution 12

P = 1280A(t2 – t1)
= 1280 x 240/60 (31-22)
= 46 kW.

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 Heat transfer by radiation

The heat that a body loss by radiation is given by;

P = kA(T14 – T24)
Where,
P = heat radiated [W]
A = surface of the body [m2]
T1 = absolute temperature of the body [K]
T2 = absolute temperature of the surrounding object [K]
k = radiation constant

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The value of k for surface commonly accounted in
electrical equipment.

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 Example 13

The motor has an external surface area 1.2 m2

is coated with a non metallic enamel.
Determine the heat lost by radiation, knowing
that all surrounding objects are at an ambient
temperature 20oC.

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 Solution 13

T1 = surface temperature = 60oC or (273.15 +

60) = 333 K
T2 = surrounding temperature= 20oC or
(273.15 + 20) = 293 K

From table (paint or nonmetallic enamel), k = 5

x 10-8
The power lost by radiation is
P = kA(T14 – T24)
= 5 x 10-8 x 1.2 (3334 – 2934) = 296 W

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Example: Previous years Questions

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