12

unit
Language summary
Grammar Vocabulary
Gerunds Vacation Extreme sports
activities bungee jumping
Gerunds as subjects
buy handicrafts kite surfing
Going to clubs isn’t fun for me. go to clubs paragliding
Visiting museums can teach you a lot about a culture. listen to live rock climbing
Gerunds after some verbs music skydiving
see wildlife snowboarding
Martha enjoys going to local restaurants.
speak a foreign waterskiing
We don’t like using a travel agency.
language white-water
Do you prefer traveling with friends, or with family?
try local food rafting
Gerunds after prepositions visit landmarks
He’s interested in traveling to Africa this summer. volunteer
We’re concerned about leaving our passports at the hotel.
Are you worried about getting to the airport on time? Functions
• A gerund is an -ing word that acts like a noun. Gerunds may be the subject of a Asking about preferences
sentence, or they may appear after some verbs or prepositions. Would you like . . . or . . . ?
• Verbs that are usually followed by gerunds: enjoy, dislike, hate, like, love, prefer, Would you prefer . . . ?
recommend. Would you rather have . . . or . . . ?
Modals for necessity and recommendation Reminding someone of
Modals for necessity Modals for recommendation something
Remember to . . .
You must sign this form first. I’d better drink more water. Don’t forget to . . .
We’ve got to make a reservation. You ought to ask about their safety Let me remind you to . . .
He has to wear a life jacket. rules.
Modals for lack of necessity We should bring swimsuits.
She shouldn’t wear jewelry for this
I don’t have to participate. activity.
• Use must, have / has got to and have to to express something that is necessary
or required to do.
• Use the expression don’t / doesn’t have to to talk about something that is not
necessary or not required.
• Use the expressions had better, ought to, should, and shouldn’t to give advice and
recommendations. Had better is stronger than the other expressions.

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