12

unit
Language summary
Grammar Vocabulary
Present continuous passive; infinitive passive Preventing Community
pollution improvement
Present continuous passive avoid beautification
Water is being conserved. combine project
New houses are being built. commute community garden
conserve employment
• Use the present continuous passive to describe an action in progress when you want to
discard center
focus on the receiver of the action instead of the doer of the action.
Passive voice: Batteries are being discarded properly. dump health clinic
Active voice: People are discarding batteries properly. identify neighborhood
limit watch
Infinitive passive maintain public library
Water has to be conserved. purchase recreation center
Water needs to be conserved. recycle recycling center
New houses have to be built. store
New houses need to be built.
• Use infinitive passive after verbs like need and have when you want to focus on the Functions
receiver of the action instead of the doer of the action. Supporting an opinion
Passive voice: Batteries have to be discarded properly. That’s a good point.
Active voice: People have to discard batteries properly.
I see what you mean.
Linking words You make a very good point.
• Use linking words to connect ideas. Not supporting an opinion
I don’t see it that way.
Reason I see it a little differently.
They closed the library because of budget cuts. Actually, I have a different opinion.
They closed the center because of the snow.
• Use a noun phrase, a noun, or a pronoun after because of.

Result
She needs a job, so she’s going to the employment center.
He felt sick, so he went to the clinic.
• Use a comma before so if it follows the main clause.

Contrast
Although there is a health clinic, there are no dental services.
• The clause with although can come after the main clause. Whichever the order, use a
comma between the two clauses.
There are no dental services, although there is a health clinic.

Condition
You can take it to the recycling center if it’s made of glass.
• Use a comma after the if clause when it comes before the main clause.
If the city builds a recycling center, there will be less trash in the dump.

Purpose
We should start a community garden so (that) we can grow
our own food.
• So that always follows the main clause.
• Omission of that is very common in spoken English.
They opened a senior center so (that) the elderly would have a place to go.
• Don’t use a comma before so (that).

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