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DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY
December 2023
Types of Geological Formations of Groundwater
There are four different types of geological formations of groundwater:
1. Aquifer
2. Aquitard
3. Aquiclude
4. Aquifuge
1. Aquifer
To explore the term ‘Aquifer’ it is paramount to understand a bit about the natural occurring
resource groundwater depended on by vast majority of people and how it relates to Aquifers.
Ground water is defined as fresh water (from rain, melting of ice and snow) that soaks
into the soil and is stored between pore-spaces, fractures and joints found in within
rocks and other geological formations. Ground water occur in various geological
formations, the ability of geological formations to store water is a Function of its
textural arrangement. The source of groundwater most times could be linked to
surface run-off and infiltration of rainwater into the subsurface and streams from
which it leads to the establishment of the water table and serve as a primary supplier
of streams, springs lakes, bays and oceans.
The textural arrangement (uniformly or tightly arranged texture, loosely
arranged texture) found within most geological formations and rocks have a strong
role to play in water retention and storage capacity of any rock or geological
formation. Geological Formation with uniformly or tightly arranged texture have high
water retaining ability (porosity) but less transmitting or mobility ability
(permeability) while those with higher permeability have sufficiently enough to yield
significant quantities of groundwater to well and springs as such any geological
formation with such characteristic has been referred to as an Aquifer. Let us now
consider other definitions for aquifers and look at the different types that exist based
on its clarification and what influences these classifications.
Aquifers must not only be permeable but must also be porous and are found
to include rock types such as sandstones, conglomerates, fractured limestone and
unconsolidated sand, gravels and fractured volcanic rocks (columnar basalts). While
some aquifers have high porosity and low permeability others have high porosity and
high productivity. Those with high pro porosity and low permeability are referred to
as poor aquifers and include rocks or geological formation such as granite and schist
while those with high porosity and high permeability are regarded as excellent
aquifers and include rock like fractured volcanic rocks.
3. Aquiclude
An aquiclude is a geological formation which is impermeable to the flow
of water. It contains a large amount of water in it but it does not permit water
through it and also does not yield water. It is because of its high porosity. Clay is
an example of aquiclude.
4. Aquifuge
An aquifuge is an impermeable geological formation which is neither
porous nor permeable - which means it cannot store water in it and at the same
time it cannot permit water through it. Compact rock is an example of aquifuge.
Permeability of Partly
Permeable Impermeable Impermeable
water permeable
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