Originally “ane” was used as the singular indefinite article as well for the

numeral one, but the former is only retained in some dialects.

The changes in spelling (and pronunciation) depend on its position:

ae man (one man)
but
that ane (that one)
1. Subject pronouns C Singular Plural
1 Ah / I we
Ye is more common; you
tends to be used for emphasis
2 ye, you ye, you, yous(e)

2. Possessive pronouns C Singular Plural

1 ma oor / wir
2 yer, your yer, your
3 his, her, its thir / their

3. Demonstrative pronouns C Singular Plural

Note that Scots English has an Proximal:
additional demonstrative to this thir
indicate something even further
away than “that over there” Distal:
(thon /yon – used for singular
that thae
and plural)
thon / yon thon / yon
4. Reflexive pronouns C Singular Plural
Note that the endings –sel 1. masel oorsels /
(sg.) and –sels (pl.) are wirsels
regularly added to the
possessive forms (see #2)
2. yersel yersels
3. hissel, hersel, thirsels
itsel

5. Relative pronouns – what / wha

Standard English uses who, whom, that or which, but Scots English also
uses what or wha, e.g.:

The lassie what cam to visit (The girl who came to visit)
1. Irregular forms:
Most Scots English plurals are also formed by adding –s or –es
(sometimes written –is), but you will find many irregular plurals using –
en or –in:
een (eyes)
shuin / sheen (northern) (shoes)
This –en plural dates back to one of the Old English dialects. Note that
Standard English maintains some of these forms, classified as irregular
(children, brethren, oxen, etc.).
hors (horses)

2. Regularised forms:
Scots English regularises –if / -ife nouns:
leafs (leaves); wifes (wives); lifes (lives)
Like Standard English, this reflects pronunciation (which voices /f/ to /v/).
In Scottish English this often behaves more like the verb to be or like
an auxiliary in Standard English: avoiding use of Do or contracted forms:

Scots English Standard English

I've three sisters I have three sisters

He'd a good time last night He had a good time last night.

Had he a good time last Did he have a good time last night?
night?
Have you change of a note? Do you have change of a note?

Had you a headache? Did you have a headache?

Will has replaced Shall in most contexts. As in Hiberno English, Will is used
to introduce suggested activities and to volunteer assistance:

Scots English Standard English

Will we go out for dinner tonight? Shall we go out for dinner tonight?

Will I put out the light? Shall I put the light out?

If you substitute Shall for Will in SE, how does the meaning change?
As in some American dialects, need can be used with a past participle
instead of a present participle:

Scots English Standard English

My hair needs washed My hair needs washing

Scots also has a unique use of modal verbs not found elsewhere in the UK,
linking two modals (prohibited in SE grammar manuals).

Scots Standard English

He might could do it if he He would be able to do it if he
tried. tried.
She should can go tomorrow. She should be able to go
tomorrow.
He’ll might could do it for you. He might be able to do it for
you.
1. Present participle: –in, -ing, -an(d)
Although Scots English uses the –ing ending (or shortened form –in),
you will also find the –an(d) ending which dates back to an earlier
usage.
Ah’m screivan a letter (I’m writing a letter)

2. Past tense / participle: -it, -t

Although you will find –ed and –d endings for verbs as in Standard
English, Scots English more commonly uses –it and –t, regularising
some verbs which are irregular in Standard English:
I gathert ye wisna comin (I gathered you weren’t coming)
Ah’ve keepit a seat fer ye (I kept a seat for you)
He tellt ye tae be careful (He told you to be careful)
Yon car needs sortit (The car over there needs to be repaired)
Some examples of commonly used verbs in Scots English:

Scots English Standard English

gae – gaed – gane go – went – gone

hing – hang – hungin hang – hung – hung

lauch – leuch – leuch laugh – laughed – laughed

gie - gied – gied give – gave – given

tellt told
The Scots English equivalent of the negation of verbs (“not” in Standard
English) has two forms: no and na/nae. This negation is added to the end of
auxiliary verbs, but can appear separately when using “will” as:
! na/nae

He disna(e) understand (He doesn’t understand)

I willna(e) do it (I won’t do it)
I didna(e) do it, honest! (I didn’t do it, honest!)
He wisna(e) there (He wasn’t there)
I canna(e) come the noo (I can’t come right now)
He hisna(e) got a clue (He hasn’t got a clue)
Note the following variations of the above auxiliaries:
disna / dinna; willna / winna; hisna / hinna

!no:
I'll no do it (I won’t do it)
She’ll no come the morn (she won’t come tomorrow)
So, can you understand this Scottish children's riddle?:

Question: What's the difference between Mickey Mouse and the man that
invented him?
Answer: Mickey Mouse got big ears and Walt Disney."
There is a tendency not to contract the negative particle not in Scottish English,
particularly in more formal speech:
Scots English Standard English
Is he not going? Isn't he going?
Did you not see it? Didn't you see it?
Will you not do it? Won't you do it?
When a contraction is present, it is the auxiliary verb rather than the negative
particle which tends to be contracted:

Scots English Standard English

He'll not go He won't go.
You've not won the lottery You haven't won the lottery.
The definite article is commonly used before times, places, institutions, jobs, games
and diseases:

Scots English Standard English

the morn tomorrow
the noo just now
the day today
the nicht tonight
He’s comin’ doon wi’ the He’s coming down with a cold
cauld
gae to the church to go to church
1. Constructions using prepositions:
! the back of three o'clock (soon after three o'clock),
! frae to introduce the agent in passive expressions: we were
petrified frae him (instead of "by him") – note that frae also
means “for” .
2. See used as new topic marker
Use particularly in Glasgow, e.g.:
See it's daft doing that
3. False friends
Some words exist in both Scots and Standard English but have different meanings:
Scots English Standard English
mind memory, recollection; to remember
to travel to go on foot
gate road
bait packed lunch