GRAVITATION « Geovity is a fundamental force . » Cannot explained in terms of any other farce. » Known fundamental forces: i) qravitotional 8) elechomagnetic wi) weok nuclear iv) strong nuclear « Grovitotional forces act behoeen all bodies in “the universe. « bol oe steurs and qrlaxies furs together. . Planetary motien is nearly circular arountthe gun . Conclusion planets acted en by centripetal . forces directed torwards the sun. : rer eae ack on all bodies by virtue their possession of mass. » Newton proposed the “lew of universal gravitutton Every objet in the universe altracts every other object with 4 force directly proportional” ta the product of their masses atid tnvers proportional tothe square of the distance separating them. eeerreeEquation form: Fav. 0 = Forae 2G MMs GRAVITATIONAL FORCE | t mA mM, masses LT, separation distance G, universal eonstan’ . G = 6.6% x10" Ne kg* . ‘Direction of Fie, is along Line joining two objects, A B cs ° Force obycek A exerts on object B is equal in magnitude 6 force obyéct & oxerts on object A . but” opposite in direction » Mass considered to be concentrated atthe centre. EXAMPLE O grocer pubs a 100k, leod block under oa pan of his seale. By hew much oloes this snerease the reading of the scale when 1k9 onions ere en the pan, if the centres of mass of lead and enions are 0.3m apart? SOLUTION Groavitahional force oF lead on onions is: RG mats = (67 x10 rhs (00kg. 1k ths) is A oad = 74 «10-8 N ws imerease in reading is msFe Fags" 8 mist 76 be enn wil 0-000 00: liqy i wal! al increase ahi gi blgg blowing 2 1SKnowing G, 9 & f Ceasrth’s radius) one con coleu| the eath’s mass. Consider an objet of mass m, could be an orange! «Gravitational pull of on orange is : orange 3 a il wo = mg + Earth-orange syskem can be represented by tos article masses M &m at distance fe . Using Newbn's gravitation acd : Fs @ Mm 2 & F must be equal te oranges wt wem we G My = mq vod = M = 9re G mass of orange has cancelled out . te Ma (4-8m/ce)(6-4x10%m)* 667XIO” N. wild = 6.0% 10" kg. From Last eqn. then acceleration due ts viky if: g= Gm go mi a re : r? e NB. 4g, varies with distance from earths centre,ORBITAL MOTION + Satellites brace circular paths around the earth . 1 Mobion ig known as orbital motion. + Satellite Satelléte mass m, speed v £.,- - orbit rodiug ot earth mass Me Centripetal force required hold satellite in orbit F, = m,v* r «This force is supplied by gravitakional force : Gr = Ot Mes > Ca Applying Newton's. law gives: "Gm a my satellite mass tT c cancels out sImpiies satellite's orbit &s mot dependent on mass, » any gatellite orbiting at radius rm must have speed given by : v= a Period of satellite in erreuloy orbit cs Te2ae , subs bituking for v and a squaring: T's (20 2 (40%) = con ro (a4) ( ox ) constant x T*cc 6? or Te ke} Kepler's 3% law,EXAMPLE | Let us find the velocity required to put a satellite una circular orbit 600km above the earth’ sulfate, therefore 7000 km fromthe centre of the earth. SOLUTION Fer such gatellite the gravitakional potential rovidles Fe required. E pt Tf sob. mass ts Ms then Gogme = mv" = c c att a4 6.67810" Nem*\(6x10%kg) | y? ( ) ax 10%m)* — 7x10%m Y= 7660mis_or 27x10" km/he EXAMPLE 2 Colculate ‘the mass of the sun using the fuck that-the period of the earth! is 3-156x10%s and its average distance from the Sun is 1-446x10"m. SOUUTION s Using Kepler s 3M lao : T*= (Bm) re- arrange ant reer (42) = ant (446 x10'n)? (47x10" we )( 2.186% 10%) = 1.499% 10% leg ; i the eat! Note sun is 333,006 X 5 massive os e eam.Rotational Work and Kinele Energy + Newton's 2” relates force & linear accelerahen. Fema . + What about rooting obyécts suchas wheels? © A torque applied - angulor acceleration results. + Analogue expression exists for rotokional motion. ; Snide a whed with string wound on ‘4s rim. Force F couses wheel to rotate. Werk done by force |F mn pulling through $ rs . WeF.s Tf wheel turns thru’ < for length § thenwe can urrite: since $29 axis of cotutton W 2Fs =F. ro = Product Fer cs Forex hever arm lever arm & moment arm This is equal t& TORQUE applied to the wheel. symbal for horque is @ (Tau) fe C2 Fer Thus werk olone through angle @ is: w= tO According 45 net work- energy theorem, workdone on whed by net force must appear as KE _ CKE. of rotary objeck is called ROTATIONAL KINETIC, ENERGY (KE) ‘+ Linear motion KE ='gmv* or translabional KE, KE,,.,. "To compute Kent of a robafi object eonsider that small masses form port of the wheel . Assume several such ~ masses ce (m,,m, m,..m,) ZKE KE 4 KEL thE poe Then combined KE of wheel = 4my,'¢ 4my't....kmye “A But m, travels in a circle of radius my with tangential vel. v, Yawn. Yemy, = tym, wtn® substitute Huis tn egn. (A) : KE of whed = Yomi? + hmotre.n. mote all ports of wheel have same. angular velocity 0 "KE B wheel = 6 09°(mty 2 my rte eee Mu Ge) Products mass and radius squared is called MOMENT oF INERTIA , Symbol T fora retaking object. KE = quot => I= moment of inerha = m,n2em, G+. ---- mor Units of I: kam I is dependent on heth mass and dishibutren of matter forming mass. We eon urite KE, in tums of t zt 2 Feorresponds to muss we KEnt = '% Tuo 7 on W ceresponds to V tn KE #&mv™» Rotational en related to work dene b ue. if a hel i2rfatng with speed 00. 40" torque T is applied ~sucdenty. ; suppose it turns thru’ @ , (work W= 78) then is removed. - ob thot instant <% epeed 1s Wy ~ From me Work - energy theorem : Work done on wheel = change en K Ecol W = KEe se; =AKE TO = BI, - 4 Iw, = 4’ (vo, -13,° ) Can simplify this eqn. by usia <* motion eqn ap = 28 on ata > 7H = I 20% ee giving t= Ia product of moment of inertia” and angular acceleratron, Note sient by with Fama Rotetional Inertia + cotaking objects have inertia. + spinnirig wheel takes some bime to shop. : # eventually Stops due frie tional res, + rigid bodies are made up af a je mumber ee porkcles whose ee could be say ™m,,™, ,;.... Ma » How do rd the moment of inert such a body re ei meet fet oene) Ne wi ai cotakion + To get the sadist ee Sah a body, we multi the “mass of each particle by eo nee square from axis of vetdlen (ie mG yen. ie Ie Zm = mf + mere. mnt Eg i Bnd the moment of inertia i a thin ring of mass M and — rodius R about an axis passing th its” centre amd L* be the plane ee ees st ies. ; saeeaT Aris ee 4st subdivide ri is : into segments, ag Pn y) 3," 7 ot distance R. => Js mR mht... cans ae = (m+ mtm,+..... m,) R2 But sum of masses = M ée T,, = MR* _ T will be more accumke # masses are mode much smaller, However, preceding eqn. can only apply 5 simple gen trices stapil Calewlus zd pees Paes.Moments of Inertia of some — Object Axts, = Ragesefan point mass moving oy me r ina eiecle, t : Hoo) b* b (eat i) 7 - Solid dise fomb" bz Solid phere mb" b¥% Solrd e Seer of ] ) “a mb* bW2 Solid thin Co koml* tAi2z of length Ee) RADIUS OF GYRATION “To get moment of inectta, map ye moss and square F some dimension ecky rash ¢ Feo shim eg. point mss. axis saan Teme il “wm 7 = radius of qyrotien Solid thin cylinder axis eutre Is yom" radius AB gyros »— ]L™