Introduction ١J ٢

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 The Basic DC Power Supply‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J ٢FK ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
 
VDC
Vi
0

0 0 0

Vac   

‫א‬


K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٢F 

 The Half-Wave Rectifier‫א‬٣J ٢

K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٢F

- ١٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫( א‬ac voltage source)‫א‬‫א‬
 K(load resistance)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(ideal diode)‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬
 KE٢J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


Vi RL 


‫א‬E٢J ٢F 
+ 

I

Vi + Vo

0 t1 RL 0
t0 t2 t0 t1
t2


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٢F 

+

I=0A
Vi Vo 
RL
t2t2
0 t0 t1 t2 0
t0 t1
+


K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٢F





- ١٩ -
 
Vo 
0 
t0 t1 t2



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٢F

K ‫א‬‫א‬ E٢J ٢) 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٢FKE٢J ٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٢
Average Value of the Half-Wave Output Voltage

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،(dc voltmeter)‫א‬
(peak value)‫א‬‫א‬KE٣J ٢F،2π
‫א‬ ‫א‬(average value)‫א‬‫א‬VPo  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬Vave

VPo
Vave =
π E١J ٢F

Vpo 
Vave

Area
0

2π 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٢F  

- ٢٠ -
  W١J ٢
 KE٤J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬(Vave)‫א‬‫א‬

50V 

0V 
 E٤J ٢F  

 W‫א‬

VPo 50
Vave = = = 15.9V
π 3.14
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٢
Effect of the Barrier Potential on the Half-Wave Rectifier Output

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VPo‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٥J ٢F  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VPi
 -:‫א‬ E0.7V =‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

VPo = VPi – 0.7  E٢J ٢F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E10V‫א‬F
 K

- ٢١ -
 

0.7V
Vpi + VPo = Vpi – 0.7V 

+ +
t2 
RL Vo
0 t0 t1 t2 0 t0 
_ t1


‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٢F 
 ‫א‬ 
 W٢J ٢
 .E٦J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


20V 
RL
=1kΩ
Vo 
Vi 0

-20V 
() 

5V
RL

Vo
Vi 0 =1kΩ 
-5V 
EF 

E٦J ٢F


- ٢٢ -
  W‫א‬
 WEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

VPo = VPi – 0.7 = 5V – 0.7V = 4.3V

 WEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

VPo = VPi – 0.7 = 20V – 0.7V = 19.3V

E٧J ٢F‫א‬

19.3V 4.3V 
0 
E٧J ٢F 

- ٢٣ -
  Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٣J ٢
E٨J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
  .( PIV)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٢F
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

PIV = VPi E٣J ٢F

PIV at tp
+
I=0A
Vi
tp
0 RL
+

-VPi

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٨J ٢F 


 ‫א‬٤J ٣J ٢
 Half-Wave Rectifier with Transformer-Coupled Input Voltage

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Transformer)‫א‬  

‫א‬(Primary windingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Secondary windingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬KE٩J ٢F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Electric fieldF
‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٤ -
 
N1 N2 

Vi V1 V2 RL 


 K‫א‬E٩J ٢F

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

N 
V2 =  2  V1
 N1  E٤J ٢F
 -:
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬= N1
 ‫א‬‫א‬= N2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=V1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=V2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EN2 > N1F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EV2 > V1F‫א‬‫א‬
N1 F
KEV2< V1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EN2 <
‫א‬‫א‬E N2 ZN1 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE V2Z V1F

- ٢٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬VP2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VPo‫א‬
 W،VB

VPo = VP2 – VB E٥J ٢F

 :٣J ٢
 KE١٠J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
3 :1 
150V 
Vi 0 V1 V2 RL 
Vo
220Ω



E١٠J ٢F

 W‫א‬
 WVP1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

VP1 = VPi = 150V

 WVP2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

N  1
VP 2 =  2  VP1 =   × 150 = 50V
 N1   3

 W VPo‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

VPo = VP2 - VB =50V – 0.7V = 49.3V

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  Full-Wave Rectifiers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 KE١١J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬


0V Vin  ‫ﻤﻭﺤﺩ‬ Vout 0V 



K E١٢J ٢F  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Vave)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

2VPo
Vave = E٦J ٢F
π
W٤J ٢
 KE١٢J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬(Vave)‫א‬‫א‬

15V

0V 

 E١٢J ٢F


- ٢٧ -
  W‫א‬

2VP 2(15V )
Vave = = = 9.55V
π 3.14

 ١J ٤J ٢
The Full-Wave Center-Tapped Rectifier

‫א‬ E١٣J ٢F 

،D2‫א‬D1
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


N1 N2 D1 

V2
2 
Vin

V2 RL 
2

D2

 K ‫א‬ E١٣J ٢)  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١٤J ٢F
D2
 ‫א‬‫א‬D1‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬D1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬D1‫א‬E١٤J ٢F‫א‬
 KD2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D2

- ٢٨ -
 D1
N1 N2 + - 
+
I 
Vi Vo
0 + 0 
+ 
RL
- + 
D2 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٤J ٢F 
D1 
N1 N2 - +

Vi Vo 
0 + 0 
to t1 t2 to t1 t2
+
I RL

+ 
+ -
D2 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤J ٢F

 ‫א‬‫א‬ E١٤J ٢) 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٥J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

VPo =(VP2/2)-0.7V
Vo 
0 t0 t1 t2 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥J ٢F

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

- ٢٩ -
 V2
Vo = - VB
2 E٧J ٢F
E١٦J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬D1‫א‬
 ، ‫א‬D2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D2 (PIV) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
+(VP2/2) +(VP2/2)- 
VB 
+ + -

V1
+ V2 
+ 
D2 RL
- + - 
(VP2/2) +(VP2/2)-VB - 
VP2 -VB

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦J ٢F 

‫א‬‫א‬(VP2/2)J VBD2‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬(PIV)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،-VP2/2‫א‬
 W‫א‬
V   V 
PIV =  P 2 − V B  -  − P 2 
 2   2 

= VP2 -VB

Vp2
Q VPo = - VB
2
 ∴VP 2 = 2 VPo + 2 VB

- ٣٠ -
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

PIV = 2 VPo + VB E٨J ٢F

 W٥J ٢
 WE١٧J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 .RL‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 K(PIV)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
4:1 D1 

V2

200V
2 
Vin 0V V2 V2
-200V V2 
RL=1kΩ
2 
D2

E١٧J ٢F
 W‫א‬
 W(VP2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
N 
VP 2 =  2  VP1 =  1  × 200 = 50V
 N1  4
 W(VP2/2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
(VP2/2) = 25V
 
VPo = (VP2/2)-0.7V= 25-0.7=24.3V

Vo
0 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 PIV = 2 VPo + VB = (2 × 24.3) + 0.7 = 49.3V

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  The Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬KE١٨J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬D1 , D2‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬D1 ,D2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬D4,D3
 KE١٨J ٢F‫א‬
‫א‬D2,D1‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬D4,D3‫א‬
 KE١٨J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬D3 ,D4‫א‬
N1 N2
+ +

I D1 
V D3 Vo

0 0 
t0 t1 t2 t0 t1 t2
D2 +
D4
RL Vo 
-


K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٨J ٢)  

N1 N2

I D1
V D3 Vo

0 0
t0 t1 t2 t0 t1 t2
D2 +
RL Vo
D4
-
+ +

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨J ٢F
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E١٨J ٢ F

- ٣٢ -
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨J ٢F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ (D3,D4 D1,D2 )‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬


Vo = V2 − 2VB E٩J ٢F
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬ VB = 0‫א‬‫א‬VB = 0.7V

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬D4,D3
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬D1 , D2
  (PIV) 
‫א‬‫א‬D4‫א‬D3  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E١٩J ٢F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(PIV)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

PIV = VPo + VB E١٠J ٢F


N1 N2 
+
+ 
D3 + VB
PIV D1 
VP1 VP2 
D2 D4 + 
+ + RL Vo
VB PIV
- 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٩J ٢F  


- ٣٣ -
  :(6-2)
‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

D3 D1 

110 V rms 12V rms

+
D4 RL Vo 
D2 -


E٢٠J ٢F  

 W‫א‬
 W(VP2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VP 2 = 2 Vrms = 1.414 × 12V ≅ 17V

 W(VPo)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VPo = VP 2 − 2VB = 17 V − (2 × 0.7 V) = 15.6V

 W(PIV)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 PIV = VPo + VB = 15.6V + 0.7V = 16.3V

 Filters‫א‬٥J ٢ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬ 
 ،E٢١J ٢F،‫א‬‫א‬
 K


- ٣٤ -
 

Vi Vo 

0V 0V  0




K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١J ٢F 

 Capacitor Filter‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٥J ٢
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢J ٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٢J ٢FE‫א‬‫א‬0.7VF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢J ٢F
،RL‫א‬C 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬(The time constant)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٢J ٢F




- ٣٥ -
 
+

Vi I VPi – 0.7V
+ +  +
0 VC RL
t0
t1 t2 
0 t1 t2
t0 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬E٢٢J ٢F 


+
Vi 
I
+
0 t
+ 
0 t1 t2 VC RL
+ 0 
t0 t1


 K‫א‬‫א‬ E٢٢J ٢F

Vi > VC + 
I  +
+ +
0
t0 t1 t2 VC  RL
0
t0 t1 t2 


K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢J ٢F

K‫א‬‫א‬ E٢٢J ٢F

(ripple voltage)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٢٣J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٦ -
 0

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣J ٢F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣J ٢F
K‫א‬

‫א‬(ffw)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٤J ٢F،‫א‬(fhw)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥J ٢F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٧ -
 


‫א‬
E‫א‬F
 

 0

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF





0
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥J ٢) 
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ :(ripple factor)‫א‬

(ripple voltage) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(dc voltage)
 KE٢٦J ٢F

Vr(PP) 
VP(rect) VDC 
0 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢٦J ٢F  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (ripple factor) ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٨ -
 Vr ( PP )
r= E١١J ٢F
VDC

 -:
 ‫א‬=r
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=Vr(PP)
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬=VDC
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E١١J ٢F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VDC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vr(PP) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 1 
Vr ( PP ) =  VP ( rect )
fR
 L C
E١٢J ٢F

 1 
VDC = 1 − VP ( rect ) E١٣J ٢F
 2 fRL C 

 -:
 (Hz)‫א‬‫א‬ = f
 (Ω)‫א‬=RL
 (F)‫א‬ZC
(V)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬= VP(rect)

- ٣٩ -
  W٧J ٢
 KE٢٧J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
 WVP1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 VP1 = 2Vrms = (1.414)(15)V = 163V

10 : 1

D3 D1

115 V rms
60 Hz VP1 VP2
 
C RL
D4 50µF 2.2K Ω



 E٢٧J ٢F 


 WVP2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 N2  1
 VP 2 =  VP1 =  163V = 16.3V
 N1   10 
 W‫א‬VP(rect)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VP ( rect ) = VP 2 − 1.4V = 16.3V - 1.4V = 14.9V
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬Vr(PP)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 1   1 
 Vr ( PP ) =  VP ( rect ) =  14.9V = 1.13V
 fRL C   (120Hz)(2.2KΩ)(50µF) 
 W‫א‬VDC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٤٠ -
  1   1 
VDC = 1 − VP (rect ) = 1 − 14.9V = 14.3V
 2 fRL C   2(120Hz)(2.2KΩ)(50µF) 

 W‫א‬
Vr ( PP ) 1.13V
 r = = = 0.079
VDC 14.3V
7.9%K‫א‬

- ٤١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢
 .‫א‬E٢٨J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢

10V 
RL Vo 
Vi 0 47Ω

-10V 
() 

5V 
RL Vo
Vi 0 47Ω 
-5V 
EF 

E٢٨J ٢F


 E٢٨J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢
 E٢٩J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٢
2:1 


115 V rms RL
100Ω 


E٢٩J ٢F  
- ٤٢ -