Ev 9 2023

VIRTUAL ENTERPRISES
[Collaborative Networks]
Class 9
INTERACTION WITH CUSTOMERS
Luis M. Camarinha-Matos
NOVA University of Lisbon

lcm@fct.unl.pt or cam@uninova.pt
© L.M. Camarinha-Matos 2023
1
SOME INTERACTION MECHANISMS
A. Direct connection between IS B. Meeting / access point
Customer
Portal
CN
CN
Customer
C. e-Market D. Customer involvement in innovation

Co-innovation
Customers
CN Customer
2
A. DIRECT CONNECTION BETWEEN IS
Customer
CN
IS IS
Interoperability ? Standards?
e.g. EDIFACT
STEP
… (other domain specific standards)
3
Example 1:
A
EDI – ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE
Goal: to provide the automated exchange of business-related documents

between companies or between companies and administrations.
Enterprise
Enterprise
B
A
EDIFACT - Electronic Data Interchange For Administration, Commerce and

Transport ... a United Nations standard
4
Example:
A EDIFACT MESSAGES
A Message is a single business document.

Each message is identified by a six character name.
From the Buyer-side these include:

•ORDERS - Purchase Orders
•CUSDEC - Customs Declaration
•IFTMIN - Instruction Message
•REMADV - Remittance Advice
•PAYORD - Payment Order
…
Seller-side messages include:

•IFTMAN - Arrival Notice
•CUSRES - Custom Response
•INVOIC - Invoices
…
5
EDIFACT EXAMPLE 0480 LOC Place/location identification C 2-----------+

Message Diagram
0010 UNH Message header M 1 0490 ----- Segment group 13 ------------------ C 99----------+
0020 BGM Beginning of message M 1 0500 PAC Package M 1 |
0030 DTM Date/time/period M 35 0510 MEA Measurements C 5 |
0040 PAI Payment instructions C 1 |
0050 ALI Additional information C 5 0520 ----- Segment group 14 ------------------ C 5----------+|
0060 IMD Item description C 999 0530 PCI Package identification M 1 ||
0540 RFF Reference C 1 ||
ORDERS 0070
0080 +
FTX
GIR
Free text
Related identification numbers
C
C
99
10 0550
0560
DTM
GIN
Date/time/period
Goods identity number
C
C
5 ||
10---------++
0090 ----- Segment group 1 ------------------ C 9999--------+
0100 RFF Reference M 1 | 0570 ----- Segment group 15 ------------------ C 10----------+
0110 DTM Date/time/period C 5-----------+ 0580 EQD Equipment details M 1 |
0590 HAN Handling instructions C 5 |
0120 ----- Segment group 2 ------------------ C 99----------+ 0600 MEA Measurements C 5 |
0130 NAD Name and address M 1 | 0610 FTX Free text C 5-----------+
0140 * LOC Place/location identification C 99 |
0150 FII Financial institution information C 5 | 0620 ----- Segment group 16 ------------------ C 10----------+
| 0630 SCC Scheduling conditions M 1 |
0160 ----- Segment group 3 ------------------ C 99---------+| 0640 FTX Free text C 5 |
0170 RFF Reference M 1 || 0650 RFF Reference C 5 |
0180 DTM Date/time/period C 5----------+| |
| 0660 ----- Segment group 17 ------------------ C 10---------+|
0190 ----- Segment group 4 ------------------ C 5----------+| 0670 QTY Quantity M 1 ||
0200 DOC Document/message details M 1 || 0680 DTM Date/time/period C 5----------++
0210 DTM Date/time/period C 5----------+|
| 0690 ----- Segment group 18 ------------------ C 25----------+
0220 ----- Segment group 5 ------------------ C 5----------+| 0700 APR Additional price information M 1 |
0230 CTA Contact information M 1 || 0710 DTM Date/time/period C 5 |
0240 COM Communication contact C 5----------++ 0720 RNG Range details C 1-----------+
0250 ----- Segment group 6 ------------------ C 5-----------+ 0730 ----- Segment group 19 ------------------ C 99----------+
0260 TAX Duty/tax/fee details M 1 | 0740 ALC Allowance or charge M 1 |
0270 MOA Monetary amount C 1 | 0750 ALI Additional information C 5 |
0280 LOC Place/location identification C 9-----------+ 0760 DTM Date/time/period C 5 |
|
0290 ----- Segment group 7 ------------------ C 5-----------+ 0770 ----- Segment group 20 ------------------ C 1----------+|
0300 CUX Currencies M 1 | 0780 QTY Quantity M 1 ||
0310 PCD Percentage details C 5 | 0790 RNG Range details C 1----------+|
0320 DTM Date/time/period C 5-----------+ |
0800 ----- Segment group 21 ------------------ C 1----------+|
0330 ----- Segment group 8 ------------------ C 10----------+ 0810 PCD Percentage details M 1 ||
0340 X PAT Payment terms basis M 1 | 0820 RNG Range details C 1----------+|
0350 DTM Date/time/period C 5 | |
0360 PCD Percentage details C 1 | 0830 ----- Segment group 22 ------------------ C 2----------+|
| 0840 MOA Monetary amount M 1 ||
0370 ----- Segment group 9 ------------------ C 9999-------+| 0850 RNG Range details C 1----------+|
0380 MOA Monetary amount M 1 || |
0390 GIR Related identification numbers C 9 || 0860 ----- Segment group 23 ------------------ C 1----------+|
0400 + RJL Accounting journal identification C 99---------++ 0870 RTE Rate details M 1 ||
0880 RNG Range details C 1----------+|
0410 ----- Segment group 10 ------------------ C 10----------+ |
0420 TDT Details of transport M 1 | 0890 ----- Segment group 24 ------------------ C 5----------+|
| 0900 TAX Duty/tax/fee details M 1 ||
0430 ----- Segment group 11 ------------------ C 10---------+| 0910 MOA Monetary amount C 1----------++
0440 LOC Place/location identification M 1 ||
0450 DTM Date/time/period C 5----------++ 0920 ----- Segment group 25 ------------------ C 999---------+
0930 RCS Requirements and conditions M 1 |

0460
0470
----- Segment group 12 ------------------ C
TOD Terms of delivery or transport M
5-----------+
1 |
... 0940 RFF Reference C 5 |
6
Example:
A ebXML: Electronic Business XML Initiative
An international initiative established by UN/CEFACT and OASIS
UN/CEFACT
The United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business
OASIS
Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards
to standardize XML business specifications
•Exchange business messages

•Conduct trading relationships
•Communicate data in common terms
•Define and register business processes
www.ebxml.org
7
A ebXML
An example scenario:
1. Company A decides to trade electronically and identifies ebXML as
the leading electronic business architecture to enable this. They
consult an ebXML registry to examine specifications and example
use-case details
2. Company A then implements an ebXML compliant application either
by building on top of their current application software, upgrading,
using other vendors ebXML compliant modules or by utilising an
ebXML compliant shrink-wrapped solution
3. Company A submits, to an ebXML registry, their business profile
information which describes their new ebXML related functionality
4. ebXML compliant Company B discovers company A, who is also
ebXML compliant, and also identifies the business scenarios
supported by company A
5. Company B then sends a request to company A requesting that they
engage in a business scenario using ebXML and submits a proposed
business arrangement which outlines the proposed business process,
business documents, messaging arrangements, security
requirements etc. Upon negotiation of this proposal, a collaboration
agreement is made between company A and B which forms part of
the trading partner agreement
6. Company A and B are now ready to engage in eBusiness using an
ebXML conformant messaging
8
http://www.pa.icar.cnr.it/cossentino/ICT/doc/D28.4%20-%20Conducting%20Business%20with%20ebXML.pdf
Example 2:
A EXCHANGE OF TECHNICAL PRODUCT DATA
Product-related
Information System

9
Example 2:
A EXCHANGE OF TECHNICAL PRODUCT DATA
• Part master data

(identification, description, name, ...)
• Product configuration
• Product structure
(assembly, component relationships, ...)
• Document (all kinds of documentation)
• Document structure
(relationships between different documents)
• Properties
(material, size, quantity, mass, ...)
• Classification
• Work management (approval, change management, ...)
• Geometry, topology
• Surface conditions, form features
• Financial and logistic data (order data, sales information, ...)
© L.M. Camarinha-Matos 2023 [Schreiber 1999] 10
A PRODUCT DATA & SYSTEMS
Bill-of-material
CAD PDM BoM/PPS

system system system
? ?
CAD data with Structure data in BoM data in the

assembly sructure the PDM System PPS System

11
A STEP & TECHNICAL PRODUCT DATA
Enterprise Enterprise
B Modality 1:
C
Exchange of files between
companies PDM-related IS
Enterprise
A
Enterprise
C
Enterprise Enterprise
A B
Modality 2:
Sharing files through a
common repository
12
STEP & EXPRESS LANGUAGE
EXPRESS
EXPRESS-G
www.slideshare.net/metalalp/data-exchange-standards-step-express-expressg-presentation-886142 13
A STEP Standard
Core library
+
Domain specific libraries
STEP
Common
Resources
Library
Application Protocols
(“Domain specific libraries”)

14
AP 210: Electronic Assembly,
Interconnect and Packaging Design
Product Structure/ Part
Connectivity • Functionality
• Functional • Termination
Physical
• Packaged • Shape 2D, 3D
• Component Placement
• Single Level Decomposition
• Bare Board Geometry
• Material Product
• Layout items
• Characteristics
• Layers non-planar,
conductive & non-conductive
• Material product Configuration Mgmt
• Identification
Geometry • Authority
• Geometrically Bounded 2-D
• Effectivity
• Wireframe with Topology
• Control
• Surfaces • Requirement Traceability
• Advanced BREP Solids
Requirements • Analytical Model
• Constructive Solid Geometry
• Design • Document References
• Allocation
Design Control Technology
• Constraints
• Geometric Dimensioning • Fabrication Design Rules
• Interface
and Tolerancing • Product Design Rules
• Rules

[BAE Systems] 15
AP 214: Core Data for Automotive

Mechanical Design Processes
Geometry
Presentation
• Solids Data
• Drawing
• Surface Data
• Visualization
• Wireframe
• Measured Data
Manufacturing
Analysis
• NC-Data
• Simulation
• Process Plans
Technology Data
• Material Data
Specification/Configuration • Form Features
• Product Structure Data • Tolerance Data
• Management Data • Surface Conditions
© L.M. Camarinha-Matos 2023 16 [BAE Systems] 16

AP 225: Building Elements Using
Explicit Shape Representation
Building Element Shape

Building Element Types
• Structural • Component Structure
• Service Elements • Explicit Shape Representation
• Fixtures, Equipment • Elementary (planar),
Analytic (simple geometry) &
Free Form (complex geometry)
Building Structure Building Element

• Composition Properties
• Location of Elements • Simple Property
• Assemblies of Elements • Simple Classification
17

[BAE Systems] 17
AP227: Plant Spatial Configuration
Plant Layout Plant Item

• Location of Plant-items • Type
• Site Description • Connections
• Change Control • Functional/Physical
• Definition/Occurrence
Shape
Plant Systems • Explicit Shape
Functional/Analysis
• Line Definitions • Brep
• Composition • Interference • CSG
• Capabilities • Performance Requirements
• Component Connectivity • Requirement Satisfaction
[BAE Systems] 18
© L.M. Camarinha-Matos 2023 18
AP 212: Electrotechnical
Design and Installation
Data Supporting
Electrotechnical Systems
• Terminals and Interfaces
• Buildings
• Functional Decomposition of Product
• Plants
• 3D Cabling and Harnesses
• Transportation Systems
• Cable Tracks and Mounting Instructions
Electrotechnical Plant
Equipment Coverage
• Plant, e.g., Automobile
• Power-transmission
• Unit, e.g., Engine Control System
• Power-distribution
• Subunit, e.g., Ignition System
• Power-generation
• Electric Machinery
• Electric Light and Heat
• Control Systems
Electrotechnical Equipment in Industry

19
B MEETING/ACCESS “POINT”
“Meeting point”
Web-based gateway to access
CN resources
 Available to CN partners
Portal  Available to CN customers
Some options:
 Build from scratch
CN  Adapt enterprise portal

platform / “collaboration
Customer platform”
 Extend document
management system
platform
20
B ENTERPRISE PORTAL
“A single web-based gateway to personalized resources

and services for all users (partners, customers,
suppliers, employees, employer).”
One-stop shopping for any enterprise’s information “A “Portal” is a user-

object needed inside or outside the enterprise friendly Internet/Intranet
gateway for public or
private organizations to
serve
their customers,
partners, vendors,
citizens, or employees.”

21
B ENTERPRISE PORTAL EXAMPLES

22
ENTERPRISE INFORMATION PORTAL
B
TYPICAL FUNCTIONALITY
• Presentation - integration of information to feed the individual's desktop.

• Personalisation - filter the information to meet the individual's work style and content preferences
• Collaboration - forum for interactions among employees, customers, partners and other stakeholders
• (Business) Process - participate in electronic processes
• Publish and Distribute - support content creation, authorisation, inclusion and distribution
• Search - facility to provide access to information items
• Categorisation – organisation’s specific taxonomy to contextualise information to support productive use.
• Integration - foundation functionality to access structured /unstructured information from internal
and external sources and make it available for display.
• Notification - event based reminders
• Administration - administering and managing the portal environment

23
B ENTERPRISE PORTAL FUNCTIONALITY

IBM WebSphere EXAMPLE
Presentation services provide a Web-based user interface and support for pervasive devices. Part of
these services is a layout and content editor, themes and skins, and support for several languages.
Personalization targets content to users according to their profiles and preferences.
Search and Categorize services include searching repositories for relevant information and
categorizing the results.
Collaboration services include tools that provide instant messaging, team rooms, shared places, and
email capabilities.
Applications and Workflow services integrate new and old legacy applications.
Integration services deal with connectors, standards, and Enterprise Application Integration (EAI).
Publish and Subscribe creates new Web content and publishes it to subscribers.
Portlets are markup fragments within the entire portal page. They provide access to backend
applications or content repositories, such as email servers, Web pages, or databases. WebSphere
Portal ships a rich set of portlets. It also provides a Portlet API that allows developers to develop
their own portlets.
Administration and Security services include single sign-on, common authentication and
authorization, and performance monitors.
© L.M. Camarinha-Matos 2023 https://www.ibm.com/ibm/files/Y767930F78485S12/9-Best_Practices___Governance-Joel_Demay.pdf 24

B VIRTUAL ORGANIZATION PORTAL
A single gateway to the VO resources ....
EP
EP
EP
How to implement?
VOP
25
C e-MARKET / eMarketplace
Customers

26
C e-MARKET
Virtual meeting point for sellers

and buyers
• Showcase of products
from different vendors
- Showcase organization
- Communities
- Integration with individual
Information Systems
• Electronic catalogs
• Buy-sell offers
• Intelligent agents
• Negotiation
An e-Market is not (necessarily) a collaborative network !

... but it can be
- It can support interactions between the network and customers
- It can use similar support technologies
- It can be ! (e-market services can also be provided by a CN)
27
C e-MARKET ELEMENTS

28
C e-MARKET – EXAMPLES
Some European players
1.Picky Bars: Seamless B2B buying

2.SwagUp: From start to checkout in minutes
3.Microfiber Wholesale: Details that fuel self-service buying
4.eFashion Paris: Product discoverability first
5.Mac Tools: Traditional business, modern selling
6.Amy Myers MD: B2C storefront with B2B details
7.Primera: Easy product comparison and checkout
8.Beauty Solutions: Self-service for logged-in customers
9.Morgan Sports: Seamless product discovery and navigation
10.Dermalogica Pro: The ultimate educational hub
https://www.shopify.com/enterprise/b2b-ecommerce-website-examples https://medium.com/point-nine-news/mapping-the-
european-b2b-marketplace-landscape-7699e5bdd55c
Still, many industries suffer from low transparency and complex supply chains
and are dependent on inefficient intermediaries to facilitate transactions.
C e-MARKET – EXAMPLE

http://www.ebay.com/ 30
https://agrimp.com/
https://marketplace.agroplatform.tech/
© L.M. Camarinha-Matos 2023 https://eagro.org/ 31
http://www.alibaba.com/ 32
D CUSTOMER INVOLVEMENT
CN Customer
Involving the customer in the CN activities

33
D CUSTOMER INVOLVEMENT
Co-creation
Co-design
Co-innovation

34
D GLOCAL ENTERPRISE - CONCEPT
“Enterprise that needs to understand and think at a global

level, while being aware of the local conditions and
specificities under which it operates, acting in harmony
with the geo-social surroundings”
[FInES 2010]
“Think Globally, Act Locally”
“Thinking and acting globally, while being aware and

responding adequately to local specificities, namely in
collaboration with local stakeholders and customers”
35
D VO CREATION & CUSTOMER INVOLVEMENT
VO
“Recruitment
space” for the
product servicing
VO
customer
Core VBE Customer-related
“community”
“GLOBAL” “LOCAL”

36
D EXTENDED PRODUCT & CUSTOMER
Design and development of emerging

knowledge intensive products /
services require suitable approaches
for their support.
The concept of “extended product”

extends the physical products with an
intangible part (e.g. information,
Product kernel Product shell (Business) services service, etc.)… also known as service-
Physical components Packaging Intangible enhanced product
and technical functions ‘surroundings’ of the
(Tangible product) product Life cycle services supporting the
complete life cycle for a capital
Product in a narrow sense product
(tangible entity offered to the market) (e.g. a process plant, machinery) are a
special case supporting extended
Product in broader sense -> Service-enhanced product
products.
(product solution, consisting of tangible and intangible assets)
[EXPIDE 2002]
Involvement of customer & local stakeholders

37
GloNet EXAMPLE

38
GloNet: Product life-cycle view
Call for Tenders
Bid
Business
Service Service
specification Service
Product delivery
specification Manufactured
[Pre-PLC phase] Product Product
in operation
[Design& Engineering [Construction phase]

phase]
[O&M phase]

39
GloNet: Collaborative Networks life-cycle view
VO VO VO
formation operation dissol.
Business
opportunity
VBE Formation VBE Operation

40
GloNet: Life-cycles coming together
Call for [Partial example]
Tenders Business
Bid Service Service
specification Service
Product delivery
specification Manufactured
Product
Product
in operation
VBE Formation VBE Operation

41
GloNet: Glocal enterprise view
VO
VO
Core Solar
Energy VBE

42
D OPEN INNOVATION
Open Innovation is the process of

doing new things with outsiders
that deliver value
Open Innovation - Sources
• Inside • Outside
– Employees in different o Suppliers
divisions… o Customers
– Geographies o Consumers
o Partners
– Functions
o Universities & research institutes
o Retirees
© L.M. Camarinha-Matos 2023 o Anybody 43
Open Innovation
D stages collaborative climb – who and why
Closed Innovation – the lab is our Open Innovation – the world is our
world lab
Hire the best and the smartest Recognize that lots of smart people
work elsewhere, so find ways to
interface with them
Put them in special conditions Open your networks to diverse

talents
Innovators are free from market Innovators are exposed to real
pressures to innovate from within world needs, pressures and
information exchange to innovate
by engagement
Very pushy - move technology Push and Pull - non-linear process

pipeline from ideas to products of ideation advances products and
services
Delivered to passive customers Delivered to engaged customers

44
D CROWDSOURCING
Crowdsourcing - outsourcing tasks, traditionally performed by

an employee or sub-contractor, to an undefined, large group
of people or community (a "crowd"), through an open call.
Often there is a “prize” for the

winning idea
(prize competitions)
“Crowdsourcing" - “crowd” + “outsourcing”

Jeff Howe, June 2006
Wire Magazine
Why would people participate?

45
D CROWDSOURCING ...
Example:
https://www.herox.com/crowdsourcing-projects
46
D CROWDSOURCING ...
https://www.adamenfroy.com/crowdsourcing-platform
https://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/best-crowdsourcing-platforms/ 47
https://www.herox.com/blog/1081-top-5-crowdsourcing-platforms-for-your-next-projec
CROWDFUNDING
MORE ...
Crowd financing The collective effort of individuals who network and pool
their money, usually via the Internet, to support efforts 1. Kickstarter
Equity crowdfunding 2. IndieGoGo
initiated by other people or organizations 3. GoFundMe
Hyper funding [Wikipedia] 4. ChipIn
5. RocketHub
6. GiveForward
7. Fundable
8. Crowdtilt
9. Crowdfunder
10. AppBackr
http://crowdfunding.com/
© L.M. Camarinha-Matos 2023 https://ppl.pt/en 48

OTHER TRENDS – Hybrid value chains
Hybrid Value Chain (HVC) is a business model that leverages the capabilities of the business and citizen
sectors to enable the delivery of needed goods and services to low-income populations in a more cost-
effective way.
https://www.ashoka.org/
https://www.slideshare.net/pilumartinez/ashokas-full-economic-citizenship

49
OTHER TRENDS – Hybrid value chains ...
More than
public-
private
partnership
… which
does not
include the
“citizen
sector”
https://www.managementexchange.com/story/ashoka%E2%80%99s-hybrid-value-chain-revving-engine-sustained-global-prosperity-and-social-value

50
EXERCISE
Consider that you are involved in a CN in charge of supplying furniture to a

large hotel.
• Which approach would be adequate for interaction with customers?

Justify your choice.
• Which obstacles do you foresee for the implementation of such approach?

51
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
O1. Get acquainted with and
understand the trends in  Understand interactions among different CNs
enterprise organizational  Understand concept of glocal enterprise
forms
O2. Understand the

characteristics of the
various classes of
collaborative networks
O3. Get familiarized with
relevant support  Understand forms of collaboration with customer
technologies and tools & and their technologies
EDI, STEP, portals, e-markets, etc.
be able to design / select 
collaboration platforms
O4. Be able to design, model
and assess new
collaborative forms
O5. Improve holistic analysis

skills  Understand concepts of co-innovation, open
innovation, crowdsourcing, e-market
FURTHER READING
EDIFACT Standards Overview Tutorial

https://edilibrary.files.wordpress.com/2016/07/tutor_edifact_gxs.pdf
EDIFACT Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d1woSaNSnZc
STEP
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_10303
L. M. Camarinha-Matos, A. I. Oliveira, F. Ferrada, Supporting Collaborative Networks for Complex

Service-Enhanced Products, Proceedings of PRO-VE 2015, Risks and Resilience of Collaborative
Networks, IFIP AICT series 463/2015, Springer, pp. 181-192.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282846413_Supporting_Collaborative_Networks_for_Complex_Service-
Enhanced_Products

53
Suggest an example of hybrid value chain where

collaborative networks could be relevant.
Identify the relevant characteristics of this case.

54

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VIRTUAL ENTERPRISES

NOVA University of Lisbon

SOME INTERACTION MECHANISMS

A. Direct connection between IS B. Meeting / access point

C. e-Market D. Customer involvement in innovation

Goal: to provide the automated exchange of business-related documents

EDIFACT - Electronic Data Interchange For Administration, Commerce and

A Message is a single business document.

From the Buyer-side these include:

Seller-side messages include:

EDIFACT EXAMPLE 0480 LOC Place/location identification C 2-----------+

© L.M. Camarinha-Matos 2023

An international initiative established by UN/CEFACT and OASIS

to standardize XML business specifications

•Exchange business messages

© L.M. Camarinha-Matos 2023

• Part master data

CAD PDM BoM/PPS

CAD data with Structure data in BoM data in the

© L.M. Camarinha-Matos 2023

A STEP & TECHNICAL PRODUCT DATA

© L.M. Camarinha-Matos 2023

© L.M. Camarinha-Matos 2023

AP 214: Core Data for Automotive

© L.M. Camarinha-Matos 2023 16 [BAE Systems] 16

Building Element Shape

Building Structure Building Element

© L.M. Camarinha-Matos 2023

AP227: Plant Spatial Configuration

Plant Layout Plant Item

Electrotechnical Equipment in Industry

CN  Adapt enterprise portal

“A single web-based gateway to personalized resources

One-stop shopping for any enterprise’s information “A “Portal” is a user-

© L.M. Camarinha-Matos 2023

B ENTERPRISE PORTAL EXAMPLES

© L.M. Camarinha-Matos 2023

• Presentation - integration of information to feed the individual's desktop.

© L.M. Camarinha-Matos 2023

B ENTERPRISE PORTAL FUNCTIONALITY

© L.M. Camarinha-Matos 2023 https://www.ibm.com/ibm/files/Y767930F78485S12/9-Best_Practices___Governance-Joel_Demay.pdf 24

A single gateway to the VO resources ....

© L.M. Camarinha-Matos 2023

Virtual meeting point for sellers

An e-Market is not (necessarily) a collaborative network !

© L.M. Camarinha-Matos 2023

Some European players

1.Picky Bars: Seamless B2B buying

© L.M. Camarinha-Matos 2023

© L.M. Camarinha-Matos 2023 https://eagro.org/ 31

Involving the customer in the CN activities

© L.M. Camarinha-Matos 2023

© L.M. Camarinha-Matos 2023

“Enterprise that needs to understand and think at a global

“Think Globally, Act Locally”

“Thinking and acting globally, while being aware and

D VO CREATION & CUSTOMER INVOLVEMENT

© L.M. Camarinha-Matos 2023

Design and development of emerging

The concept of “extended product”

Involvement of customer & local stakeholders

© L.M. Camarinha-Matos 2023

Call for Tenders