Comilla University

Department of Accounting & Information Systems

Course Title : Development Theory & Bangladesh Economy

Course Code : 311

Term paper on : Agriculture & Rural Development

Submitted to : Lamina Binta Jahan

Assistant Professor, Department of Accounting & Information Systems,

Comilla University.

Submitted by : Md. Mahinur Rahman Nayem

ID : 12006050

On behalf of our " Group - 09 "

Department of Accounting & Information Systems,

Comilla University.

Submission Date : 10/01/2023

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Letter of Submission

January 10, 2023

Lamina Binta Jahan ;

Assistant Professor, Department of Accounting and Information Systems ;

Comilla University, Cumilla.

Subject: Submission of term paper entitled "Agriculture & Rural Development ".

Dear Ma'am,

With due respect and humble submission, we would like to state that we are the students of
BBA program (14th batch), session 2019-20 of Department of Accounting and Information
Systems, Comilla University. We are exhilarating to submit here with a copy of term paper
report for your kind evaluation and appreciation.

The report is about "Agriculture & Rural Development". In this term paper we have found
the study to be quite fascinating, needful, knowledge and it has been a blissful instructive
experience for us to prepare this report. For your discretion we would like to mention that
there might be some fault and error due to limitation of our knowledge. We hope that you will
forgive us considering we are still learner and in the process of learning.

Thinking about your time and reviews, We sincerely hope that this term paper report will get
your approval. We would be glad to furnish you with clarification, if required.

Yours sincerely,

……………………… ………………………….

Md. Mahinur Rahman Nayem Signature of course teacher

Student ID : 12006050

On behalf of our " Group-09 "

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Acknowledgement

First and foremost, we would like to express our gratitude for Almighty Allah to give our
group manifest ability preparing this term paper. We vocalize a whole hearted gratefulness to
our course teacher, Lamina Binta Jahan; Assistant Professor, Department of Accounting &
Information Systems, Comilla University who has given us the opportunity and directions to
prepare such a meaningful term paper. We are so satisfied to work under her better direction
for achieving our goal.

I would like to thanks to our honorable course teacher and all of my friends for their full
co-operation and continuous support during the preparation period of this term paper.

Yours Sincerely,

…………………. …………………….

Md. Mahinur Rahman Nayem Signature of course teacher

Student ID : 12006050

On behalf of our " Group-09 "

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Introduction to Group - 09

S/ NAME ID REMARKS
N

1 Santa Roy 12006008

2 Mohammad Musa 12006010

3 Halima Akter Ritu 12006017

4 Santo Kumar Roy 12006047

5 Md. Mahinur Rahman Nayem 12006050

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Table of Content

S/N Particulars Page

Number

1 Commencement of Modern Agricultural Era 5

2 The Imperative of Agricultural Progress & Rural Development 6-7

3 The Structure of Bangladesh Agrarian System 7 - 10

4 Subsistence agriculture and extensive cultivation and Cropping 10 - 13

practice in bangladesh

5 Crop Intensity In Bangladesh: 13 - 14

6 Rural Development Institutions 15

7 Strategy of Government of Bangladesh 15 - 16

8 Strategy of Non-Government Organisation of Bangladesh 16 - 17

9 17
The key requirements of rural development in Bangladesh

10 18
Requirements of Agricultural Development

11 References 19
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Commencement of Modern Agricultural Era

Almost 75 years ago, the British had left India and yet the people in this part of the world
were not yet meaningfully free of their political and economic shackles and their struggle to
be free continued. Ultimately, the people prevailed and the previous year we were celebrating
the golden jubilee of liberation from Pakistani oppression. This is thus the right moment to
reflect back on what we as a nation have achieved and what we must strive to aim for.

While food and nutrition security in its fullest sense is yet to be achieved, major progress has
been made and at least in the case of rice, the main staple, the country is self-sufficient.
Aquaculture has changed the face of fisheries sector while poultry farms supplying meat and
eggs are ubiquitous. This is highly laudable progress but these sectors are still prone to
shocks from nature and the risks of slippage are quite real. As a result, unless long-term
vision and corresponding planning based on science and technology is in place, and unless it
is well-managed and implemented through people's ingenuity and cooperation, much of the
gains made so far may be lost. The country has a vision to transition into a developed country
in another 20 years or so – realisation of which calls for proper attention to the elimination or
substantial reduction of these risks in a coordinated manner.

Historically, in most countries, over time the relative significance of income and employment
from agriculture has fallen and that is also true in the case of Bangladesh. Mind you, I am
only saying 'relative' contribution. The absolute contribution has not fallen, rather it has
increased. Just take the case of Bangladesh's agricultural GDP over the last five years. If we
take the average of agricultural GDP for, say, 2005/6-2008/09 and 2014/15-2018/19, we see
an increase from Tk 96,700 crore to Tk 135,000 crore (or 40 percent or so) while the
contribution to total GDP fell from around 18 percent to 14 percent. On the other hand,
despite the fall in its share, agriculture still remains the main source of employment,
providing a livelihood to 40 percent of the labour force. While services account for a similar
percentage of employment, they are an amalgam of many heterogeneous types of activities
and no single activity is responsible for much employment except perhaps transport services.
Thus, agriculture still remains the largest sector in terms of employment.
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The other indirect contribution of agriculture is to provide basic raw materials for industrial
processing. Immediately, jute comes to mind as that is an early example of a product of the
agro-processing industry. And at present many agro-processing industries are fully dependent
on agriculture for basic raw materials which include rice milling, sugar, tea, fruit juice,
spices, edible oil, tobacco, jute textiles, cotton textiles, starch, etc.

It has been 81 years since Sir Azizul Huq published his "Man behind the Plough" which
described the sufferings of the peasants in the then Bengal, mainly due to the yoke of the
zamindari system around their necks as well as the exploitation by the British who forced
peasants to cultivate at one time the indigo and much later jute which remained under-priced
so that jute mills run by them could make abnormal profits. But that pauperised the peasants.
That pauperisation process has remained, by and large, unchanged although the zamindari
system was done away with in the early 1950s but the vagaries of the market, craftily
manipulated by marketing agents, have kept them poorer than they should be. But more on
this later.

The Imperative of Agricultural Progress & Rural Development

The Imperative of Agricultural Progress and Rural DevelopmentOver two thirds of the
world’s poorest people are located in rural areas and engaged primarily subsistence
agriculture.

Core problems of widespread poverty, growing inequality, and rapid population among
growth all originate in the stagnation and often retrogression of economic life in rural areas
Agriculture contributions: product contribution of inputs for industry, foreign exchange
contributions, markets contribution, capital contribution Agriculture and employment based
strategy:

1. Accelerated output growth through technological, institutional, and price incentivechanges

designed to raise the productivity of small firms

2. Rising domestic demand for agricultural output derived from an employment oriented,
urban development strategy
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3. Diversified, nonagricultural, labor intensive rural development activities that directly and
indirectly support and are supported by the farming community

Agricultural Growth: Past progress and current challengesTrends in Agricultural

ProductivityShare of agriculture in GDP is lower but can represent as much as half of the
value of outputUrbanization is proceeding in many countries even when per capita is falling
or not rising muchFood production will not automatically solve the problems of hunger
among people living in poverty Market Failures and the Need for Government Policy
Government requirements for all farmers to sell at a low price to state marketing boards to
keep food prices lowProduction subsidies are costly and inefficientPoverty prevents farmers
from taking advantage of opportunities that could help pull them out of poverty. Key role is
to ensure that growth is shared but the poor => increased rate of growth and reduction of
poverty.

The Structure of Bangladesh Agrarian System

Introduction
Agriculture is the largest employment sector in Bangladesh, making up 14.2 precent of
Bangladesh's GDP in 2017 and employing about 42.7 precent of the workforce. The
performance of this sector has an overwhelming impact on major macroeconomic objectives
like employment generation, poverty alleviation, human resources development, food
security, and other economic and social forces. A plurality of Bangladeshis earns their living
from agriculture. Due to a number of factors, Bangladesh's labour-intensive agriculture has
achieved steady increases in food grain production despite the often unfavourable weather
conditions. These include better flood control and irrigation, a generally more efficient use of
fertilisers, as well as the establishment of better distribution and rural credit networks.

Although rice and jute are the primary crops, maize and vegetables are assuming greater
importance. Because of Bangladesh's fertile soil and normally ample water supply, rice can
be grown and harvested three times a year in many areas. Rice is Bangladesh's principal crop.
The country is among the top producers of

❖ Rice (third)
❖ Potatoes (seventh)
❖ Tropical fruits (sixth)
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❖ Jute (second)
❖ Farmed fish (fifth)

Population pressure continues to place a severe burden on productive capacity, creating a

food deficit, especially of wheat. Foreign assistance and commercial imports fill the gap.
Underemployment remains a serious problem, and a growing concern for Bangladesh's
agricultural sector will be its ability to absorb additional manpower. Challenges facing the
sector include environmental issues: insecticides, water management challenges, pollution,
and land degradation all affect the agricultural system in Bangladesh. Bangladesh is
particularly vulnerable to climate change, with extreme weather and temperature changes
significantly changing the conditions for growing food. Adaptation of the agricultural sector
is a major concern for policy addressing climate change in Bangladesh.

Food crops

Although rice, wheat, mango and jute are the primary crops, rice and wheat are mostly main
crops or food crops of some countries. Due to the expansion of irrigation networks, some
wheat producers have switched to cultivation of maize which is used mostly as poultry feed.

Food grains are cultivated primarily for subsistence. Only a small percentage of total
production makes its way into commercial channels. Other Bangladeshi food crops, however,
are grown chiefly for the domestic market. They include potatoes and sweet potatoes, with a
combined record production of 1.9 million tons in FY 1984; oilseeds, with an annual average
production of 250,000 tons; and fruits such as bananas, jackfruit, mangoes, and pineapples.
Estimates of sugarcane production put annual production at more than 7 million tons per year,
most of it processed into a coarse, unrefined sugar known as gur, and sold domestically.

Rice

Bangladesh is the fourth largest rice producing country in the world. National sales of the
classes of insecticide used on rice, including granular carbofuran, synthetic pyrethroids, and
malathion exceeded 13,000 tons of formulated product in 2003. The insecticides not only
represent an environmental threat, but are a significant expenditure to poor rice farmers. The
Bangladesh Rice Research Institute is working with various NGOs and international
organisations to reduce insecticide use in rice.
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Wheat

Wheat is not a traditional crop in Bangladesh, and in the late 1980s little was consumed in
rural areas. During the 1960s and early 1970s, however, it was the only commodity for which
local consumption increased because external food aid was most often provided in the form
of wheat. In the first half of the 1980s, domestic wheat production rose to more than 1 million
tons per year but was still only 7 to 9 precent of total food grain production. Record
production of nearly 1.5 million tons was achieved in FY 1985, but the following year saw a
decrease to just over 1 million tons. About half the wheat is grown on irrigated land.

Wheat also accounts for the great bulk of imported food grains, exceeding 1 million tons
annually and going higher than 1.8 million tons in FY 1984, FY 1985, and FY 1987. The
great bulk of the imported wheat is financed under aid programs of the United States, the
European Economic Community.

Animal Agriculture

Poultry

Poultry farming in Bangladesh is the process of keeping different types of birds for meat,
egg, feather or sale. In Bangladesh, poultry birds are widely used for meat and egg.

Bangladesh weather is very much friendly for poultry farming. There is various kinds of
poultry birds that have been domesticated for many years. As of 2017 about 300 billion taka
has been invested in the poultry industry. There are an estimated 150,000 poultry farms in
Bangladesh.

Shrimp

The World Bank and the Asian Development Bank financed projects to develop shrimp
aquaculture in the 1980s.Much of the emphasis were on construction of modern hatcheries.
Private investors were also initiating similar projects to increase capacity and to introduce
modern technology that would increase average yields. The Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has provided assistance to the shrimp and fishing
industry in meeting fish safety and quality control standards based on the Hazard Analysis
Critical Control Point (HACCP) approach.
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Commodity crops

Tea

Bangladesh is an important tea-producing country. It is the 10th largest tea producer in the
world. Its tea industry dates back to British rule, when the East India Company initiated the
tea trade in the hills of the Sylhet region. In addition to that, tea cultivation was introduced to
Greater Chittagong in 1840.Today; the country has 166 commercial tea estates, including
many of the world's largest working plantations. The industry accounts for 3% of global tea
production, and employs more than 4 million people.

Environmental issues

Insecticides

National sales of the classes of insecticide used on rice, including granular carbofuran,
synthetic pyrethroids, and malathion exceeded 13,000 tons of formulated product in
2003.[26] Insecticides not only represent an environmental threat, but are a significant
expenditure to poor rice farmers. The Bangladesh Rice Research Institute is working with
various NGOs and international organisations to reduce insecticide use in rice

Climate change

In most countries like Bangladesh, yields from rain-fed agriculture was predicted to be
reduced to 50% by 2020.For a country with increasing population and hunger, this will have
an adverse effect on food security. Although the effects of climate change are highly variable,
by 2030, South Asia could lose 10% of rice and maize yields, while neighbouring states like
Pakistan could experience a 50% reduction in crop yield.

Subsistence agriculture and extensive cultivation and Cropping practice in

bangladesh :
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Agriculture is the single most important sector of the economy in Bangladesh. It is the major
source of livelihood in the rural areas, where some 80 percent of the population live.
Approximately two-thirds of the labour force is employed in agriculture. Although its share
in the GDP is predictably declining, agriculture (crops, livestock, fisheries and forestry)
contributes approximately one-third of the GDP and agricultural production accounts for 32
percent of the value of exports. The performance of this sector affects the overall economic
growth. With irrigation covering only around 42 percent of the potentially irrigated area,
agriculture is still weather dependent and has grown slower than was earlier expected,
particularly because of the predominantly small farmer holdings in Bangladesh.However,
Bangladesh is endowed with a favourable climate and soil conditions for the production of a
variety of crops all the year round. The rich genetic estate, the richness in ecosystem
diversity, and the vast untapped human resources who can learn and adopt new skills have
been the major points of comparative advantage in Bangladesh. Thus, there are ample
opportunities for crop diversification balancing the production of major crops with that of
minor crops.

Jute: Jute is the major fibre crop of the country. Despite the relative decline in importance of
jute in agriculture, potential still exists for the fibre to increase its contribution to the
economy through productivity increases and diversification. The share of raw jute and jute
goods in the total exports of the country has been declining but still remains significant. In
this situation, special measures will be taken during the Plan period to encourage farmers to
further intensify jute production in order to satisfy domestic and export demand. To enable
jute to compete with synthetics, emphasis will be given to related agricultural and
technological research efforts. The raw jute production is projected to go up to 7.24 million
bales in 2001/2002 as against 4.87 million bales in 1996/97 through per hectare yield
increase, availability of better quality seeds, and improved provision of extension and credit
support to growers.

Tea: Tea is one of the most dynamic agro-based, labour intensive, export oriented industries
of Bangladesh. It plays a vital role in the national economy in both export earnings as well as
in employment generation. Plantation and production of processed tea are the two main
activities in the private sector. In the public sector, green leaf production was promoted
through development projects implemented by the Bangladesh Tea Board. With the
introduction of high yielding varieties, quality planting materials, timely application of
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production inputs and installation of modern machinery, tea has undergone further
improvement and enabled Bangladesh to compete more effectively with other exporting
countries. Increased production is expected to come from higher yields and by reducing tea
vacancies now existing in the gardens.

Potato: Potato is suitable as a security crop in times of rice shortages due to its high
carbohydrate content contributing to improved food security. It is also used as a vegetable by
various income groups of the country. Since it is a short duration crop, its increased use can
reduce the pressure on rice and wheat. Considering the production potential of the crop,
potato production is projected to grow to 2.43 million Mt in 2001/2002. The increased
production is expected to come from expansion in cropped area and increase in yield per
hectare. To this end, true potato seed technology will be encouraged and adopted.
Tobacco: Tobacco is one of the important cash crops of the country. The crop grows well in
sandy, well aerated, well drained soils and cool climate. Hence, it is grown as a Rabi crop and
most of the area is concentrated in the greater districts of Kushtia and Rangpur. Due efforts to
expand tobacco cultivation since 1973/74 through support from big cigarette manufacturing
firms self-sufficiency in tobacco production was achieved by 1980/81. However, recognizing
tobacco’s adverse effects on health, policies will be adopted to limit its production by the
gradual reduction of cropped area in favour of cotton and pulses. The production of tobacco
has been projected to be 0.04 million Mt by the terminal year of the Fifth Plan.
Sugar cane: Sugar is the country's most important agro-industry and sugar cane is one of the
important cash crops. Sugar cane is grown as a 12-15 month crop in a two year rotation with Aus rice
crop during the monsoon season followed in the dry months by oilseeds, wheat or vegetables. Sugar
cane yields in the country are low by world standards and the quality is poor. The average yield of
sugar cane is about 6.1 Mt per hectare with a sugar recovery rate of 8.10 percent. Sugar cane is grown
on about 0.18 million hectares of land. Of this, about 0.095 million hectares are in the sugar mill zone
areas and the rest in the non-mill zone areas which produce sugar cane mostly for making gur
consumed by the rural people. Research efforts will be strengthened to raise yield per hectare through
varietal improvement, better management of water resources, fertilizers and other inputs, improved
cropping systems and development of a sugar cane delivery system from farms to mills. Considering
the past consumption trend, milling capacity and possible growth rate of production, sugar cane
production is projected to be 12.37 million Mt in the terminal year of the Fifth Plan as against the
benchmark production of 8.10 million Mt.
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Sweet potato: Sweet potato is considered as a subsistence as well as a poor people’s food.
Hence, its production will be encouraged on marginal lands, homestead areas, roadsides and
elsewhere as a low input crop to ensure its continued availability to, and affordability by low
income consumers. Sweet potato production is projected to be 0.66 million Mt in the terminal
year of the Fifth Plan.

Pulses: The pulses of Bangladesh comprise of six major crops, namely, lentil, khesari,
blackgram, mungbean, chickpea and pigeon pea. Cowpea occupies an important place in the
Chittagong area. The cropped area and production of these pulses have been on the decline
over the past few years mainly because of the increased emphasis on HYV rice and wheat.
But pulses are very important because of their protein supply to the human diet and nitrogen
fixation for soil nutrition. Since improved technology can increase per hectare yield of pulses
substantially, pulse production is projected to grow to 0.85 million Mt in the terminal year of
the Plan as against the benchmark production of 0.53 million Mt.

Oilseeds: Vegetable oil from oilseeds is the main sources of fats in the average Bangladeshi
diet. Its present level of consumption is only 25 percent of the FAO/WHO recommended
level. Efforts will be made to increase oilseeds production to 0.76 million Mt by the terminal
year of the Fifth Plan. Groundnut, sunflower and soybean have been included in this
projected production. New seed varieties are being used in the defined area to avoid
cross-pollination. Production of foundation and certified seeds of improved varieties and
demonstrations of modern technology are important strategies to increase oilseeds production
of the country.

Crop Intensity In Bangladesh:

Cropping Intensity:

It refers to raising of a number of crops from the same field during one agricultural year; it
can be expressed through a formula.

Cropping Intensity = Gross Cropped Area/Net Sown Area x 100

Gross Cropped Area:

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This represents the total area sown once and/or more than once in a particular year, i.e. the
area is counted as many times as there are sowings in a year. This total area is also known as
total cropped area or total area sown.

Net Sown Area:

This represents the total area sown with crops and orchards. Area sown more than once in the
same year is counted only once.

Crop Intensity in Bangladesh:

HYV and Its Implication:

HYV: Higher yielding variety seeds (HYV) refer to those that produce large quantities of
crops including rice and wheat.

Regular water supply, the highest use of fertilisers and the application of pesticides with a
precise proportion are essential to using these seeds.

One basic requirement for the HYV seeds is proper irrigation, crops from HYV seeds need
alternating amounts of water supply during its growth. So, the farmers cannot depend on
monsoons. HYV crops also help in growing more food gain in small piece of land, which
increases farmers profits.

Implications : The most significant High yield variety seeds can be found in wheat, corn
and soybeans, potatoes, rice and cotton. They are extensively used in commercial plantation
farms. High yield variety seeds were popularised in the 1960s and played on essential part
during the Green Revolution.
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Rural Development Institutions

Rural Development institutions include accessing and managing natural resources ;

providing inputs like seeds and equipment ; enabling access to markets ; improving
information and communication and helping small producers to have a voice in
decision-making processes.

Some Rural Development Institutions are:

● United States Department of Agriculture.

● USUA Rural Development
● International Fund for Agriculture Development
● Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development
● National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development

Strategy of Government of Bangladesh

The government's current rural development policy's main emphasis is, as manifested in the
latest perspective plan and other public documents, on employment oriented growth, greater
citizen participation in development activities, greater cooperation between public and private
sectors, specialised programmes for the disadvantaged groups such as rural poor women,
ethnic minorities, children, and the elderly people.

Bangladesh Rural Electrification Board or BREB is government owned and operated

corporation in Dhaka, Bangladesh and is responsible for rural electrification. It is major
power distribution company in Bangladesh.

Objective:

● Ensure peoples participation in policy formulation in a democratic way

● Provide reliable and sustainable electricity to the rural people at affordable price.
● Improve economic condition of the rural people by using electricity in agriculture,
cottage and agro based industry
● Improve living condition of rural peoples
● Bring about entire rural Bangladesh under RE program or an area coverage basis
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Bangladesh Rural Development Board or BRDB is a government board responsible for the
development in rural areas and is largest government program involved in rural development
in Bangladesh and is located in Dhaka.

Strategic Objectives of BRDB: Translated from Bengali from BRDB website.

● Providing economic service to its members

● Human resource development
● Application of modern technologies to expand agricultural product
● Improvement of work capabilities of poor rural people
● Employment for rural people

Strategy of Non-Government Organisation of Bangladesh

Alongside the public initiative, the voluntary and private organisations, more popularly
known as the non-governmental Organisations (NGO) cover an wide range of rural
development activities including those oriented towards development of income and
employment, health and sanitation, agriculture and rural craft, vocational education, relief
and rehabilitation, family planning, mother and childcare. There are many NGOs in the
country including 89 international ones. Many national NGOs were born out of the relief and
rehabilitation activities during the early 1970s. One predominating approach to rural
development by the NGOs involves poverty alleviation through rendering small scale credit
to the purposively organised groups of rural poor and landless people, commonly coined as
the 'micro credit model'. A number of NGOs have achieved national and international
reputation through this approach, notably the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee
(BRAC), Grameen Bank, Proshika Manobik Unnayan Kendra.

Micro-Credit : The identification of credit as critical need felt by the poor and cost
effective delivery mechanism to service have justifiably become the most well known of the
development NGOs innovations in Bangladesh.

The rural development activities of BRAC can be grouped into three broad categories:

● Capacity building and institutional development of the rural poor

● Economic support activities
● Health care and family planning
 17

The rural development activities of Grameen Bank can be grouped into many broad
categories:

● Provides income-generating activities

● Gives loan for housing

The rural development activities of Proshika can be grouped into three broad categories:

● Building self-awareness and confidence

● Promotion of income
● Development education, especially 40% groups are formed for women

The key requirements of rural development in Bangladesh are given below

:

● Poverty alleviation and raising the living standards of the rural poor;
● Equitable distribution of income and wealth;
● Wider employment opportunities;
● Participation of the local people in planning, decision-making, implementation
process, benefit sharing, evaluation of rural development programmes, and
● 'Empowerment' or more economic and political power to the rural masses to control
the use and distribution of scarce resources.
 18

Requirements of Agricultural Development

1. Coordination with Government Organization (GOs), Non-Government Organization

(NGOs), public sectors, strong network, research organizations, and private and
multidiscipline organizations to extend sustainable agriculture. Construction of
modern multipurpose cold storage and descent within a flexible distance from crop
land.
2. Go and NGOs can excavate derelict ponds, canals etc. for conserving rain water for
dry season.
3. Invention of saline tolerant varieties. Tile drainage system can remove salinity,
low-volume irrigation, and different salts management techniques that can minimise
salt effects on crops.
4. Climate change adaptable new species of crops like saline, drought tolerant species
should be invented such as salt tolerant varieties BRRI Dhan-47, 67 (Boro), BRRI
Dhan-40,41 (Aman) and drought tolerant high yield varieties- BRRI Dhan-42 (Aus).
5. Comprehensive disaster management involves identifying disaster prone region
according to climate change modelling and vulnerability and then establishing
community-based adaptation programme.
 19

References

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Bangladesh

2. www.fao.org

3. BSS and Department of Agricultural Extension, Dhaka

4. Economic Development Book

5. Academia.edu

6. https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rural_Development

7. brdb.gov.bd

8.http://www.brac.net/vision-mission-values#:~:text=Our%20mission%20is%20to%20empo
wer,men%20to%20realise%20their%20potential.

9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grameen_Bank

10. Tanjinul, H.M., Anannya, M. and Takaaki, N., 2019. Current scenario and challenges of
agricultural production to future food security in Bangladesh. Journal of Agricultural
Extension and Rural Development, 11(11), pp.208-224.

11. Project: Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture :a case on Ganges floodplain of

Bangladesh